2008年新航道考研英语听课笔记（一）
在“考研阅读的最高境界——（一）五层递进学习法”等文章中我说明了应该如何把握阅读文章与试题：1． 把握中心思想层
2． 概括段落大意层
3． 深入剖析文章层
4． 摘录背诵佳句层
5． 换位思考命题层
现在以历年真题为例说明如何实施上述的五层递进学习法。在每篇文章的后面，“文章结构与内容”对应上述学习法的1与2，“核心词汇”、“难句分析”与“参考译文”对应上述学习法的3，“佳句摘录”对应上述学习法的4，而“试题详解”对应上述学习法的5。关于“五层递进学习法”的具体内容，请阅读本人博客中的同名文章。
Passage 1
The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.
The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources(private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
1. In Line 7, Para. 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means .
［A］ Americans are never satisfied with their incomes
［B］ Americans tend to overstate their incomes
［C］ Americans want to have their incomes increased
［D］ Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes
2. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that .
［A］ producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production
［B］ consumers can express their demands through producers
［C］ producers decide the prices of products
［D］ supply and demand regulate prices
3. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by .
［A］ private property and rights concerned
［B］ manpower and natural resources control
［C］ ownership of productive resources
［D］ free contracts and prices
4. The passage is mainly about .
［A］ how American goods are produced
［B］ how American consumers buy their goods
［C］ how American economic system works
［D］ how American businessmen make their profits
文章结构与内容
文章结构：花开两朵型。作者在文章开始提出两个核心概念：private-enterprise（私人企业）和market-oriented （以市场为导向的），随后分段论述。这种文章的重点是两个概念的定义，以及它们之间的联系和区别。本文介绍了美国经济体系的主要特点：以市场为导向（其中供求关系决定价格），以私人企业为基础（其中私有财产包含生产资料和某些权利）。
核心词汇（标记*下的词汇为课文后的问题与选项中的词汇，其他课文同此）
1. private-enterprise 私人企业
2. market-oriented 以市场为导向的（orient 以…为方向（或目的），重视；为…定位（或方向））
3. strive 争取，奋斗
4. under pressure 面临压力，在压力之下
5. motive目的，动机（同根词motivate驱使---mot运动）
6. coupled with 与…相结合（=combined with。couple 结合，连接）
7. maximize 使…最大化（maximum 最大的；n. 最大值）
8. determine 决定，确定；决心
9. factor 因素，要素（同义词element）
10. resources 资源，财力；应付办法，谋略
11. mechanism 机制，机理；方法
12. respond to对…作出反应（文中的be resonded to是被动形式）
13. in response to 作为对…的反应
14. in short supply 供应不足（in ample supply供应充足）
15. relative to 与…相比；有关，按照…比例（relative 相对的，比较的； n. 亲戚）
16. bid up抬高（价格）（bid 报价，投标；命令；n. 出价，投标）
17. eliminate 淘汰，使出局（名词elimination）
18. commodity 商品（commerce商业）
19. result in 导致（=give rise to）
20. regulate 调节，管制（形容词regulatory）
21. property 财产，资产；性质，特性
22. gain control over 取得对…的控制
23. for sale （用于）出售
24. at a profit 赢利的（at a loss亏损的）
25. embrace 包括；接受，信奉；拥抱（= em（进入）+brace（手臂），本义是“拥抱”，引申为“包括”等意思）
26. ownership 所有（权），所有制
* * *
27. overstate 把…讲得过分，夸大（名词overstatement。state说明，陈述）
28. purchase 购买
29. be characterized by 特征是，以…为特征（characterize以…为特征，描绘…的特性，用法与之类似的词有mark，如be marked by的意思也是“以…为特征”）
现在以历年真题为例说明如何实施上述的五层递进学习法。在每篇文章的后面，“文章结构与内容”对应上述学习法的1与2，“核心词汇”、“难句分析”与“参考译文”对应上述学习法的3，“佳句摘录”对应上述学习法的4，而“试题详解”对应上述学习法的5。关于“五层递进学习法”的具体内容，请阅读本人博客中的同名文章。
Passage 1
The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.
The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources(private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
1. In Line 7, Para. 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means .
［A］ Americans are never satisfied with their incomes
［B］ Americans tend to overstate their incomes
［C］ Americans want to have their incomes increased
［D］ Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes
2. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that .
［A］ producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production
［B］ consumers can express their demands through producers
［C］ producers decide the prices of products
［D］ supply and demand regulate prices
3. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by .
［A］ private property and rights concerned
［B］ manpower and natural resources control
［C］ ownership of productive resources
［D］ free contracts and prices
4. The passage is mainly about .
［A］ how American goods are produced
［B］ how American consumers buy their goods
［C］ how American economic system works
［D］ how American businessmen make their profits
文章结构与内容
文章结构：花开两朵型。作者在文章开始提出两个核心概念：private-enterprise（私人企业）和market-oriented （以市场为导向的），随后分段论述。这种文章的重点是两个概念的定义，以及它们之间的联系和区别。本文介绍了美国经济体系的主要特点：以市场为导向（其中供求关系决定价格），以私人企业为基础（其中私有财产包含生产资料和某些权利）。
核心词汇（标记*下的词汇为课文后的问题与选项中的词汇，其他课文同此）
1. private-enterprise 私人企业
2. market-oriented 以市场为导向的（orient 以…为方向（或目的），重视；为…定位（或方向））
3. strive 争取，奋斗
4. under pressure 面临压力，在压力之下
5. motive目的，动机（同根词motivate驱使---mot运动）
6. coupled with 与…相结合（=combined with。couple 结合，连接）
7. maximize 使…最大化（maximum 最大的；n. 最大值）
8. determine 决定，确定；决心
9. factor 因素，要素（同义词element）
10. resources 资源，财力；应付办法，谋略
11. mechanism 机制，机理；方法
12. respond to对…作出反应（文中的be resonded to是被动形式）
13. in response to 作为对…的反应
14. in short supply 供应不足（in ample supply供应充足）
15. relative to 与…相比；有关，按照…比例（relative 相对的，比较的； n. 亲戚）
16. bid up抬高（价格）（bid 报价，投标；命令；n. 出价，投标）
17. eliminate 淘汰，使出局（名词elimination）
18. commodity 商品（commerce商业）
19. result in 导致（=give rise to）
20. regulate 调节，管制（形容词regulatory）
21. property 财产，资产；性质，特性
22. gain control over 取得对…的控制
23. for sale （用于）出售
24. at a profit 赢利的（at a loss亏损的）
25. embrace 包括；接受，信奉；拥抱（= em（进入）+brace（手臂），本义是“拥抱”，引申为“包括”等意思）
26. ownership 所有（权），所有制
* * *
27. overstate 把…讲得过分，夸大（名词overstatement。state说明，陈述）
28. purchase 购买
29. be characterized by 特征是，以…为特征（characterize以…为特征，描绘…的特性，用法与之类似的词有mark，如be marked by的意思也是“以…为特征”）
2008年新航道考研英语听课笔记（二）
在“考研阅读的最高境界——（一）五层递进学习法”等文章中我说明了应该如何把握阅读文章与试题：
1． 把握中心思想层
2． 概括段落大意层
3． 深入剖析文章层
4． 摘录背诵佳句层
5． 换位思考命题层
现在以历年真题为例说明如何实施上述的五层递进学习法。在每篇文章的后面，“文章结构与内容”对应上述学习法的1与2，“核心词汇”、“难句分析”与“参考译文”对应上述学习法的3，“佳句摘录”对应上述学习法的4，而“试题详解”对应上述学习法的5。关于“五层递进学习法”的具体内容，请阅读本人博客中的同名文章。
Passage 2
One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizon—it’s already here.
While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.
Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
5. According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to.
［A］ withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes
［B］ obtain more convenient services than other people do
［C］ enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper
［D］ cash money wherever he wishes to
6. From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that .
［A］ in the future all the Americans will use credit cards
［B］ credit cards are mainly used in the United States today
［C］ nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash
［D］ it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before
7. The phrase “ring up sales”(Line 2, Para. 2) most probably means “”.
［A］ make an order of goods
［B］ record sales on a cash register
［C］ call the sales manager
［D］ keep track of the goods in stock
8. What is this passage mainly about?
［A］ Approaches to the commercial use of computers.
［B］ Conveniences brought about by computers in business.
［C］ Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.
［D］ Advantages of credit cards in business.
文章结构与内容
文章结构：层层递进型。这种文章各段分别阐述文中核心问题的一个方面，而且各段段首常伴有表示并列或递进的词，文章的中心由综合各段段首得到。本文论述计算机技术在经济领域的广泛应用，三个段落各讨论一个方面。首段貌似谈论信用卡本身的服务，但由二段首句可以看出首段也在谈论计算机带来的便利（conveniences），因为信用卡的使用也是借助于计算机。另外，注意二段与三段段首在结构上的作用。
核心词汇
1. issue 发行，颁布； n. 问题，发行（物），（报刊）期号
2. credit 信用；功劳；学分（同根词incredible难以置信的---cred相信）
3. automatic 自动的，无意识的（同根词automobile汽车---auto自动）
4. available 可以利用的；可得到的
5. withdraw 提取；撤销
6. deposit 存入，付（保证金）；n. 存款，保证金
7. scattered 分散的（动词scatter）
8. cashless 无现金的（反义词cash 现金）
9. on the horizon 即将来临的（horizon 地平线；眼界）
10. convenience 便利，方便；便利设施（形容词convenient）
11. cash register 现金出纳机，现金进出记录机（register 登记，注册）
12. ring up 把…记入现金进出记录机；打电话
13. keep track of 记录，跟上…的进展（track 轨迹，跑道）
14. reorder 再定货（order订购）
15. assignment分配，委派；任务，作业
16. accordingly 相应地，因此
17. identify确定，识别 （名词identity身份）
18. preferred customers 有优先权的顾客
19. promotional 推销的，促进的（动词promote 促进，提升；促销）
20. in stock 有现货的，有库存的（stock 库存，现货；股票）
21. on hand 现有，在手头
22. utility公用事业公司，公用事业设备，公用事业；效用（动词utilize利用）
* * *
23. automation 自动化（同根词automatic）
难句分析
1．Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom.
［结构分析］ 第一句中的do much more than的意思是“做的不只是”，说明ring up sales 只是electronic cash registers工作的一部分；第二句中的who sold what, when, and to who是介词including的宾语。
[参考译文] 电子现金出纳机做的不只是简单地记录销售金额。它们可以做众多的记录，包括谁在何时把什么东西卖给了谁。
2．This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving.
［结构分析］介词结构by showing…作方式状语，其中showing后面的which items are being sold 和 how fast they are moving都作showing的宾语。
[参考译文] 这一信息使商家可以通过显示销售商品的种类和销售速度，从而跟踪记录它们的商品清单。
3．At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.
［结构分析］ 第一个句子的主语是these computers，谓语是record，后面有两个以and连接的宾语从句which hours are busiest 和 which employers are the most efficient，作record的宾语；逗号之后的分词结构作全句的状语。注意：preferred作为形容词，意思是“有优先权的”。
[参考译文] 与此同时，这些计算机记录哪些时间段是高峰，哪些员工的工作效率最高，进而对人事和人员作出相应的分配。而且计算机也能识别促销活动所要寻找的那些拥有优先权的顾客。
4．Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
［结构分析］ 本句的主干是Numerous other commercial enterprises…bring better and more efficient services，其中主语和谓语之间有一个很长的补充说明成分：from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors，在开始阅读的时候，可以先跳过去。注意：gas and electric utilities中的utilities的意思是“公用事业公司”。
[参考译文] 众多的其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志出版社，从燃气和电力公用设备公司到牛奶加工厂，都通过计算机的使用给消费者提供更佳、效率更高的服务。
试题详解
5．事实细节题。由一段第二句中的banking services就能判断B为正确答案。有些同学选了C和D。注意：C与原文所说不符，因为原文只说信用卡在很多商家给持卡人带来automatic credit (自动信用)，这不等于说商家更相信持卡人；D“想在哪里兑现（即取现钱）”都可以，所说范围大于原文的scattered locations（分散地点），当然这个选项也不符合常识。
6．句子理解题。由一段末的cashless society（无现金社会）就能确定C为正确答案。B“现在信用卡主要在美国使用”与原文不符，也不符合常识。如果B选项中的mainly改成widely，就是正确答案。
7．词义题。由ring up sales所在原文的句子中的register（登记）和下一句中的谓语keep…records可以确定ring up的意思是“登记”，因此B为正确答案。注意，在Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales中，more than连接的前后两部分存在程度差异，但大意是相同的，就是说 ring up sales的意思与more than 前面的register差不多，这样也能确定ring up是“登记”的意思。C为ring up的表面意思，是干扰选项。A和D中的宾语不是问题中的sales，肯定错误。
8．主旨题。综合各段首句，本文的主题是计算机给商业领域带来的便利。B符合此意，为正确答案。注意各段首句中的提示词汇：二段首句的前半句while computers offer these conveniences to consumers说明一段已经在讨论计算机提供的便利---给消费者提供的便利，而这一句中的they have many advantages for sellers too和三段首句中的numerous other…说明二段和三段讨论计算机给其他方面提供的便利。A和D是干扰选项：A“计算机的商用方法”（即如何用计算机赚钱）与原文的主题---计算机提供的便利不同；D的内容在一段提过，但不是全文的重点；而且，信用卡的便利也是通过计算机实现的，所以说，一段只是主题的一部分。作这类题常常可以利用各段段首检验。
参考译文
目前，一亿一千三百万美国人至少拥有一张银行信用卡。信用卡使其持有者在商店、饭店、宾馆、家中、国内、甚至国外都拥有信用，同时也能提供许多银行服务。越来越多的信用卡可以自动读取，使人们可以在各个分散的地点取钱和存钱，不管当地是否有银行的分支机构。对我们中的许多人来说，一个“不用现金的社会”不是即将出现，而是已经到来了。
计算机在给消费者提供上述便利的同时，也给商家带来了很多便利。电子现金出纳机做的不只是简单地记录销售金额。它们可以做众多的记录，包括谁在何时把什么东西卖给了谁。这一信息使商家可以通过显示销售商品的种类和销售速度，从而跟踪记录它们的商品清单，然后决定再订哪些货物，或将哪些货物退还给供应商。与此同时，这些计算机记录哪些时间段是高峰，哪些员工的工作效率最高，使商家可以对人事和人员做出相应的分配。而且计算机也能识别促销活动所要寻找的那些拥有优先权的顾客。也正是由于这些原因，厂商也要依赖计算机。用计算机进行分析的营销报告有助于决定哪些产品是目前的重点，哪些将来要研发，哪些要淘汰。计算机可以记录货物的库存情况，现有原材料的多少，甚至是生产过程本身。
众多的其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志出版社，从燃气和电力公用设备公司到牛奶加工厂，都通过计算机的使用给消费者提供更好、更高效的服务。
佳句摘录
For many of us the “cashless” society is not on the horizon—it is already here.
2008年新航道考研英语听课笔记（三）
在“考研阅读的最高境界——（一）五层递进学习法”等文章中我说明了应该如何把握阅读文章与试题：
1． 把握中心思想层
2． 概括段落大意层
3． 深入剖析文章层
4． 摘录背诵佳句层
5． 换位思考命题层
现在以历年真题为例说明如何实施上述的五层递进学习法。在每篇文章的后面，“文章结构与内容”对应上述学习法的1与2，“核心词汇”、“难句分析”与“参考译文”对应上述学习法的3，“佳句摘录”对应上述学习法的4，而“试题详解”对应上述学习法的5。关于“五层递进学习法”的具体内容，请阅读本人博客中的同名文章。
Passage 3
Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding—the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
“All men are created equal.” We’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not—to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.
9. In paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that .
［A］ the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society
［B］ exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are
［C］ exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society
［D］ the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children
10. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that .
［A］ they are expected to be leaders of the society
［B］ they might become a burden of the society
［C］ they should fully develop their potentials
［D］ disabled children deserve special consideration
11. This passage mainly deals with .
［A］ the differences of children in their learning capabilities
［B］ the definition of exceptional children in modern society
［C］ the special educational programs for exceptional children
［D］ the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children
12. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children .
［A］ is now enjoying legal support
［B］ disagrees with the tradition of the country
［C］ was clearly stated by the country’s founders
［D］ will exert great influence over court decisions
文章结构与内容
文章结构：一枝独秀型。本文的核心概念是残疾儿童(exceptional children)的教育。由于本文是一篇社会科学方面的文章，所以阅读时还要注意作者对核心概念的态度：要让残疾儿童充分发展自己的潜能，必须调整对他们的教育，以适应他们与正常儿童的差异。然后作者指出重视残疾儿童的教育这一点反映了美国传统的价值观念---教育机会平等以及一种新思潮的出现。
核心词汇
1. exceptional 残疾的；例外的，异常的（名词exception 除外，例外）
2. significant重大的，明显的；重要的（名词significance）
3. potential 潜能，潜力 ； a. 潜在的，可能的
4. adapt （to）（使）适应；改编
5. capture 捕获；夺取
6. supporting player 配角
7. scenery 舞台布景；风景
8. the key to …的关键
9. full expression 充分表达
10. understanding 认知，理解；通情达理的
11. pass on to 传递给
12. weakness 缺点（反义词strength）
13. prejudice 偏见；v. 损害
14. deserve 应该获得
15. capability 能力；技能（形容词capable）
16. democratic 民主的（= demo（人民）+crat（统治）+ic（的））
17. denote 表示，代表（同根词note、notice---not表明）
18. interpret 解释，说明；口译
19. to the limit of 达到…的极限
20. capacity 能力，容量（形容词capacious容量大的，宽敞的）
21. modify 改变，修改（名词mode模式）
22. substantially 真正地，实质地（名词substance）
* * *
23. exert influence over 对…产生影响，给…施加影响（exert 施加，尽力）
难句分析
1. Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
［结构分析］ 第一个句子的基本结构是Exceptional children are different…from…，其中in some significant way（在一些重要的方面）说明different的体现；第二个句子的前半部分For these children to develop to their full adult potential（要让残疾儿童充分发展自己的潜能）表示目的，作状语。注意：第一句中的exceptional children在文章开始出现时意思不太明确，但是从文章后半部分可以看出是指“残疾儿童”。
[参考译文] 异常儿童（指残疾儿童）与同龄儿童相比有许多重大的不同。为使这些儿童的全部潜力得到开发，教育必须适应他们的不同需要。
2．While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself.
［结构分析］本句是一个复合句，理解的关键是能否看出这是一个类比：把残疾儿童比作舞台上的主要角色，而把他们的家庭和社会环境比作配角和戏剧的布景。
[参考译文] 尽管舞台主角吸引我们的注意力，我们也意识到舞台配角和场景的重要性。
3．And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding—the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
［结构分析］ 本句是一个强调句，被强调的部分是in the public schools；破折号之后的部分the knowledge, hopes, and fears是understanding（认知）的同位语，后面的that引导的定语从句修饰the knowledge, hopes, and fears。
[参考译文] 而且正是在公立学校中我们找到了社会理解的全面体现---传授给下一代的知识、希望和恐惧。
4．The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
［结构分析］ 本句的主干是“The great interest... indicates the strong feeling...”，其中主语是the great interest，后面的in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades作the great interest的定语；宾语是the strong feeling ，后面的that引导一个同位语从句that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities，其中whatever their special conditions修饰all citizens，作状语，阅读时可以先跳过去。
[参考译文] 过去30年中公共教育对异常儿童所表现出来的巨大关注表明了存在于我们社会中的那种强烈感受，即所有公民，不管有什么特殊情况，都应该获得充分发展其能力的机会。
5．That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.
［结构分析］本句的主干在破折号之前，破折号之后的部分解释前面的educational opportunity for all children的具体内容，其中whether 引导的让步状语从句使用了虚拟语气（在虚拟语气中用be是美国英语的用法）。to the limits of的意思是“达到…的极限”。
[参考译文] 这一概念暗示所有儿童都应享有教育机会——每个儿童，无论自身能力大小，都有权在尽其所能的学习中接受帮助。
6．In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.
［结构分析］ 本句的主干是schools are modifying their programs，现在分词结构adapting…to…, to…（使…适应…）作状语，其中又包含两个定语从句 ：who are exceptional（修饰children）和who cannot profit substantially from regular programs（修饰those, 指children），而第二个定语从句前的to those是adapting instruction to those的省略。
[参考译文] 作为反应，学校正在改变课程安排，使学校授课能够适应异常儿童的需要，能够适应那些无法从正常课程中实际获益的儿童的需要。
试题详解
9. 例证题。这是一个类比，在二段第二句，其中leading actor on the stage（舞台上的主角）指exceptional children， 后面的the supporting players and the scenery of the play指exceptional children所处的环境，这一句的意思是环境对于exceptional children很重要，下一句明确指出二者之间的关系：家庭和社会对exceptional children的成长和发展是关键。A“exceptional children的成长与家庭和社会有很大关系”符合此意，为正确答案。C与原文所说有出入，注意仔细比较。例证题要注意看例子的上下文。
10．事实细节题。根据问题中的关键词so much concern in education定位原文二段第三句，因为它对应原文中的great interest in exceptional children shown in public education，原文的意思是“这一兴趣表明我们希望所有公民，不管自身条件如何，都应当有机会充分发展自己的能力”，C符合此意，为正确答案。D“残疾儿童应该受到特别对待”与原文所倡导的平等权利和机会不一致，所以是干扰选项。
11．主旨题。本文首句指出论述的对象exceptional children，第二句指出本文论述的重点---exceptional children的教育，并且给出作者的态度：要让exceptional children充分发展自己的潜能，必须调整对他们的教育，以适应他们与正常儿童的差异。这是本文的主题句。符合此意的只有D，因此D为正确答案。C“针对exceptional children的具体教育项目”不是本文的论述重点。作主旨题时注意文章的论述中心和作者态度，正确答案必须符合作者的态度，如本文首段第二句中的must be就表明了作者的态度，D选项中的necessity与之对应。
12．事实细节题。按照出题顺序定位末段，其中段末有一句话明确说明对exceptional children教育的关心已经得到法律支持：Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of children—disabled or not—to an appropriate education，因此 A为正确答案。
参考译文
特殊儿童（本文指残疾儿童）与同龄儿童相比有某种重大的不同。为使这些儿童的全部潜力得到开发，教育必须适应这些不同之处。
尽管我们重点讨论的是特殊儿童的需要，但我们不知不觉中也在描述他们所处的环境。尽管舞台主角吸引我们的注意力，我们也意识到舞台配角和场景的重要性。特殊儿童所处的家庭和社会对他们的成长和发展通常起着关键的作用。而且正是在公立学校中我们找到了社会理解的全面体现——传授给下一代的知识、希望和恐惧。
在任何社会中，教育都是社会的一面镜子。从这面镜子里，我们看到一个文化自身的长处、弱点、希望、偏见和核心价值观。过去30年中公共教育对特殊儿童所表现出来的巨大关注，表明了存在于我们社会中的那种强烈感受，即所有公民，不管有什么特殊情况，都应该获得充分发展其能力的机会。
“人人生而平等”，这句话我们听过很多遍，但对于一个民主社会中的教育仍然具有重要意义。尽管这个国家（指美国）的各位创始人用这句话来表明法律面前人人平等，它也被诠释为机会平等。这一概念暗示所有儿童都应享有教育机会——每个儿童，无论自身能力大小，都有权在尽其所能的学习中接受帮助。最近，法院判决确认了所有儿童——无论是残疾，还是非残疾——都有受到适当教育的权利，并要求公立学校采取必要措施为儿童提供这种教育。针对这一判决，学校正在改变课程安排，使学校授课能够适应特殊儿童的需要，能够适应那些无法从正常课程中实际获益的儿童的需要。
佳句摘录
Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well.
Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself.
All men are created equal.
2008年新航道考研英语听课笔记（四）
在“考研阅读的最高境界——（一）五层递进学习法”等文章中我说明了应该如何把握阅读文章与试题：
1． 把握中心思想层
2． 概括段落大意层
3． 深入剖析文章层
4． 摘录背诵佳句层
5． 换位思考命题层
现在以历年真题为例说明如何实施上述的五层递进学习法。在每篇文章的后面，“文章结构与内容”对应上述学习法的1与2，“核心词汇”、“难句分析”与“参考译文”对应上述学习法的3，“佳句摘录”对应上述学习法的4，而“试题详解”对应上述学习法的5。关于“五层递进学习法”的具体内容，请阅读本人博客中的同名文章。
Passage 4
“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we’ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. “But,” he cautions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”
This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging—13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.
With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.
The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. “Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,” says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We can’t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.”
The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.
“First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.”
13. The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to .
［A］ predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade
［B］ indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright
［C］ prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years
［D］ warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered
14. The author implies that by the year 2000, .
［A］ there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients
［B］ 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living
［C］ the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers
［D］ there won’t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients
15. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes.
［A］ that are always in operation in a healthy person
［B］ which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated
［C］ that can be driven out of normal cells
［D］ which normal cell can’t turn off
16. The word “dormant” in the third paragraph most probably means .
［A］ dead［B］ ever-present［C］ inactive［D］ potential
文章结构与内容
文章结构：层层递进型。本文指出人们虽然还没有找到治愈癌症的方法，但在癌症的研究方面已经有了很大进展。人们发现了致癌基因（oncogene），但是对于其活动过程还知之不多。作者认为虽然癌症的治愈前景遥远，但已经比较明朗。阅读时注意文中的转折处。
核心词汇
1. in vast detail 很详尽地（vast 大量的，巨大的）
2. microbiologist 微生物学家
3. caution警告；n. 谨慎；警告（precaution预先警告，预防）
4. infection 感染，传染（动词infect 感染，传染）
5. suffer from 患有；遭受；忍受
6. survive 幸存，幸免于；活得比…长（名词survival）
7. statistics 统计数值，统计资料，统计（学）
8. variety种类，品种；多种多样
9. in existence 存在，生存
10. oncogene （致）癌基因
11. activate 激活，使活动（形容词active）
12. dormant暂停活动的；潜在的；睡着的（同根词dormitory宿舍---dorm睡觉）
13. drive into action 使…活动起来，迫使…行动
14. turn off 关闭，使…停止活动
15. involved相关的，涉及的
16. mysterious 神秘的（名词mystery 神秘事物）
17. likelihood 可能性（形容词likely 可能的）
18. initiate 开始，发起（同根词initiative 主动的行动；首创精神---init第一，开始）
19. prepare… against 以…防备…
20. cosmic 宇宙的（名词cosmos宇宙）
21. prospect 前景（prospective 未来的）
22. counteract 对…起反作用，对抗（= counter（相反）+act（作用））
23. predict 预言，预测（形容词predictable可以预测的）
* * *
24. drastic激烈的，迅猛的；严厉的
25. in operation工作，运行
难句分析
1. “But”, he cautions, “some people may have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”
［结构分析］这是一个直接引语，包含两个部分，其中第一个句子的主干是some people may have the idea…，后面的that引导一个同位语从句that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow，修饰the idea；第二个句子是一个例子，说明前一句中some people的错误观点。
[参考译文] “但是”，他警告说，“有些人可能有这样一种想法：一旦人们了解了病因，很快就能找到治疗方法。想一想巴斯德，他发现了多种传染病的病因，可是五、六十年后才找到治疗方法。”
2. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells.
［结构分析］ 本句的主干是The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s，第一个逗号之后的when引导一个定语从句when they discovered…，修饰the early 1970s；discovered后面是that引导的一个宾语从句that oncogenes… are inactive in normal cells，这个宾语从句中的which are cancer-causing genes是一个非限定性定语从句，修饰oncogenes，解释oncogenes的含义。
[参考译文] 研究人员在20世纪70年代初期取得巨大进展---当时这些研究人员发现致癌基因在正常细胞中并不活动。
3. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown.
［结构分析］本句是一个复合句，前半句的主语是Anything，后面的介词结构from cosmic rays to radiation to diet说明主语所包括的范围；后半句是一个省略句，补充完整是but how they may activate a dormant oncogene remains unknown。
[参考译文] 从宇宙射线到辐射到饮食，任何东西都有可能激活沉睡中的致癌基因，但激活的方式尚不得而知。
4. The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent cancers.
［结构分析］本句是一个表示转折的复合句，前半句的involved（相关的，涉及的）后置作mechanisms的定语，有类似用法的词有concerned（有关的）；后半句的主干是the likelihood ...suggests that..., 其中主语the likelihood（可能性）后带有同位语从句that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes，而谓语suggests后带有that引导的一个宾语从句。
[参考译文] 癌变涉及的确切机制仍然很神秘，但许多癌症开始于基因这一可能性表明我们将永远无法预防所有的癌症。
试题详解
13．例证题。这类题的答案一般在例子前。作者在举Pasteur的例子之前，就已经警告人们不要以为理解了癌症的致病原因就能很快找到治疗方法（ “But, ” he cautions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow…），也就是说there is still a long way to go(前面要走的路还很长)。D符合此意，为正确答案。注意：作者此处所举的例子是一个反例。
14． 事实细节题。二段开始指出当时所有癌症患者能活5年的达50％，到2000年达75%，有些皮肤癌患者可达90％，但是其他统计数字并不乐观---肺癌和胰腺癌的5年存活率分别是13%和2%。D“并不是所有的癌症患者存活率都会大幅提高”符合此意，所以是正确答案。A“皮肤癌患者的5年存活率将有大幅提高”与原文不符，因为二段第三句指的是部分皮肤癌患者，而A选项指的是所有皮肤癌患者。阅读时注意文中的转折词but。
15．事实细节题。根据问题中的关键词oncogenes定位原文三段第二句：oncogenes…are inactive in normal cells(致癌基因在正常细胞中是不活动的，也就是对细胞无害的)。下一句指出它们能被激活，这时就对细胞有害。B符合此意，为正确答案。
16．词义题。推测词义可以根据上下文进行。首先，谓语activate（激活）提供了线索，因为需要激活的东西肯定原来是不活跃的，那么C为正确答案。其次，下一句中的driven into action（被激活）也提示dormant的含义。
参考译文
癌症专家、微生物学家罗伯特·温伯格说：“我充分相信，十年之内我们就能够非常详细地了解癌细胞是如何出现的。” “但是”，他警告说，“有些人可能有这样一种想法：一旦人们了解了病因，很快就能找到治疗方法。想一想巴斯德，他发现了多种传染病的病因，可是过了五、六十年才找到治疗方法。”
今年，在91万癌症患者中，50％的人至少能活5年。国家癌症研究所估计，到2000年这一数字将会上升到75％。对某些皮肤癌来说，患者能存活5年的机率高达90%。但是其他一些癌症的存活率仍然很低，如肺癌是13％，而胰腺癌只有2％。
已知的癌症多达120种，从中找出癌症的活动方式并不容易。研究人员在20世纪70年代初期取得巨大进展——当时这些研究人员发现致癌基因在正常细胞中并不活动。从宇宙射线到辐射到饮食，任何东西都有可能激活沉睡中的致癌基因，但激活的方式尚不得而知。如果几个致癌基因同时被激活，而细胞无法控制它们，就会发生癌变。
癌变涉及的确切机制仍然很神秘，但许多癌症开始于基因这一可能性表明我们将永远无法预防所有的癌症。肿瘤学家威廉·海沃德说：“改变是进化过程中的一个正常部分”。环境因素永远无法完全排除。正如海沃德所说：“我们不可能研究出一种对付宇宙射线的药”。
癌症的治疗前景，尽管仍然渺茫，但已经更光明了。“首先，我们需要了解正常细胞是如何控制自己的；然后，我们得确定细胞中是否存在要对癌症的出现至少负部分责任的有限数量的基因。如果我们能了解癌症的活动方式，就能阻碍它们的活动。”
佳句摘录
Some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow.
The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.
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[ 本帖最后由 jsnjxyy 于 2007-9-24 11:01 PM 编辑 ] |
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