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第1章 翻译的性质、标准及要求
1.1 复习笔记
一、翻译的性质
翻译即将一种语言——源出语(Source Language)转换成另一种语言——目的语(Target Language)或曰接受语(Receptor Language)，而意义保持或大抵保持不变。
尤金·奈达(Eugene A. Nida)给翻译所下的定义为：
Translation consistsin reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of thesource language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (EugeneA. Nida ＆ Charles R. Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation, 1969)
[译文]所谓翻译，是在译语中用切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。
奈达还对此作了说明：(1)再现原文的信息(Message)而不是保留原文的形式结构(Formal Structure)；(2)对等(Equivalence)不是同一(Identity)；(3)对等是最贴近、自然的对等；(4)意义是优先考虑的因素；(5)文体成分虽居其次，但也十分重要。
翻译一般分为三类：
(1)按翻译手段，可分为口译、笔译和机器翻译。
(2)按源出语和目的语，可分为语际翻译、语内翻译和符际翻译。
(3)按翻译题材，可分为政论翻译、应用文翻译、科技翻译、文学翻译等。
二、翻译的标准
翻译标准，亦曰翻译原则，即指导翻译实践、评价译文质量的尺度。
(一) 泰特勒的三原则与严复的三字标准
1. 历山大·F·泰特勒(Alexander FraserTytler)在《论翻译的原则》中提出了三条基本原则：
(1) A translationshould give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.
(译文应完全复写出原作的思想。)
(2) The style andmanner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.
(译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同。)
(3) A translationshould have all the ease of the original composition. (A. F. Tytler: Essay onthe Principles of Translation, 1791)
(译文应和原作同样流畅。)
2. 严复在《天演论·译例言》中，提出了“信、达、雅”(Faithfulness, Expressivenessand Elegance)三字标准。
另外，其他翻译家提出了自己的观点：傅雷在《(高老头)重译本序》中提出了“神似”论；钱钟书在《林纾的翻译》中提出了“化境”之说。
(二) 翻译必须兼顾两面——忠实和通顺
翻译要兼顾忠实和通顺。
忠实首先指忠实于原作内容，还指保持原作风格。
通顺指译文语言必须通顺易懂，符合规范。
忠实与通顺相辅相成。
(三) 翻译标准多元互补论
辜正坤教提出的“翻译标准多元互补论”要点如下：
1．“翻译标准是多元的而非一元的。”
2．“翻译标准既是多元的，又是一个有机的然而变动不居的标准系统。在这个系统中，最高标准是最佳近似度。最佳近似度是一个形同虚设的抽象标准，真正有实际意义的是一大群具体标准。”
3．“具体标准群中又有主标准和次标准的区别。”
4．“多元翻译标准是互补的。”
三、翻译的要求
我国的翻译工作者的要求是：
1．坚持洋为中用的原则；
2．不断提高本民族语言和被译语言的修养和驾驭能力，不断用语言学、逻辑学、修辞学、美学等方面的新知识丰富自己；
3．对原作及原作者进行认真的科学研究，把握作者所处的时代特点和原作产生的时代背景；
4．“耽于道术，淡于名利，不欲高炫”；
5．树立鲁迅先生提倡的“复译”精神。
1.2 课后习题详解
第1节 翻译的性质
请将下列各句译成汉语：
1. Considering its lack of training, our team has acquitted itselfwell.
2. He would be quite a likeable fellow if only he wouldn’t act thegoat so much.
3. Themanagement instituted a system of consultation with the staff so that anygrievances might be aired.
4. Wedidn’t take his expression of interest in our ideas too seriously, for we suspectedhe was merely angling for praise.
5. He wouldn’t have done it of his own will, but he was arguedinto it by his wife.
6. Wherever she went she was attended on by a large number offollowers and servants.
7. The director of the operation called his team together so thathe could brief them.
8. Younever realize how fortunate you are to have good health until it is suddenlybrought home to you by the sight of suffering.
9. Theamount which is brought in by the rents of those few cottages is almost negligiblewhen income tax and the cost of repairs are deducted.
10. He wasstrolling aimlessly along the street, when he was suddenly brought up by anotice in a shop window.
11. Themagistrate brushed aside the suggestion that the policeman might have beenmistaken about the speed at which the car was going.
12. Hiskidnappers threatened to bump him off if he did not tell them where the secretpapers were hidden.
13. Heburned his fingers badly, though we warned him against it. He lost nearly allhis money he had invested.
14. He isthe kind of person who will always butter up those who he thinks can be of anyuse to him.
15. Philiptried to get me interested in a scheme for producing a new synthetic fibre, butI wasn’t buying it.
16. It is time the nations of the world called a halt to themanufacture of nuclear weapons.
17. Assoon as the proprietor’s attention was called to the dangerous state of thestaircase, he promised to have it repaired.
18. After I had told my story, someone else capped it with onethat set the table in a roar.
19. He will end in the bankruptcy court at the rate he is carryingon.
20. Roy, acollege graduate, makes it his mission to save the endangered owls and beginsto team up with a number of young people with hands-on experience.
答案：
1．鉴于我们队缺乏训练，其表现已经不错了。
2．只要他不搞恶作剧，就是一个讨人喜欢的小伙子。
3．管理部门建立了与职工协商的制度，不管有何不平，均可言明。
4．尽管他说对我们的想法颇感兴趣，我们却不能太当真，因为我们怀疑他仅仅是沽名钓誉。
5．若不是妻子说服了他，他是不会自愿做的。
6．不管她走到哪里，随从和佣人都是前呼后拥。
7．行动计划主任把手下集合起来，以便简单介绍一下情况。
8．除非你突然亲眼目睹体弱多病之苦，不然，你不会认识到有一个健康的身体是何等有幸。
9．扣除收入所得税和房舍修缮费，这几间小别墅的租金收人几乎是微不足道。
10．他在大街上毫无目的地漫步时，忽然被商店橱窗上的一则告示吸引住了。
11．有人提出可能是警察搞错了那辆轿车行驶的速度，法官对此没有理会。
12．绑架者扬言要结果了他，如果他不告诉他们秘密文件藏在哪里的话。
13．他吃尽了鲁莽的苦头，尽管我们告诫过他。他投进的钱几乎都赔上了。
14．他是这样一种人，总是巴结他认为对自己有用的人。
15．菲利普力图使我对生产新合成纤维的计划产生兴趣，但是我未上他的当。
16．现在是世界各国停止制造核武器的时候了。
17．人们提醒房东注意楼梯的危险状况，房东即刻答应修一修。
18．我讲了一个故事，接着，另外一个人讲了一个更盖帽的，引得哄堂大笑。
19．照他这样干下去，他终将出现在破产法庭上。
20．罗伊是位大学毕业生。他以拯救濒危猫头鹰为使命，并为此开始与一批有实践经验的青年牵手。
第2节 翻译的标准
请将下列各句译成汉语： .
1. Half the prize money he spent, and the rest was laid aside fora rainy day.
2. TheOpposition speaker accused the British Government of leading the country up thegarden path on the question of civil defence.
3. Let me catch those boys stealing my apples again, and I’ll setthe dog on them.
4. TheThompsons had a new suite of furniture not so long ago, and now they’ve got anew car; things must be looking up with them.
5. I mighthave got more for those shares if I had kept them a little longer, but I’vemade a profit on them.
6. I shall have to pay the bill some time, so I may as well Day itnow.
7. If wehad brought out this product six months ago, we should probably have a largesale for it, but now we’ve missed the boat; our competitors have captured themarket.
8. Smith is in for trouble now; he was nailed using a crib in theEnglish examination.
9. The counterfeit banknotes were palmed off on the unsuspectingcustomers.
10. Tomcomplained that the teacher was always picking on him, while others who wereequally to blame got off scot-free.
11. If you need to be put in the picture, ask Mr. Jackson; he’llgive you the facts of the case.
12.Putting two and two together, I should say he was the culprit.
13. Itshould be evident to anyone who can read the writing on the wall that Britainis not on the mending, but faces a period of economic difficulties.
14. Somedifferences are of a kind that cannot, and should not, be sunk: differences onmoral grounds, for instance.
15. Will customers please take note that from next Monday thisshop will close at 5 p. m.
16. I wasagreeably surprised by the address tonight. I had never thought much ofThompson as a public speaker, but he certainly rose to the occasion.
17.The price of vegetables has rocketed recently.
18.China’s entry into WTO and the awarding of the 2008 Summer Olympics to Beijinghave caused many developers to push their way into the city’s property market.
19. I am not going to risk being run down before my friends by afellow I despise.
20. My hatis off to these workers who have a high sense of the protection of ecology andenvironment.
答案：
1．他先花掉奖金的一半，另一半留待困难之时。
2．反对党发言人指责英国政府在民防问题上把国家引入歧途。
3．如果让我再抓住那些偷苹果的孩子，我将放狗咬他们。
4．汤普森夫妇不久前添置了一套新家具，现在又买了辆新车，他们家的情况一定是好转起来了。
5．那些股票若再晚一点卖掉，我或许赚得更多；不过，我还是赚了。
6．迟早我得付账，不妨现在就付。
7．若在六个月之前生产这种产品，我们现在就可能获得很大的销路；可是，我们坐失了良机，市场被我们的竞争对手占领了。
8．史密斯招来了麻烦，因为他在英语考试中作弊被抓。
9．那几张假钞被塞给了毫无怀疑的顾客。
10．汤姆抱怨，教师总是找他的茬儿，而其他应该同样受责备的同学却万事大吉。
11．如果你需要了解情况，请问杰克逊先生吧，他会把有关事实告诉你的。
12．从这些事实判断，他就是肇事者。
13．对一个有洞察力的人来说，显然英国不是在复兴，而是面临一个经济困难时期。
14．有些分歧是不能，而且也不应该略而不计的，譬如道德分歧就是如此。
15．恭请各位顾客注意：自下星期一起，该店于下午5时停止营业。
16．今晚的讲演让我感到惊喜。我一直不大相信汤普森适合当众演讲，可现在看来他确实行。
17．近来蔬菜价格出现暴涨。
18．中国加入世贸组织，北京荣获2008年夏季奥运会举办权，促使许多房
地产开发商挤入北京市场。
19．我不想当着朋友的面冒险让一个我鄙视的人贬低我。
20．那些工人具有很高的生态和环境保护意识，我佩服。
第3节 翻译的要求
请将下列各句译成汉语：
1. Owing to the falling off of orders, the firm is having to sacka number of its employees.
2. My father and ! have never seen eye to eye where business isconcerned.
3. Now we’ve been here so long we’ll see the summer out before wego back to town.
4. The Old Year was seen out in the traditional fashion, by thesinging of "Auld Lang Syne".
5. Healways insisted that we know our jobs in the most minute detail, which isreally a necessary basic characteristic of good divers.
6. He always looked into my eyes, and he never smiled. I wassaturated with cold sweat.
7. InSouth Korea, it is common to see jobless people in suits and ties wanderingaround public parks and railway stations.
8. Aburgeoning economy with relatively low unemployment rates—at least in the1960’s and early 1970’s—attenuated what could have been a continuing and bitterracial struggle for scarce jobs.
9. Piledon a table were departmental funding requests that amounted to more than halfagain as much as money would be available.
10. It isgratifying to discover the great interest which foreign leaders displayed inhaving the governor of an American state in their country.
11. My investments in that company can no longer be reckoned on asa source of income.
12.He allowed his abilities to run to seed.
13. Inorder to overcome transport difficulties, it is suggested that firms should staggerworking hours.
14. I’veno objection to your having an hour off to go shopping if you can get anyone tostand in for you.
15. Therewere a number of eminent personalities at the dinner, but the one who stole thelimelight was ninety-year-old Mr. S., the only surviving founder-member of thesociety.
16. Theaddress he had prepared would, no doubt, have proved effective and gained himapplause, had not a previous speaker stolen his thunder.
17. If a person had once been taken to her heart, she would hearnothing said against him.
18. Thougha busy and successful novelist, he was willing to take up any promising youngwriter and give him all the help he could.
19. After dinner the two ladies retired to another room and lefttheir husbands to talk shop.
20. New light may be thrown upon the cause of cancer by researchthat is now in progress.
答案：
1．由于订单减少，公司正要裁减一批雇员。
2．在生意问题上，我和父亲从未有过共识。
3．我们在这儿待的时间很长了；夏天过后，我们就回城。
4．人们按照传统的方式，在《忆往昔》的歌声中送走了过去的一年。
5．他总是要求我们了解自己工作的琐细末节，因为这是一个优秀的潜水员必要的条件。
6．他老是注视着我的眼睛，没有一丝笑意，令我浑身上下冷汗涔涔。
7．在韩国，常常看见西装革履的无业人员在公园和火车站转来转去。
8．一个迅速发展的经济加上相对低的失业率，缓解了为抢饭碗而可能演变成持续激烈的种族斗争，至少在20世纪60年代和70年代初期是如此。
9．桌子上堆满了各部门的经费要求报告，总金额比可能提供的款额多一半以上。
10．我们高兴地看到，一些外国领导人对一位美国州长访问他们的国家深感兴趣。
11．不能指望我在那个公司的投资是一个收入来源了。
12．他白白浪费了自己的才干。
13．为了克服交通困难，建议各公司错开上班时间。
14．如果你能找到一个人暂时替代你，我不反对你腾出一小时去购物。
15．出席宴会的有许多著名人士，但最引人注目的是90岁高龄的S先生；他是唯一健在的该社创始人。
16．假若不是刚才的演讲者抢先一步，他准备好的讲演无疑会很精彩，会博得阵阵掌声。
17．一旦她爱上一个人，任何反对他的话，她一概听不进去。(情人眼里出西施。)
18．虽然是一个无暇他顾的成功小说家，但他愿意提携年轻有为的作者，向其提供一切可能的帮助。
19．饭毕，两位女士退到另一个房间，让她们的丈夫谈正事。
20．关于癌症的起因，有可能通过正在开展的研究得到新解释。
