求815真题

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对外经济贸易大学
2008年硕士学位研究生入学考试初试试题
考试科目：815 经济学综合

一、        名词解释(每小题3分，共12 分)
1、范围经济
2、帕累托改进
3、成本推动通货膨胀
4、流动性陷阱

二、        单项选择(10题，每小题1分，共10分)

1、对于商品房价格将会进一步上升的预期，导致的直接结果是目前商品房市场中的（ ）
    A．供应量增加  B．供给增加  C．需求量增加   D．需求增加
2、如果闲暇是正常品，则财产性收入的增加会导致劳动供给量（ ）
    A．增加    B．减少   C.不改变   D．不确定
3、根据基尼系数的大小，下列四个国家中哪一个国家的分配最为平均：（ ）
    A.甲国的基尼系数为0.20       B.乙国的基尼系数为0.35
C.丙国的基尼系数为0.50       D.丁国的基尼系数为0.60
4、在一级价格歧视下，（ ）。     
    A．厂商根据消费者的需求价格弹性不同收取不同价格
    B．厂商可以在不同时间向消费者收取不同价格
    C．厂商只是改变了定价的方式，但是并没有改变产量水平
    D．产品的边际收益等于产品价格
5、对于生产相同产品的厂商来说，（ ）模型分析得到的结论与竞争模型的结论相同。
    A．古诺(Cournot)                B.斯塔克伯格（Stackbelberg）
    C．伯特兰德(Bertrand)           D.主导厂商（Dominant Firm）
6、向政府雇员支付的报酬属于（ ）
    A.政府购买支出   B.转移支付   C.政府税收   D.消费
7、决定美国和中国的投资乘数不一样的因素主要是：（ ）
    A．两国的平均消费倾向差异    B．两国的边际消费倾向差异
    C．两国的企业投资规模差异    D．两国的投资预期收益差异
8、在经济增长模型中，衡量技术进步最常用的度量标准是（ ）
    A．劳动利用程度              B．资本利用程度
    C．索洛剩余                  D．劳动生产率
9、通常认为，下列属于紧缩货币的政策是（ ）
    A．提高贴现率                B．增加货币供给
    C．降低法定准备金率          D．中央银行头入政府债券
10、在浮动汇率制的开放经济中，净出口受到实际汇率变动的影响，财政政策效应（ ）
    A．与封闭经济中的效应并无区别
    B．小于封闭经济中的效应
    C．大于封闭经济中的效应
D．可能大于、等于或小于封闭经济中的效应

三、        判断下列表述的内容是否正确(每小题1 分，共10 分)

1．如果所有商品的价格变成原来的两倍，而收入变成原来收入的三倍，则消费者的预算线          会平行向外移动。
2．如果效用函数U(X，Y)=5X+6Y，则无差异曲线的边际替代率是递减的。
3．只有当生产一定产量的生产者剩余非负时，厂商才会生产产品。
4．根据古诺模型，如果厂商越多，那么达到均衡时行业的利润越大。
5．若生产和消费中存在正的外在性(externality)，竞争市场峥效率就能提高。
6．国内生产总值(GDP)中不包括折旧和转移支付。
7．附加预期的菲利普斯曲线表明：短期中通货膨胀和失业之间存在替代关系而长期中这种替代关系并不存在。
8、如果投机性货币需求曲线接近水平形状，这意味着货币需求不受利率的影响。
9、政府支出的增加将使总供给曲线向左移动。
10、失业救济金的提高有助于降低自然失业率。

四、计算与分析题(每题8 分，共16 分)
l、在某一商品市场上，有100个相同的消费者，每个人的需求函数都是Qd=28—2P；同时有10 个相同的生产者。每个生产者的供给函数都是Qs=40P 一20。其中，Qd 和Qs分别代表需求量和供给量，单位：个；P代表价格，单位：元。
   (1)求该商品的市场均衡价格和均衡交易量：
   (2)如果政府对每单位商品征收3 元的销售税，消费者和生产者各自承担了多少税收负担? 政府得到的税收总量是多少?  
   (3)消费者剩余、生产者剩余及无谓损失有多大?

2、假设某一国家的居民总是将可支配收入中的10％用于储蓄，且充分就业的国民收入为7000 亿美元。今年的私人投资支出为900 亿美元，政府购买支出为600 亿美元，出口为200亿美元，自发性消费为500亿美元，平均税率为10％，进口函数为M=0.21Y。若，请计算今年该国政府的预算盈余和充分就业时预算盈余，并据此说明该国政府目前的财政政策是扩张性的还是紧缩性的。

五、简答题(每题7分，共28 分)
l、为什么说边际报酬递减规律是短期成本变动的决定因素?
2、举例说明信息不对称所产生的逆向选择(adverse selection)问题如何导致了商品市场中的  市场失灵。
3、为什么说消费物价指数(CPI)往往高估了价格上涨的幅度?
4、宏观经济政策的目标是什么?为达到这些目标可采用的政策工具有哪些？

六、论述题（每题12 分，共24 分）
1、 物业税，又称“财产税”或“地产税”，主要针对土地、房屋等不动产，要求其所
有者或承租人每年都缴付一定税款，税额随房产的升值而提高，试利用经济学原理
分析征收物业税对房地产市场会产生什么样的影响？

2、 根据IS—LM模型分析资本完全流动的开放经济中货币政策的有效性。

七、英译汉（共三段、共50 分）

1.（20分）Since the barbaric “breaking wheel” was replaced by the guillotine in 18th-century France, methods of execution have increasingly sought to end life speedily rather than inflict long agony. There can, however, be few decapitations less painful than those at big American banks. On November 4th Chuck Prince left the boss\'s office at Citigroup, the world\'s largest bank, with the “tremendous support and respect” of the board ringing in his ears, even though the firm had to write down $8 billion-11 billion in October alone (see article). A week earlier, Stan O\'Neal lost his job at Merrill Lynch after leading the investment bank to a loss with $8.4 billion of write-downs. He too entered retirement not on a tumbril but in a limousine, with $160m to soothe his discomfort.
However churlish you may feel about Wall Street\'s new axiom—“the higher they fly, the bigger the parachute”—the departure of two of America\'s most senior bankers in a week is a good sign. Accountability, after all, is a step towards clarity, and there are few more coveted resources in today\'s fog-strewn and stormy banking industry. Both departures were accompanied by revelations of much steeper losses from American subprime mortgages than either Citi or Merrill had owned up to just weeks before. That attempt at honesty may have spooked the market because it showed how unsure the banks remain about how to value their subprime-related assets, but that is no reason to shy away from such disclosures.
One worrying lesson for bankers and regulators everywhere to bear in mind is post-bubble Japan. In the 1990s its leading bankers not only hung onto their jobs; they also refused to recognise and shed bad debts, in effect keeping “zombie” loans on their books. That is one reason why the country\'s economy stagnated for so long. The quicker bankers are to recognise their losses, to sell assets that they are hoarding in the vain hope that prices will recover, and to make markets in such assets for their clients, the quicker the banking system will get back on its feet.

2、Consumer Protection（20 分）
The contract of sale is one in which buyer and seller are assumed to be in a position of general equality, so that the main function of the law is to work out the appropriate consequences of what may be assumed to be the common intention of the parties. It is obvious, however, that in a very large number of sales this is by itself an unsuitable technique. The buyer may by virtue of haste, ignorance, gullibility, inferior bargaining position or simple imprudence enter into a transaction in which the goods supplied, or the term of contract, or both are unsatisfactory to him and in many circumstances it may be felt that he is deserving protection. The protection required may be specific, i.e. there may be a need for a private remedy in a particular situation; or general, i.e. it may be desirable to control unacceptable practices of a particular type. A seller may also, thought less often, appear to require such protection against the buyer. The civil law has on the whole, save in the case of conscious deception, taken little account of these problems: its outlook is indeed sometimes expressed by the maxim caveat emptor (Latin: let the buyer beware). Even where there is a remedy, its exercise may be troublesome or risky for the consumer. But the general problem has in fact been the subject of attention for many centuries. Attempts to regulate the price of staple commodities (e.g. bread), and to control measurements and measuring equipment (e.g.in the sale of beer and coal) date back to the Middle Ages. More recently, however, the movement towards the protection of the consumer, who may in this context be roughly defined as private buyer from a commercial seller, and who is the person thought most in need of such protection, has increased greatly in strength and prominence. Statues and regulations have sought to protect consumers; officials have been appointed who have consumer protection as their function or among their functions ;organizations of consumers seek to promote their interests; studies are conducted into the problems of consumer protection; and the various organs of the European Union and its predecessors has since 1975 taken a vigorous interest in consumer affairs .Indeed, the European Community is committed to ensure “a high level of consumer protection” and to contributing “to protecting the health, safety and economic interests of consumers ,as well as promoting their right to information, education and to organize themselves in order to safeguard their interests.

3、（10 分）Undoubtedly ,the overall competitiveness of an economy that runs a persistent deficit or surplus is a decisive factor influencing the sustainability of the trade or current-account balance. Indeed, in the past, large corrections of deficits usually went hand in hand with huge devaluations of the nominal and real values of the currencies affected. Empirical evidence has shown that changes in the real effective exchanges rate (REER), the most comprehensive measure of the overall competitiveness of countries, have the potential to reduce deficits or to cause swings in the trade and current account from deficit to surplus, because they induce an expenditure switch between demand for domestic and foreign goods.

2007年硕士学位研究生入学考试初试试题2007-08-14 10:13对外经济贸易大学
2007年硕士学位研究生入学考试初试试题
考试科目：816经济学科综合
一、名词解释（每小题3分，共12分）
1、生产者剩余
2、奥肯定律
3、显示比较优势
4、资本外逃

二、判断并说明理由（每小题3分，共12分）
1、现在许多国家的高等教育发展中出现了一种现象，即伴随着大学学费的上涨，人们对大学的需求是增加的，这种市场现象被视为需求定理的例外。
2、在宏观经济学中，影响一国总需求中的投资概念包括有多种形式，如企业固定资产投资，以及人们对债券、股票的购买等。
3、在关税同盟静态效应分析中，只有贸易创造可以产生贸易扩大效应。
4、International Banking Facilities 作为一家新的机构是美国1981年银行业改革的产物。

三、简答题（每题7分，共28分）
1、简述一个经济社会通过市场机制实现资源最优配置必须满足的条件。
2、简述鲍莫尔-托宾的交易性货币需求模型。
3、简析小岛清协议分工的前提条件。
4、与其他贸易融资方式比较，简述福费廷业务的优势何在？

四、计算分析与论述题（每题12分，共48分）
1、2006年度的诺贝尔经济学奖得主费尔普斯认为，在实现长期稳定的经济增长时应该实现一个最大化的稳态消费水平，试问这个稳态消费水平如何确定？并运用经济学理论分析在短期和长期中，储蓄率提高对一国收入水平和收入增长的具体影响。
2、某产品生产企业的生产函数是 。目前，该企业投入的资本K和劳动力L分别为100和25，这一组合是厂商实现利润最大化时的要素有效组合。请计算：
（1）根据上述投入量，资本和劳动的边际产量各为多少？
（2）如果资本的价格是20元，那么工资率是多少？
（3）如果下一期资本和价格上涨为25元，而劳动力的价格和投入量都不改变，为了保持有效率的生产，资本投入量应是多少？这时的总产量是多少？
3、给予H-O定理，试分析一国资源禀赋条件变化对该国产出及对外贸易结构的影响。
4、央行副行长吴晓灵坦言，2000年以来，中国外汇储备的余额获得了急剧的增长，到2006年10月底已经突破了1万亿美元。而这1万亿美元对中国的货币政策产生了很大影响。请根据金融学知识分析三大货币政策工具对调节国际收支的作用。
五、英译汉（共三段，共50分）
1.Unstoppable? (20分)
Diplomacy is the art of the seemingly I impossible .Fingers crossed ,   then that the diplomatic toing And froing among American, Britain, France, Germany, Russia and China over the coming weeks succeeds in avoiding the two biggest dangers in the gathering nuclear confrontation with Iran. One is that, despite calls to desist from the United Nations Security Councils, Iran carries on its nuclear experimentation and gets itself a bomb. The other is that failure to stop it in its nuclear tracks by other means leads to military force being tried instead. Steering clear of both these potential benefits of giving up both rising sharply. Yet the diplomats are stuck, and Iran may miscalculate that it can get away with it.
Would it be so disastrous if Iran got the bomb? Pakistan, India and Israel all built theirs in defiance of the anti-nuclear rules that others accepted (though unlike North Korea and now Iran they did not sign the Nuclear-Proliferation Treat, so never broke its provisons). The cold war, too, passed off without the threatened nuclear Armageddon. Yet at times it was an alarmingly close-run thing, and each new nuclear state multiplies the dangers. All have fingered their nuclear trigger at one time or another.
Iran, has to be said, denies any interest in a bomb. Yet it spent two decades deceiving inspectors from the International Atomic Energy Agency about its enrichment of uranium and its experiments to produce plutonium (both potential bomb ingredients), ant it is still covering up. Few either inside Iran or outside believe that its nuclear ambitions are entirely peaceful… as claimed. The fear is a double one: of what a regime like Iran’s might be tempted to do with a bomb, and of the aftershocks a nuclear-capable Iran might cause.

2.The Prospects for Freer Trade (20分)
Countries prefer to act independently; however, they cede authority on trade when they perceive cooperation to be in their net interest. For example, countries have surrendered elements of their sovereignty to the binding dispute-settlement provisions of WTO. They have also banded together on other trade issue, such as multilateral treaties on ivory trade to protect elephants. In any situation, though, a country has the inalienable right to withdraw. At some point, a country might withdraw from the WTO rather than accept its reprimand in a trade dispute. Such action could greatly hamper trade liberalization, particularly if the United States or the EU were to withdraw. The issue of environment standards for products and their production defy swift resolution. Countries with strict environmental regulations will undoubtedly consider assigning “green countervailing duties” to penalize those firms that opt to operate where regulations are lax. Producers facing these import restrictions undoubtedly will claim that altruistic environmental standards are really a ruse to protect inefficient domestic producers. Further, governments of developing countries suspect that stricter product standards, largely advocated by industrial countries, will impose yet another non-tariff trade barrier.
Ultimately, trade policy depends to a great extent on public opinion. Groups that believe they have been adversely affected by imports, especially if due to unfair practices, are apt to be more vocal and persuasive at shaping public opinion than people who benefit from trade. What is more worrisome, recent survey report that a majority of people in the United States feel that foreign trade has been bad for the U.S. economy. These surveys were taken during the boom years of the late 1990s. One doubts that the economic trials of the early twenty-first century have improved Americans’ outlooks. Such negative sentiment threatens to slow foreign trade liberalization, especially in the face of a prolonged economic downturn.

3.The Investment Portfolio (10分)
No single investment instrument will provide income, growth, and a high degree of safety. For this reason, all investors-whether institutions or individuals-build investment portfolio, or collections of various types of investments. Money managers and financial advisers are employed (1) to determine which investments should be in an investor’s portfolio and (2) to buy and sell securities and maintain the client’s portfolio. A major concern for them is diversification-reducing the risk of loss in a client’s total portfolio by investing funds in several different securities, so a loss experienced by any one will not affect the entire portfolio.
A portion of a portfolio might be in investment-grade corporate bonds, and a protion might be in common stocks. Likewise, owing stock in ten large corporations provides greater safety through diversification than owing the stock of only one small technology company. The loss of one stock might be offset by one or more other stocks. A portfolio might also be structured to provide a desired rate of return, the percentage gain or interest yield on investments. For example, an investment-grade corporate bond might pay 7 percent interest but provide an expected capital gain of only 2 percent but pay no dividend.

感谢感谢，万分感谢！！！！！！！！不知还有没有07年之前的啊？！