大家可以看看啊
对翻译不错啊
He is a bicycle doctor. 他是单车修理工.
此句不能译作:"他是个骑单车的医生",因句中的doctor是委婉语(euphemism),是对某种职业的美称,故不作"医生"解,而是表示repair man的涵义.委婉语起源于远古,维多利来女王时代中期为其鼎盛时期,在现代英语中,其出现频率依然颇高,因为人们通过委婉语,可以用温顺悦耳的词语去谈论或
叙述一些原来令人不快或逆耳之事物.为此,他们用domestic help,day help或live-in help代替mail或servant(佣人); 以custodian或superintendent替代doorkeeper,caretaker或janitor(看门人或管理人);用She has a tile loose或She has a cylinder missing去代替She is crazy或Sh is not right in the head(神经失常). 委婉语多如恒河沙数,不胜枚举,在此略举数例,以见一斑:
原 称 委 婉 语
无线电修理工 radio electrician radio doctor
理发师 barber cosmotologist
妓女 whore working girl/ street girl
家庭妇女 housewife household executive
收垃圾工人 garbage collector sanitary engineer
老年 old age second childhood
老人 old people senior citizens
假牙 false teeth dentures
小解 piss urinate/ number one
最后请看几个委婉类例:
Nowadays many weight-watchers would like to go to the gym. 如今有不少胖人喜欢到健身房去锻炼.
That luster has taken a fancy to Middle Eastern dancing. 那个好色之徒现在开始喜欢肚皮舞.
They are the culturally deprived. 他们是没有学识的人.
A libray of teaching materials for preventing teenage suicides will open for educators in Hong Kong this year. 今年香港将为教师开设一家图书馆以提供防止青少年自杀的教学资料.
值得注意的是,委婉语虽然是"古已有之,于今为烈",但决不能用得过多过滥.
使用时要考虑场合和对象,如用得不得体,反而会使你"欲礼而不达",甚至令人不知所云,一头雾水.
☆You can find doctors and doctors in HongKong!在香港,既有好医生,也有坏医生。
这一句不能译作:“在香港,你能看到很多很多的医生”。英语和汉语一佯,词的重复(repetition)是一种修辞手段。一般说来,它表达强调语势,突出语义,以收到音调和谐、生动有力的修辞效果。例如:Gentlemen may cry,Peace,Peace - but there is no peace.
老爷们尽管可以高呼和平,和平!但是依然没有和平。
(from Patrick Henry's Speech Before the Virginia Convention of 1775 )
Scrooge went to bed again,and thought and thought and thought it over and over.
斯克罗奇又上床睡觉,左思右想,想个不休。
但是,在某些场合下,将某些词重复,并不是要收到突出语义的效果,
而是为了表示“不同类型”的涵义。例如You will find doctors and doctors in Hong Kong.
的语义就相当于You can find bad doctors as well as good doctors in Hong Kong.
该句的语义重点放在“也有坏医生”上。
下面是两个类例:
There are artists and artists. 既有好的艺术家,也有坏的艺术家。
You should know that there are books and books。你们要知道,书有好坏之分,既有好书,也有坏书。这里要指出,当一个名词不止重复一次时,它是表示“大量的”、
“许多的”涵义。例如有那么一个句子:
There were rats and rats and rats all over the house.
当然不能把它译为:“以前这幢房子里有各种各样的老鼠”。
更不能把它译作:“以前这幢房子里既有坏老鼠,也有好老鼠”。
正确的译法是:“从前这幢房子里到处都是老鼠”。
还要在此补充一句,如果名词性短语用作状语重复一次,
并不是表示“不同类型”的涵义,而是要收到加强语气、突出语义的效果。
例如Charles Dickens写的Oliver Twist里有这么一句:
"Aye, it is!" returned the girl. "It is my living; and the cold, wet,
dirty streets are my home; and you're the wretch that drove me to them long ago,
and that'll keep me there, asy and night, day and night, till I die!"
Nancy在怒骂Jew拖人下水,害人不浅的时候,就是通过名词性短语day and night
的重复来加强语势的,它所表达的涵义是:“夜以继日,日以继夜,天天如此。”
They do not advocate pragmatism.
他们不主张实事求是。
此句不能译作:“他们不搞实用主义”,如要表达此意,
可说:They will not base their policies on expediency.
在现代英语中,有一批数量相当可观的词语,它们宛如“时髦服装”一样,
人们在社会交际时争相使用,因而被称之为“时髦词”(vogue words)。
有时候,因为用得太多太滥,造成了误用或误解。例如,pragmatism原为哲学用语,
是“实用主义”之意,后来,人们把这个词用作“实事求是”的意思,
相当于matter-of-factness。又如I feel guiliy并不是“我感到有罪”,
而是“我感到过意不去”。How goes the enemy?不是“敌人怎样了?”
而是“现在几点钟啦?”guilty和enemy在这里也是“时髦词”。
下面请看几个类例:
It is technically legal.
它看来合法,其实不然。
(technically不作“从技术的角度看”解,
而是表示“从表面看”之义,相当于outwardly或superficially)
Hopefully,we will get to the show on time.
运气好的话,我们可以赶上开演。
Their opposition put him on the spot.
他们的反对使他陷于困境。
I have no use for films like that.
我不喜欢那样的电影。
My mother had a time trying to get my younger sister to bed.
我妈妈花了好大的劲才把妹妹哄到床上去睡觉。
Our delegation is made up of twenty people from a wide spectrum of professions.
我们的代表团由各种不同职业的二十名成员组成。
在现代英语中,有些“时髦词”昙花一现就夭折了,但亦有一些词语,
由于符合人们交往和表达的需要而具有旺盛的生命力,现已被收录在各类词典中。
常见的“时髦词”有:abrasive,aspect,background,balance,calibre,
catalyst,capacity,complex,compound,escalate,expertice,facility,
field,function,input,interface, involvement,level,marginal,
optimiscally,parameter,pattern,pragmatic,psychological,realistic,
reasonable,scenario,spectrum等。遇到这些词,我们往往需要根据上下文才能猜出其义。
现在请读者想一下reasonable,input和calibre在下列三个句子中的涵义:
We will arrive home at a reasonable hour.
They need your input.
A lot of educators in Hong Kong have warned of a
decline in the calibre of students entering the Colleges of Education.
He is an English student.
他是一个英国学生。
或:他是一个学英语的学生。
如同其他的语言一样,英语的重音和语调(即超音段成份)
在区别词义和语义方面起着重要的作用。例如在He is an English student.
一句中,我们在讲话时把重音放在English student两个词上,其义为“他是一个英国学生”,
如将重音放在English一个字上,其义就含糊了,这时候,它既可以表示第一种涵义,
等于He is a student of English nationality.
(as opposed to some other nationality)也可以表示第二种涵义,
等于He is a student of English.(as opposed to another language)
为了避免含糊起见,人们在讲话时,往往说He is a student of English nationality.
或He is a student of English.而不用He is an English student.这种模棱两可的句子。
同理,我们可以把student这个字变为teacher。
如果我们说:He is an 'English 'teacher.
其义为“他是一个英国教师”(但不一定教英语)。
假如说:He is an 'English teacher.
其义是:“他是一个英语教师”(不一定是英国人或中国人)。
为了避免歧义,人们通常用:He is a teacher of English.
来代替He is an English teacher.以表示“他是一个英语教师”的涵义。
值得注意的是,假如在He is an English teacher.这个句子中,
我们把句子重音放在teacher这个字上,其义就是“他是一个教英语的英国教师”
(强调他的身分是教师,不是学生)。因此,我们在讲话时,
超音段成份要使用得当,否则就会引起误解。下面再举两例,以见一斑:
He is a 'mad doctor.
他是精神病科的医生。
He si a 'mad 'doctor.
他是患有精神病的医生。
I 'beg your 'pardon.
对不起(道歉用语)
I 'beg your pardon.
我没听清楚,请再说一遍。
在此还要补充一点,有时候,报刊杂志上也会出现English teachers的字眼,
例如,香港英文报纸上有这么一句:
In order to cope with the rapid expansion of HK whole-day primary
schools we are now badly in need of high calibre English teachers.
通过上下文和逻辑判断,我们就不难看出,
今后全日制小学需要的是高水平的“英语教师”,而不是“英国教师”。
We propose to start from Tsuen Wan at seven o'clock.
我们的意思是七点钟从荃湾出发。
或:我们要在七点钟从荃湾出发。
此句不宜译作:“我们建议在七点钟从荃湾出发”,如要表达此意,
应说:We propose starting from Tsuen Wan at seven o'clock.
在英语里,表示“意向”(intention)的动词,如intend,plan,propose,
其后接动词不定式或动名词时,涵义有所不同。一般说来,
动词不定式所表达的涵义比动名词明确,并含有“决定”、“决心”的意味,
动名词的涵义不如不定式那么明确和确实,语气也比较婉转。因此,
We propose to start from Tsuen Wan at seven 0'clock.的意味是:
We have made up our minds to start from Tsuen Wan at seven.
而用动名词propose starting的一句则表示Let's start from Tsuen
Wan at seven if that meets with your approval. 的意思。
下面再请看一个类例:
She does not intend to pay the bill this month.
其意为:She has made up her mind not to pay the bill this month.
如将does not intend to pay改为does not intend paying,
其言外之急是:It is only her mental plan. She may change her mind if
she is persuaded not to do so,即:“她有不付账的念头,但并不是很坚决,
如有人劝她,她可能会改变主意而去付账”。同样,在语气和涵义上,
What do you propose to do about it?比What do you propose doing about it?
明确而坚决,后者的语气比较婉转,是征求对方意见的口吻。因此,在“意向”
(intention)动词之后,动词不定式表示one's decision 成fixed intention的意味,
动名词则表示asking for permission or opinion或something not yet decided的涵义。
另外,如果用suggest,虽然它和propose同义,也是意向动词,
但用法有所不同,suggest后面只能接动名词,不可接动词不定式作宾语。
例如,我们可以说:I suggest starting the work at once. 不能说:
I suggest to start the work at once. 下列的一些动词,如同suggest一样,
其后只能授动名词,不可以接动词不定式,需要记住:acknowledge,avoid,consider,
contemplate,defer,delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,
fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,include,mind,missing,pardon,
postpone,practise,recollect,resent,resist,risk,shun,understand等。
下列的一些动词则如同propose一样,其后既能按动名词,
又能按动词不定式作宾语:intend,plan,start,begin,cease,continue,neglect等。
但接动名词和接不定式在涵义和修辞色彩上往往有细微的差别。例如在start和begin之后,
动名词表示“意愿”(即主观上打算去做某事);动词不定式则表示“非意愿”
(即并不是主观上打算去做某事)。试比较下面两个句子:
After giving a thought to the matter he started writing a letter to the Hong Kong Cultural Centre.
It has started to rain.
"When do you expect them?"
"I expect them this afternoon."
"你想他们什么时候会来?"
"我想他们今天下午会来."
--------------------------------------
这两句不能译作:"你什么时候等你们?"--"我今天下午等他们."
一般的英汉词典大都将expect译作"期待"和"等待",实际上, 在某些场合下,
expect的真正涵义是"现在认为(或相信)某一事将会发生", 相当于英语的
to believe or think that something will happen. 因此,
上面两句中的expect不能译作:"期待"或"等待",这两个句子相当于:
When do you expect them to come?
I expect them to come this afternoon.
现在请注意下列句子的汉译:
Do you expect him at Kowloon City Pier?
你想他会在九龙城码头吗?
I expect to see your brother there.
我预料会在那里见到你的兄弟.
You are expected tomorrow.
希望你明天来.
They arrived before I expect.
我没料到他们会到得这么早.
I didn't expect you till five o'clock.
我知道你要到五点钟才会来.
在另一些场合下, expect强调客观的可能性, 不涉及到主观愿望. 例如:
Everybody must expect to grow old.
每一个人都要变老的.
在口语里, expect还可以作"想像","认为"解, 相当于suppose或think.例如:
Who did it? --I expect it was Hsiao Li.
这是谁干的? -- 我想是小李干的.
Is there any lobsters in Jumbo today? --I expect so.
今天"珍宝"酒家有龙虾吗? --我想会有的.
Do you think they will object?-- I expect they will, though I wish they wouldn't.
照你看他们会反对吗? -- 依我看, 他们会反对的, 虽然我希望他们不反对.
其他的也在附件里 ,因为感觉很多 所以用附件比较好!!!!!!!!!!
大家可以用附件下
[ 本帖最后由 babyfish001 于 2006-8-20 02:45 PM 编辑 ] |