北京航空航天大学考博英语历年真题及详解

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目录
2013年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题
2012年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题
2011年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题及详解
2010年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题及详解
2009年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题及详解
2008年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题及详解
2007年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题及详解
2006年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题及详解
2004年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题及详解
2003年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题及详解
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2013年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题














2012年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题
Part I ListeningComprehension (20 points)
Section A(10％)
Directions：In this section, you will hear l0 short conversations. Atthe end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. Boththe conversation and the question will be spoken only once. Aftereach question there will be a pause. During thepause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and Dand decide which is the best answer. Then mark thecorresponding letter on the ANSWERSHEET with a single line throughthe center.
1.A. He probably calls his brothers frequently.
B. He should call his brothers more often.
C. He does a lot of traveling.
D. He’s saving money to visit his brothers.
2.A. The battery is not correctly positioned.
B. She doesn’t know how the calculator works.
C. The calculator needs a new battery.
D. The man should enter the numbers in a differentorder.
3.A. They can get a guidebook in Montreal.
B. It might not be necessary to buy a guidebook.
C. He doesn’t mind the cost of a guidebook.
D. It’s no use trying to study on a trip.
4.A. Being hungry.
B. Having a big lunch.
C. The weather.
D. Cooking.
5. A. Tom’s apartment probably costs more than theman’s.
B. The man’s place is becoming more expensive.
C. Her apartment is better than the man’s.
D. She wants to see Tom’s new apartment.
6. A.Drop out of the play.
B. Switch parts with another actor.
C. Be patient about learning his part.
D. Have his lines memorized by tomorrow.
7.A. She agrees with the man.
B. The man missed the last study mission.
C. She didn’t understand the last chemistry class.
D. The man should be more serious about his studies.
8. A. He can’t meet the woman at the engineeringbuilding.
B. He can’t give the woman a ride.
C. He has already passed the engineering building.
D. He’ll meet the woman after his appointment.
9.A. He’ll give the quiz at a later time.
B. The quiz will be very short.
C. The quiz won’t be ready until Thursday.
D. He’ll score the quiz quickly.
10. A. Takethe medicine as she was directed to do.
B. Schedule another appointment with her doctor.
C. Stop taking the medicine.
D. Rest her back for a few days.
Section B(10％)
Directions：In this section you will hear 2 passages. At the end ofeach passage, you will hear some questions. Boththe passage and the questions will be spoken only once. Afteryou hear one question, you must choose the best answer from the fourchoices marked A, B, C and D. Thenmark the corresponding letter on the ANSWERSHEET with a single line throughthe center
Passage l
11.A. Luxury tax.
B. Property tax.
C. Income tax.
D. Sales tax.
12. A. The tax percentage increases as a family’sincome increases.
B. The tax percentage increases as a family’ssalaries increase.
C. The tax percentage decreases as a family’sexpenses increase.
D. The tax percentage increases as a family’sproperty increases.
13.A. How long the family owns the property.
B. The property’s value.
C. The owner’s income.
D. The property’s value and the owner’s income.
14. A.Public schools.
B. Public safety.
C. Roads, parks and benefits for the poor.
D. All of the above.
15.A. To the state government.
B. To the federal government.
C. TO the local government.
D. To the community.
Passage 2
16. A. The government gives direct subsidy to everyfaith.
B. There is no law by Congress respecting theestablishment of religion.
C. There is a law by Congress to prohibit the freeexercise of religion.
D. There is no freedom for Americans to choosetheir religious faith.
17. A. One of the biggest increases in churchmembership.
B. The event of prohibiting the free exercise ofreligion.
C. A big decrease in church membership.
D. The emergence of classes in religious study.
18.A. 9％.
B. 60％.
C.45％.
D. 52％.
19. A.The federal government.
B. Public educational institutions.
C. Various religious groups.
D. The local government.
20. A.Their member’s voluntary donations.
B. The State Government.
C. The private schools.
D. Religious groups.
Part II ReadingComprehension (30 points)
Directions：There are four passages in this part. Each passageis followed by some questions or unfinished statements. Foreach of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, Cand D. Read the passages carefully and decide on thebest choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
Passage l
The long-term fortunes of the modern economy depend in parton the strength and sustainability of the family, both inrelation to fertility trends and to marriage trends. This basic, butoften overlooked, principle is now at work in the current globaleconomic crisis.
The decline of marriage and fertility is one factor in theglobal economic crisis. That is, one reason that someof the world’s leading economies—from Japan to Italy to Spain to the euro zoneas a whole—are facing fiscal challenges is that their fertility rates have beenbelow replacement levels(2.1 children per woman)for decades. Persistentsub-replacement fertility eventually translates into fewer workers relative toretirees, which puts tremendous strains on public coffers and theeconomy as a whole. Indeed,one recent study finds that almosthalf of the recent run—up in public debt in the West can be attributed to rapidaging over the last two decades.
Even China may see its sky-high growth “come down to earthin the next few decades as its work force shrinks” because of its one-childpolicy, as Carlos Cavalle and I argued in a recent report, TheSustainable Demographic Dividend. By contrast, a recent Randstudy suggests that “India will have more favorable demographics than China” over the next few decades, insofar as its work force is poised to grow. Infact, the Rand study suggests that India may be able to use thisdemographic advantage to outpace China’s economic growth rates by the end ofthe century.
Finally, it’s not just fertility that matters；it’salso marriage. At least in the West, children aremore likely to acquire the human and social capital they need to thrive in themodern economy when they are raised in an intact, marriedfamily. In the U. S. , for instance,children are more likely tograduate from high school, complete college and be gainfully employed asyoung adults if they were raised in an intact, marriedfamily.
And around the globe, men are morelikely to give their work their fullest effort and attention when they aremarried；this is one reason men worldwide enjoy “marriagepremiums” in their income, ranging from about l4 percent(Mexico)to 19percent(United States)t035 percent(Russia). So, atleast when it comes to men, research suggests that marriage has importantimplications for worker productivity.
The bottom-line message is that what happens in the homedoes not stay at home；rather,the size of families, andtheir stability and quality, has important implications for the health of theglobal economy.
Questions 21 to 25 arebased on the passage.
21.The main idea of this passage is that ______.
A. women should bear more children in order toboost the economy.
B. both marriage and fertility affect a country’seconomy.
C. marriage has important implications for workerproductivity.
D. Indiawill outpace China’s economic growth rate by the end of the century.
22. One reason that the world’s leading economiesare facing fiscal challenges is that ______.
A. there is a global economic crisis in recentyears.
B. there are fewer babies, andconsequently, people spend less on many commodities.
C. people in these countries have fewer childrenthan needed to replace the population for many years.
D. there are tremendous strains on public coffersand the economy as a whole.
23. “…its work force is poised to grow” (para. 3)probably means ______.
A. its work force pauses to grow.
B. its work force continues to grow fast.
C. its work force continues to grow steadily.
D. its work force grows slowly.
24.From the passage we know that ______.
A. children from an intact, marriedfamily are more likely to have a better life.
B. the more people a country has, thestronger economy it will have.
C. the health of the global economy dependsentirely on individual families.
D. men are likely to work harder when they aregoing to have children.
25. According to the passage, all thefollowing can affect economy EXCEPT ______.
A. the size of families.
B. the stability of families.
C. the quality of families.
D. men and women ratio within the families.
Passage 2
We have known for a long time that the organization of anyparticular society is influenced by the definition of the sexes and thedistinction drawn between them. But we have realized only recently that theidentity of each sex is not so easy to pin down, and thatdefinitions evolve in accordance with different types of culture known to us, thatis, scientific discoveries and ideological revolutions. Ournature is not considered as immutable,either socially or biologically. Aswe approach the beginning of the 21st century, thesubstantial progress made in biology and genetics is radically challenging theroles, responsibilities and specific characteristics attributed toeach sex, and yet, scarcely twenty years ago, thesewere thought to be “beyond dispute”.
We can safely say,with a few minor exceptions, thatthe definition of the sexes and their respective functions remained unchangedin the West from the beginning of the l9th century to the l 960s. Therole distinction, raised in some cases to the status of uncompromising dualismon a strongly hierarchical model, lasted throughout this period, appealingfor its justification to nature, religion and customs alleged to have existedsince the dawn of time. The woman bore children and took care of thehome. The man set out to conquer the world and was responsiblefor the survival of his family, by satisfying their needs in peacetime and goingto war when necessary.
The entire world order rested on the divergence of thesexes. Any overlapping or confusion between the roles was seen asa threat to the time-honored order of things. It was feltto be against nature, a deviation from the norm.
Sex roles were determined according to the “place”appropriate to each. Women’s place was, first andforemost, in the home. The outside world, i. e. workshops, factoriesand business firms, belonged to men. Thissex-based division of the world (private and public) gave rise to a strictdichotomy between the attitudes, which conferred on each its special identity. Thewoman, sequestered at home, “cared, nurturedand conserved”. To do this, she had noneed to be daring, ambitious, tough orcompetitive. The man, on the other hand, competingwith his fellow men, was caught up every day in the struggle forsurvival, and hence developed those characteristics which werethought natural in a man. Today, many women goout to work, and their reasons for doing so have changedconsiderably. Besides the traditional financial incentives, wefind ambition and personal fulfillment motivating those in the most favorablecircumstances, and the wish to have a social life and to getout of their domestic isolation influencing others. Above all, forall women, work is invariably connected with the desire for independence.
Questions 26 to 30 arebased on the passage.
26. It is only in recent years that we haverecognized that ______.
A. there is almost no clue to the identity of both sexes.
B. the role distinction between different sexes isconspicuous.
C. the different definitions of sexes bears on thedevelopment of culture.
D. the progress of civilization greatly influencesthe role definitions of sexes.
27. From paragraph I we can infer that it is nowpossible for women to embark on a career because ______.
A. the change in sex roles is out of the question.
B. women’s lib has been going on for many years.
C. ideas about the roles of women have beenchanging.
D. the expansion of sciences scarcely remolds thewomen’s roles.
28. The author believes that sex discriminationin the West before the 960s was ______.
A. preferable.
B. prevalent.
C. presumable.
D. precedent.
29. According to the fourth paragraph, theauthor seems to think that ______.
A. female passivity is natural.
B. men and women are physically identical.
C. men are born competitive and aggressive.
D. some different sex identity is acquired.
30. According to the author, which of thefollowing is the most important reason for women to go to work?
A. Wish to claim their rights and freedom.
B. Ambition and self-fulfillment.
C. Financial incentives.
D. Desire for a social life.
Passage 3
BBC’s Casualty programme on Saturday evening gave viewers avote as to which of two patients should benefit from a donation. Butit failed to tell us that we would not need to make so many life-and—deathdecisions if we got to grip with the chronic organ shortage. Beingpussyfooting around in its approach to dead bodies, theGovernment is giving a kicking to some of the most vulnerable in our society. Onedepressing consequence of this is that a significant number of those on thewaiting list take off to foreign countries to purchase an organ from a livingthird-world donor, something that is forbidden in the United Kingdom. The poor have no option but to wait in vain.
The Human Tissue Authority’s position on the retention ofbody parts for medical research after a post-mortem examination is equallyflawed. The new consent forms could have been drafted by some evilperson seeking to stop the precious flow of human tissue into the pathologicallaboratory. The forms are so lengthy that doctors rarelyhave time to complete them and, even if they try, the wordingis so graphic that relatives tend to leg it before signing. Inconsequence, the number of post mortems has fallen quickly. Thewider worry is that the moral shortsightedness evident in the Human Tissue Actseems to infect every facet of the contemporary debate on medical ethics. Takethe timid approach to embryonic stem cell research. The United States, for example, refuses government funding to scientists whowish to carry out potentially ground-breaking research on the surplus embryoscreated by IVF treatment.
Senators profess to be worried that embryonic researchfails to respect the dignity of “potential persons” .Rarely can such a vacuousconcept have found its way into a debate claiming to provide enlightenment. Whenis this “potential” supposed to kick in? In case you were wondering, thesesupposedly precious embryos are at the same stage of development as those thatare routinely terminated by the Pill without anyone crying. Thankfully, theBritish Government has refused the position of the United States and operatesone of the most liberal regimes in Europe, in whichlicences have been awarded to researchers to create embryos for medicalresearch. It is possible that, in years tocome, scientists will be able to grow organs in the lab and findcures for a range of debilitating diseases.
The fundamental problem with our approach to ethics is ourinability to separate emotion from policy. The onlyfactor that should enter our moral and legal deliberations is that of welfare, aconcept that is meaningless when applied to entities that lackself-consciousness. Never forget that the research that we are soreluctant to conduct upon embryos and dead bodies is routinely carried out onliving, pain-sensitive animals.
Questions 31 to 35 arebased on the passage.
31.What has caused the chronic organ shortage?
A. a decrease in donation rates
B. inefficient governmental policy
C. illegal trade in human organs
D. news media’s indifference
32. The expression “pussyfooting around” (Line 3, Paragraphl) might mean ______.
A. unfair
B. hesitant
C. secret
D. strict
33. The moral shortsightedness is revealed in the factthat ______.
A. the government has stopped the experiment onhuman tissue
B. the donation consent forms are difficult tounderstand
C. the Human Tissues Act is an obstacle toimportant medical research
D. embryonic research shows disregard for human life
34. To which of the following is the author mostlikely to agree?
A. The rich and the poor are equal in the face ofdeath.
B. More scientists are needed for the medicaladvancement.
C. There is a double standard in medical ethics.
D. The dead deserve the same attention as theliving.
35.The author is most critical of ______.
A. the media
B. doctors
C. U. S. Legislators
D. the British government
Passage 4
When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into thepopulace, scientists immediately get to work, trying tolocate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, successis achieved, as medical science is able to isolate theparasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways toeffectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, inwhich the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, itis deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, soas to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.
The process of vaccination allows the patient’s body todevelop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it isencountered, one can ward it off naturally. Toaccomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease isactually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, sothat his body’s immune system can learn to fight the invader properly.Information on how to penetrate the disease’s defenses is transmitted to allelements of the patient’s immune system in a process that occurs naturally, inwhich genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, shouldthe patient later come into contact with the real problem, hisbody is well equipped and trained to deal with it, havingalready done so before.
There are dangers inherent in the process, however. Onoccasion, even the weakened version of the disease contained in thevaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting inthe immune system succumbing, and,therefore, the patient’sdeath. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, designedto eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire NativeAmerican population and killed massive numbers of settlers.
Approximately l in l0, 000 peoplewho receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itselfand dies from it. Thus,if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3000Americans would be left dead.
Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated inthe early l970s, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babiesin America. In the event of a reintroduction of the disease, however,mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths fromvaccination. The process, which is truly a mixed blessing, mayindeed hide some hidden curses.
Questions 36 to 40 arebased on the passage.
36.The best title for the text may be _____.
A. “Vaccinations: A Blessing or A Curse”
B. “Principles of Vaccinations”
C. “Vaccines：Methods andImplications”
D. “A Miracle Cure under Attack”
37. What does the example of the Smallpox Vaccineillustrate?
A. The possible negative outcome of administeringvaccines.
B. The practical use of a vaccine to control anepidemic disease.
C. The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicatingcertain disease.
D. The method by which vaccines are employedagainst the disease.
38. The phrase “ward it off naturally” (Paragraph 2)most probably means ______.
A. dispose of it naturally.
B. fight it off with ease.
C. see to it reluctantly.
D. split it up properly.
39. Which of the following is true according to thetext?
A. Saving the majority would necessarily justifythe death of the minority.
B. The immune system can be trained to fight weakerversions of a disease.
C. Mandatory vaccinations are indispensable to thesurvival of the populace.
D. The process of vaccination remains a mystery tobe further resolved.
40. The purpose of the author in writing thispassage is ______.
A. to comment and criticize
B. to demonstrate and argue
C. to interest and entertain
D. to explain and inform
Part III Vocabulary (10points)
Directions：In this part, there are 20 uncompleted sentences with four choices beloweach sentence. Choose the best one from the 4 choices to fillthe balance. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
41. This restaurant is frequently ______ by touristsbecause of its famous cooking.
A. patronized　
B. serviced　
C. attended　
D. utilized
42. The miser will not donate any money to charitybecause he is ______.
A. greedy　
B. thrifty　
C. stingy　
D. careful
43. Childhood memoirs often gain their poignancythrough a sense of displacement：each lesson is accompanied by a loss of ______.
A.perspective　
B. innocence　
C. permission
D. veracity
44. The rain ______our spirits because we wereplanning to go for a picnic.
A. decreased　
B. dampened　
C. moistened　
D. hampered
45. Their view that women are the natural ______ ofmorality is not my view.
A. guardians　
B. guards　
C. guides　
D. soldiers
46. Scientists have acknowledged that tointerpret an animal’s thought processes in a sound manner requires a heavy doseof ______ from our own mental patterns, which we accessintrospectively.
A. estimation　
B. calculation　
C. skepticism　
D. inference
47. The colonialists managed to wipe out the entire______ population.
A. aboriginal　
B. original　
C. large　
D. regional
48. As has always been the case when tragedy hasstruck our community, the people of our town feel the obligation, andrightly so, to ______ in support of the victim and hisfamily.
A. entrench　
B. rally　
C. disseminate　
D. apologize
49. Mr. Smith became very ______ when it was suggestedthat he had made a mistake.
A. ingenious　
B. empirical　
C. objective　
D. indignant
50. It can not be denied that the existing resourceson earth will be depleted, but scientists are _______ to concede the inevitabilityof that day, realizing that new energies Can be found in the near future.
A. bound　
B. unprepared　
C. hesitant　
D. likely
51. Perfect certainty belongs only to the gods；therest of us have to make do with science and its ______
A. imperfections　
B. conclusions　
C. methodologies　
D. hyperbole
52. This was a five-digit national coding system to______ each postal delivery section.
A. testify　
B. count　
C. clarify　
D. identify
53. His physical and emotional ______ to Oxford and to Mississippi, to the land and to the people that shaped him, wasat the core of his being.
A. personality　
B. character　
C. fidelity　
D. morality
54. Most people choose a lawyer on the basis ofsuch ______ consideration as his cost,his field of expertise, andthe fees he charges.
A. humanistic　
B. irrelevant　
C. personal　
D. pragmatic
55. Though sometimes ______, all too oftentechnology is seen as a panacea for the great economic, social, andpolitical challenges facing the nation as it embarks on the path ofmodernization.
A. expensive　
B. effective　
C. ignored　
D. calamitous
56. Among all the changes resulting from the ______ entryof women into the work force, the transformation that has occurred in thewomen themselves is not the least important.
A. massive　
B. quantitative　
C. surplus　
D. formidable
57. There is much I enjoy about the changing seasons, butmy favorite time is the _____ from fall to winter.
A. transmission　
B. transformation　
C. transition　
D. transfer
58. The development of these gene technologies maybe far in the future, but the moral and social issues raised bythem should be discussed ______, for once a technology has been invented, itmay be difficult to stop or control.
A. presently　
B. summarily　
C. seriously　
D. hesitantly
59. The local government has ______ thelandowners to fish these waters.
A. transformed　
B. transferred　
C. licensed　
D. allocated
60. The plan for the new office tower went ahead______ of local opposition.
A. on account　
B. in the tight of　
C. out　
D. regardless
Part IV Cloze (10points)
Directions：There are 20 blanks in the following passage. Foreach blank there are four choices marked A, B, Cand
D. Youshould choose the ONE that best fits in to the passage and then mark thecorresponding letter on the ANSWERSHEET with a single line throughthe center.
Many years ago people thought the earth was flat. Theybelieved that the sky 　(61) a big upside—downbowl and that the sun, moon,and stars were lamps hanging fromthe top of the bowl. Later, people 　(62) better. Theyfound out that the earth 　(63) round.
We call the study of the skies and the planets astronomy, 　(64)we call the watchers of the skies astronomer. Earlyastronomers thought the earth was the center of 　(65) . Theythought the heavens spun 　(66) the earth. Later,they changed their 　(67) .They knew the earth wasnot the center. They believed that the earth and the 　(68)planets spin around the sun.Today we know this is true.
Ancient scientists studied the skies 　(69)simple instruments. The first person 　(70) atelescope was named Galileo. In l610 　(71) fourmoons around the planet Jupiter. Today 　(72) usemore complex equipment. Some of these measure the brightness of light. 　(73)break lights up into different colors. Radiotelescopes make stars and planets 　(74) farcloser than Galileo’s telescope could.
Early astronomers 　(75) fiveplanets in the sky. Besides Earth, they knewabout mercury, Venus, Mars,Jupiter, and Saturn. Inl781 a seventh one was discovered and named Uranus. Years later,astronomers found another planet and called it Neptune. The ninthplanet to be found is called Pluto.It was not 　(76)until l930.
Today scientists can 　(77) almostanywhere. They have reached the heavens with their spacecraft. Inl959, a spacecraft 　(78) tookpictures of the dark side of the moon Ten years later a spacecraft landed twoAmericans on the moon. Other important journeys into space 　(79).Who knows? Maybe 　(80) humanbeings will live on another planet. Maybe you will be one of them.
61. A. is　 B. was C. hadbeen　 D. were
62.A. spoke B. told C. knew　 D. swan
63. A. was 　 　 B. hadbeen　  C. is 　 D. were
64.A. and 　 B. but　  C. Yet　 　 D. still
65.A. anything 　 B. nothing　 C. something D. everything
66.A. around　 B. round　 C. about　 D. along
67.A. jobs　 B. minds C. suggestion D. advice
68.A. other B. another　 C. rest　 D. remained
69.A. by B. on　 C. with D. within
70. A. touse B. used C. uses D. ofusing
71.A. invented B. created 　 C. saw　 D. discovered
72.A. musicians　 B. carpenters C. astronomers　 D. scholars
73. A. Theothers　 B. Others C. Another D. Theother
74. A. look　 B. looking　 C. tolook D. looks
75. A. couldhave seen　 B. could see C. hadseen　 D. saw
76.A. trapped　 B. served C. discovered D. settled
77. A. run B.explore　 C. play D. relax
78. A. first　 B. firstly C. forthe first　 D. first of all
79. A. followed B. hadfollowed　 C. werefollowing D. follow
80. A. someday B. someday C. somedays D. somedays
Part V Translation(15points)
Directions：Read the following passage carefully and translate the underlinedsentences into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Scholars and students have always been great travelers. 81. Theofficial case for “academic mobility" is now often stated in impressiveterms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in the world,and debated in the corridors of Europe, but it is certainly nothing new. Seriousstudents were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulatingteachers and the most famous academies；in search of thepurest philosophy, the most effective medicine, thelikeliest road to gold.
Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of ideas, theirtransference across frontiers, their simultaneous impact upon many groupsof people. 82. The point of learningis to share it, whether with students or with colleagues；onepresumes that only eccentrics have no interest in being credited with astartling discovery, or a new technique. It mustalso have been reassuring to know that other people in other parts of the worldwere about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the same lines. andthat one was not quite alone, confronted by inquisition, ridiculeor neglect.
In the twentieth century, andparticularly in the last 20 years, the old footpaths of the wandering scholars havebecome vast highways. 83. The vehiclewhich has made this possible has of course been the aeroplane, making contactbetween scholars even in the most distant places immediately feasible, andproviding for the very rapid transmission of knowledge.
Apart from the vehicle itself, it is fairly easy toidentify the main factors which have brought about the recent explosion inacademic movement. 84. Some of theseare purely quantitative and require no further mention：thereare far more centers of learning, and a far greater number of scholars andstudents.
85. In addition one must recognize the veryconsiderable multiplication of disciplines, particularly in the sciences, whichby widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous numberof specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. These people would work in some solution if theywere not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries.
Part VI Writing (15points)
Directions：Have you ever attempted to question academic authority in your learningand research process? What do you think are the appropriate attitudes towardsacademic authority? Write an essay of no less than l50 words to explain youropinions on this issue. Write your answer on ANSWER SHEET 2.

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