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对真题阅读的一点心得

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tyropapa 发表于 10-7-9 10:16:41 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
序:
海豚是海洋性高智慧生物,对于河豚这种智商76的水生动物,我唯一的方法就是以勤奋来弥补——河豚宝贝
仅以此文感谢我的师傅——海豚宝贝


写在前面的:
(1)最近看到太多的人都问关于真题怎么练习,恰好手头有这篇心得,但是因为这篇东西是我写给几个朋友看的,所以可能对他们提的一些疑惑有专门的针对性,里面提到的内容可能不适合所有人
(2)因为我们都没买什么真相,所以我里面的内容主要是根据黄皮书为使用范本的,我不想在这边陷入用书纠纷,特此点明
(3)文章中如有过激的言论,可以提醒和谐,敬请不要抓住不放,毕竟这东西本意是小范围交流的东西
(4)个人PM收件箱空间有限,有问题需要交流的直接跟帖即可

原文如下:
大纲要求:
1)  理解主旨要义
2)  理解文中的具体信息
3)  理解文中的概念性含义
4)  进行有关的判断、推理和引申
5)  根据上下文推测生词的词义
6)  理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系
7)  理解作者的意图、观点或态度
8)  区分论点和论据


误区:
1)  不会做是因为没把握住命题思路/根本没有命题思路,都是骗人的玩意
应该说没有什么绝对的思路(不然早就被摸透了),也不能说就没有命题思路,因为最根本的8点考察内容在大纲中交代得很清楚
纵观所有题目,无不围绕8点要求展开,此为一切的根本
2)  分不高是因为复习得次数不够,背诵掌握得不够
阅读考察的唯一内容就是理解文章的能力,而且都能够在文中找到直接依据,压根就不能跟传统中文阅读理解“要求你想一个词或者一句话的引申意义”的难度相提并论,所以重要的是理解文章的结构  

真理:
阅读高分=阅读能力+解题能力
阅读能力:词汇,难句
解题能力:结合几个问题具体讲解(详见下文)
什么是文章组织结构?什么是题型?什么是命题点?

什么是文章组织结构?
行文结构是考研阅读里面最最最最(省略n个)重要的方面,无论是平时的练习(后面会讲到)还是真题的考察(大纲要求1,2,4, 6, 8)

常见的几种全文组织结构:
1)  时间顺序:按时间先后来说明某一理论,某一研究的发展过程
2)  一般→具体(总分):先总述(开篇挑明具体的论点),再分述(具体的论据等等或者详细展开说明)
3)  具体→一般(分总):先分述,后总述(最后一段总结)
4)  对比:事物间的共、异特征展开全文  
  
常见的几种段落组织结构:
1)  顺承结构:前后内容一致、相近、相补充,通常由连接词similarly, first, second, because, thus等等组织起来
2)  转折结构:前后内容相反、对立,通常由连接词however, yet, but, while, nevertheless等等组织起来  
  

常见的几种句意结构
1)  综述-详述:
常见综述词:often, generally, speaking, thus, therefore等
常见详述词:for example, because等
2)  分类-列举:
常见分类词:there are two/three types等基数词
常见列举词:first(ly), second(ly), third(ly)… 等序数词
3)  对比-比较
顺承词:similarly等
转折词:however, but等
平时训练:
阅读的着眼点应该是作者的思想,而不是零碎的词。重点应该放在文章结构的铺展。
比如读到”but” ”however”这种词汇的时候要有意识后文跟前文是一种转折的关系,注意标记
平时练习的时候要带着积极的态度去阅读,分析文章是怎么铺展,试着自己归纳每段的段意,全文的中心  

  
什么是题型?
常见的题型有:主旨题,细节题,态度题,推断题,词汇题
1)  主旨题
顾名思义,就是考察你文章的主旨,这就要求上面跟你提到的把握文章的行为结构;干扰项也无非就是范围太宽,太窄,无关这三个
平时训练:
注意首段或者末端的首句,尤其注意一些总结性的词

2)  细节题
最简单的一个,无非就是从题干中找关键词,然后回到文章中间去找相应的段落,进行分析。这里就要注意很重要的一点就是考研题没有送分题
平时训练:
一定要从原文中找到直接依据

3)  态度题
相对而言比较简单的一个,70%以上的题目一般是客观,积极向上
至今遇到过一个最变态的题就是用虚拟语气”could”表示惋惜的态度
平时训练:
注意文章中的态度词

4)  推断题
最难的一个,没啥套路,还是注意一个文章的有词性(褒义,贬义,中性)的关键词
平时训练:
关键词

5)  词汇题
上下文的关系,回到文章相应词处,注意同义,反义,还是有一段解释性的文字
平时训练:
注意同反词

什么是命题点?
阅读理解大纲要求,这个就是命题个根本原则
等具体做题的时候具体总结把握  
  
建议:
(1)尽量在基础过关的时候研究阅读理解,实在时间不够至少不影响文章阅读,因为一旦文章生词难句超过30%往往就没有心情读下去了
(2)带着主动性去读,文章每段的大意,文章的组织结构是怎么组织的,最开始可以是结合着后面的解析自己去分析,但是要养成自己去把握文章主旨的一个习惯
(3)不仅要知道为什么对,还要知道另外三个为什么错,为什么会选错   
  真题的使用绝对不会超过3遍(检查自己水平,学习一些分析方法之后再度检查自己水平,巩固一些分析方法之后再检查自己水平),放弃第一遍的检查自己水平最多两遍就足够了。其他的宝贵时间应该是尽量的多阅读一些文章来提升自己的阅读速度以及最关键的练习自己的分析文章主旨的能力。   
  阅读步骤个人建议是题干-选项,文章,做题这个次序,真题出题题目选项其实就能够大概反应文章的主旨。  
同时强烈推荐那篇《阅读满分秘籍》
  
====================================================
2000年真题第一篇为例:
2000
Text 1
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled.
America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.

It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.)
Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market.
America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.

All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.

How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling.
Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride.
“American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. “It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”

51.   The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because ________.
[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal
its domestic market was eight times larger than before
[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitorsC
[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy

52.   The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American ________.
[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actionsD
[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market

53.   What can be inferred from the passage?
[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.
[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.
[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.B
[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.

54.   The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the ________.
[A] turning of the business cycle
[B] restructuring of industry
[C] improved business managementA
[D] success in education  

(1)快速题干选项浏览(建议5~10分钟拿下)
(注:讲解时仅仅将题干单独抠出,做题时候还是按照题干-选项进行;选项的分析也是着重于每个选项的核心信息的比对把握)
51题题干核心信息为:美国取得霸主地位的原因
52题题干核心信息为:什么事实能够证实20世纪80年代(本题年代可能不是重点,但是不排除其他会在年代处设置陷阱)美国霸主地位的丧失
53题题干核心信息为:细节推断,只能细看选项
54题题干核心信息为:作者(注意搜寻作者意见词)认为20世界90年代美国经济复苏的原因
由以上4个题干可以大致知晓文章的主旨应该是美国的霸主地位(衰退-复苏)

(2)文章阅读
注意点:
a.注意思考作者如果铺展上面步骤分析得知的美国霸主地位(衰退-复苏)这个主题
b.将一些重点信息(转折,强烈态度等等)标记出来(具体阅读信息标记见上面原文)
文章结构:
首句作者提出一个观点,进而文章围绕战后美国经济的兴旺-衰退-复兴这三个阶段展开来佐证作者的观点。
第一段:首句作者观点,之后描述二战后美国的霸主地位及其原因
第二段:80年代美国霸主地位的丢失
第三段:美国霸主地位丢失的影响
第四段:90年代经济复苏以及一种盲目乐观的情绪

(3)做题
具体过程可以参阅黄皮书,文章原句定位见原文反色句
白草00 发表于 10-7-9 11:05:49 | 显示全部楼层
[s:2] 沙发,小趴。
463099718 发表于 10-7-9 11:16:38 | 显示全部楼层
[s:2]恩恩,谢谢楼主!
k126tata 发表于 10-7-11 18:05:55 | 显示全部楼层
谢谢哦 [s:2]
gmht 发表于 10-7-11 23:36:50 | 显示全部楼层
说的很在理 做了些真题后才发现对文章结构的把握比命题思路什么的重要多了 谢谢LZ的总结[s:7]
yaohu_wei 发表于 10-7-12 11:01:35 | 显示全部楼层
哎,看英语看的没心情了就上来转转
羽竹紫珂 发表于 10-7-12 13:10:53 | 显示全部楼层
谢谢楼主啦,对新人很有用的说~~~
唯美涟漪 发表于 10-7-12 18:10:16 | 显示全部楼层
很实在很有帮助,谢谢了!
free0701 发表于 10-7-13 15:47:58 | 显示全部楼层
不错,谢谢诶
457889612 发表于 10-7-14 00:34:09 | 显示全部楼层
恩恩,谢谢楼主! [s:9]
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