这句话 主语是a dog 但that often hurls insults into the darkness是什么成分？

[pre]Across the court from the Manhattan apartment that I have occupied for the past few years is a dog that often hurls insults into the darkness, a few of which my dog refuses to accept and makes a tart reply.[/pre][pre]这句话 主语是a dog 但that often hurls insults into the darkness是什么成分？insults into the darkness又做什么？宾语是什么？[/pre][pre]
[/pre][pre]This is the world out of which grows the hope,for the first time in history,of a society where there will be freedom from want and freedom from fear.[/pre][pre][pre]the world在这里做什么？不是做主语吗？这个句子如何理顺？[/pre][pre]
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How their results compared with modern standards, we unfortunately have no means of telling.

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[pre]这个句子如何理顺？[/pre][pre] 谢谢[/pre]

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a dog is across the court 倒装

hurls insults==bark in the context.