第三节 段落写作
一、书信类应用文
2、2005真题：辞职信＋道歉信
Directions: Two months ago, you got a job as an editor for the magazine Fashion & Design. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology.
Dear Mr. Wang,
I am writing to inform you about my decision to resign from my current position.
The primary reasons are as follows. First, after two months, I do feel that it is not easy for me to get used to the extra work and night shift. Second, the salary has proven to be much lower than you originally promised, and I have a large family to support. Last, what I have learned in the university cannot meet the requirement of being an editor.
I feel terribly sorry for the inconvenience I have caused. I sincerely hope that you approve of my resignation.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
3、2006真题：请求信
Directions:
You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area, write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan. Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Don\'t sign your own name at the end of the letter, use \"Li Ming\" instead. Don\'t write the address. (10 points)
To whom it may concern,
As a student who can support myself, I am writing to request if you can help me find a potential beneficiary of Project Hope.
I wonder whether it is convenient for you if two things regarding the child are taken into account. First, the child should come from Sichuan Province because I intend to help a child from my hometown. Second, it will be better if he or she is a primary school student who was forced to drop school because of abject poverty.
I would like to help the recipient of my assistance annually until he graduates from college. Firstly, the money will cover his tuition fee and other expenses at school. Besides, I will correspond with him frequently so that he can seek advice whenever he needs. Your prompt attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
4、备忘录/报告：
Directions: You are the president of a company. Write a memo to Percy Shelley, the vice-president on the employee’s training on computer, telling him the need to train the employees, detailed information, and ask him to write a plan.
Date：January 20, 2007
To：Percy Shelley, Vice President
From：Li Ming, President
Subject：Computer Training of the Staff
As we discussed earlier this week, I agree with you that our firm is faced up with problem of the high rate of computer illiteracy of the staff. We need to make up a plan for training our employees in the new field.
I would like you to design our own in-house computer-training program. We had better classify the employees and put them through the program in turn.
Write up a brief proposal, describing what you think the program should cover. Assume the class runs four hours a week for ten weeks. Also, assume people have no prior computer knowledge or any formal course work in computer science.
5、摘要：
1）不超过原文三分之一，可少不可多；
2）不要评论、不要照抄；
3）改写每段首尾句。
二、告示类应用文：
（一）写作格式：
1、标题
2、日期：标题右下方
3、正文：1－3段，3－6句，0－1从句，现在/将来时
4、署名：个人或单位
（二）分类：通告/通知、启事、其他
经典范文：征稿启事
Directions:
Your journal is planning to publish an issue. Write a contributions wanted which covers the following information:
1) the purpose of the issue,
2) time and methods of delivery,
3) other details.
You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice.
Contributions Wanted
February 3, 2007
To celebrate the 14th anniversary of the Beijing New Oriental Education and Technology Group, this journal has decided to publish a special issue on our great achievements in the teaching and research activities in the past 14 years. Articles, photos, memoirs and other writings related to this topic are invited. Faculty members and students are welcome to send in their contributions in whatever forms or styles to our office before the 30th instant. They may also send their writings and photos electronically to the following address: xdfyy@staff.neworiental.org
The Editorial Office
New Oriental English Journal
三、真题透视：参见新东方考研写作教材P.12
1、1991：
DIRECTIONS:
A) Title: WHERE TO LIVE---IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY?
B) Time limit: 40 minutes
C) Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)
D) Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence.
E) Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET.
OUTLINE:
Conveniences of the city
Attractions of the country
Disadvantages of both
My preference
2、1992：
DIRECTIONS:
A) Title: FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN PARENT AND CHILD
B) Time limit: 40 minutes
C) Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)
D) Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence.
E) Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET.
OUTLINE:
Present situation: Lack of communication between parent and child
Possible reasons:
1) Different likes and dislikes
2) Misunderstanding
3) Others
Suggestions:
1) For parents
2) For children
3、1993：
DIRECTIONS:
A) Title: ADVERTISEMENT ON TV
B) Time limit: 40 minutes
C) Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)
D) Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: “Today more and more advertisements are seen on the TV screen.”
E) Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET.
OUTLINE:
Present state
Reasons
My comments
4、1994：
DIRECTIONS:
A) Title: ON MAKING FRIENDS
B) Time limit: 40 minutes
C) Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)
D) Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: “As a human being, one can hardly do without a friend.”
E) Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.
OUTLINE:
The need for friends
True friendship
My principle in making friends
5、1995：
DIRECTIONS:
A) Title: THE “PROJECT HOPE”
B) Time limit: 40 minutes
C) Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)
D) Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: “Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country.”
E) Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
OUTLINE:
Present situation
Necessity of the project
My suggestion
6、1996：
DIRECTIONS:
A) Title: GOOD HEALTH
B) Time limit: 40 minutes
C) Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)
D) Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: “The desire for good health is universal.”
E) Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
OUTLINE:
Importance of good health
Ways to keep fit
My own practices
7、1997：
2001年大纲样题
Directions:
Widespread tobacco consumption has led to grave consequences, yet the tobacco companies still claim that they make a valuable contribution to the world economy.
There is a discussion in a newspaper on the above two viewpoints.
Write an essay to the newspaper
1) Criticizing their view and
2) Justify your stand.
In your essay, make full use of the information provided in the pictures printed below.
You should write about 200 words on ANSWER SHEET II.
8、1998：
Directions:
A. Study the following set of pictures carefully and write an essay in no less than 150 words.
B. Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET II.
C. Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below:
1．Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.
2．Give your comments.
9、1999：
DIRECTIONS:
A. Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at least150 words.
B. Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET II.
C. Your essay should cover these three points:
1. effect of the country’s growing human population on its wildlife
2. possible reason for the effect
3. your suggestion for wildlife protection
10：2000：
Directions:
Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay to
1. Describe the pictures
2. Deduce the purpose of the drawer of the pictures, and
3. Suggest counter-measures
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET II
11、2001：
Directions:
Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone had his/her own understanding of it.
There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to
1) show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below,
2) give a specific example, and
3) give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.
12、2002：
Directions:
Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures---National and International”
In the essay you should
1. describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and
2. give your comments on the phenomenon.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET II.
An American girl in traditional Chinese costume
13、2003：
Directions:
Study the following pictures carefully and write an essay about 200 words based on the following
1. describe the set of drawings and interpret its meaning
2. point out its implications in our life.
14、2004：
Directions:
Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should
1. describe the drawing.
2. interpret its meaning, and
3. support your view with examples.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
15、2005：
Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay ,you should first describe the drawing the interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points)
16：2006：
Directions: Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should
1） describe the photos briefly;
2） interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them,
3） give your point of view.
You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
图一：把崇拜写在脸上。 图二：花300元做个\"小贝\"头。
注：Beckham（贝克汉姆）：英国足球明星。
17、2007：
Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) support your view with an example/examples.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
四、考研论说文框架结构：3段、12句、160－200词、5－7关联词、5－7从句
第四节 两图写作
一、考研论说文框架结构：
（一） 第一段：图画描述，3句
1、 总体描述：人物/动物/事物＋动作/服装＋环境/表情，1句
2、 挖掘细节词、串连成句：1－2句
3、 文字说明/象征寓意：1句
（二） 第二段：意义阐释，5句
1、 主题句：象征寓意，1句
2、 论证：3句
1） 基础一般的同学：
（1） 讲原因：
（2） 讲故事：
（3） 联系现实：图画作文创作原则（以小见大，把握象征寓意，个体想为群体，具体想为抽象）
2） 基础较好的同学：
（1） 五大角度：背景、事实、反方观点、原因、后果
（2） 六种手段：因果、分类、定义解释、统计事实、举例、正反论证
3、 小结：1句
（三） 第三段：建议措施，4句
1、 结论句：1句
2、 针对双方提建议：2句
3、 包装结尾、展望未来：1句
二、启承转合：
（一） 启：启动观点、开篇点题
（二） 承：观点承接、正面论证
1、 First(ly), In the first place, First and foremost, Above all, On the one hand, For one thing,
2、 Second(ly), In the second place, Besides, In addition, What is more, Furthermore, Moreover, On the other hand, For another
3、 Third(ly), (The) Last but not (the) least, More importantly, Even worse,
（三） 转：观点转折、反面论证
Conversely, Nevertheless, Unfortunately, Whereas, Yet, Instead, In/By comparison/contrast, On the contrary
（四） 合：文章结尾、合并归纳
As a result/consequence, Consequently, Accordingly, Thus, Hence, Generally/Briefly speaking,
三、两图写作
（一）2003范文：
The set of drawings above vividly depicts the destiny of a flower in different circumstances. As is shown in the first cartoon, the flower is placed in a comfortable greenhouse which shelters it from the threatening lightening and storm. With proper temperature, moisture and fertilizer, the flower is growing in full bloom. On the contrary, when removed from the greenhouse and exposed to the driving rain, the flower soon fades and withers, with the petals cast about on the grounds.
To begin with, the purpose of the drawings is to show us that the flower growing in the green house cannot withstand the test of the storm, yet the symbolic meanings subtly conveyed should be taken more seriously. The delicate flower is naturally associated with young people, to be specific, the only children in our current society; the greenhouse epitomizes parents’ doting care and abundant material supplies that can shield the children from the storms, or the harsh reality. Once the young people begin to seek independence and accept challenges from the real world, they are found too spoiled to be strong enough in the face of difficulties.
Accordingly, it is vital for us to derive positive implications from these thought-provoking drawings. On the one hand, we can frequently use them to enlighten the youth to be more independent in life. On the other hand, parents should be sensible enough to give their children more freedom to deal with troubles and problems. Only by undergoing more challenges and toils in adversity can young people cultivate strong personality and ability, and only in this way can they become winners in this competitive world.
（二）2006高分作文：
1、18分作文样例一
The photos vividly depict that nowadays many people, especially, young fellows are tracing such fashion. The first one signed the name of Beckham on his left face, while the second one asked the hairdresser to copy the hair style of Beckham with about 300 yuan. Both of them are typical fans of the well-known British football player－Beckham.
This kind of social phenomenon is not entirely a coincidence. There are reasons accounting for this fashion. Firstly, with the rapid development of society, some people feel dull and desperate about the reality, so they desire to find some famous people as their idols. In the way, they feel satisfied with their life and have a goal to achieve. Secondly, just opposite to the above, others are just fashion tracers. They barely want to show that they are keeping step with the fashion. Thirdly, some people even don’t have any special purpose but to do it as others. In their deep heart, they don’t treat it as fashion but as fun.
Frankly speaking, this social phenomenon is very dangerous to the whole society. Some young men spend most of their time decorating themselves as their idols. As a result, they don’t have enough time to study or work, then they are always left behind. Moreover, it is harmful to the establishment of a harmonious society.
To draw a conclusion, we don’t deny that people should have their idols to admire, but in a sensible way. They can learn from what they have achieved and try to behave that way. And also parents should give proper advice to their children to form a proper outlook of the world.
第五节 一图写作
一、两图写作：
（二）2006高分作文：
2、18分作文样例二
More and more young people are increasingly influenced by foreign culture. As can be clearly seen from the above picture, a young gentleman puts “Beckham” on his face. Another decently dressed young gentleman is willing to pay 300 yuan to have his hair made in his favorite style. It is clear that the picture implies a common phenomenon in our society today: more and more people, especially the young, are endlessly chasing popular things, disregarding the cost that they must pay.
There are at least three good reasons for this phenomenon. In the first place, the spreading of foreign culture in our country in recent years may be the main reason. Secondly, many young people in our modern society have an open mind. Consequently, they are willing to accept new things. Last but not least, a lot of people have become richer and richer. As a result, they can pay for the expense to do that kind of things. There may be other reasons, but it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly acceptable.
As far as I am concerned, the spreading of foreign culture in our society is not a bad thing. But as a popular saying goes, every thing has two sides. This phenomenon is without exception. My suggestion as to the best way to cope with the problem is as follows. On the one hand, people should take a proper attitude toward this phenomenon. On the other hand, our society is expected to appeal to the general public to resist its bad effect. I am sure that my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
二、英语全攻略：
（一）培养兴趣：
1、听说方面：
1）英文歌曲：
2）原版影视：
2、读写方面：
1）女生：Romeo and Juliet, Jean Eyre, Love Story
2）男生：Bible, Ancient Greek and Roman Mythology, The Old Man and the Sea
（二）掌握方法：“精”
1、听力：听写
2、口语：跟读＋模仿
3、阅读：背诵
4、写作：中译英
三、一图写作
（一）1998高分作文：
1、14分作文样例一：
The past several years have witnessed a phenomenon that a variety of promises have been arising from all walks of life. Regretably, quite a lot of promises are sheer nonsense, just as the hen in the given cartoon commits herself to lay eggs which are round without any angles and corners and have shells, egg whites and yolks.
Odds and funny as they sound, such false promises can be seen and heard everywhere in our country. Administration departments assure to perform their tasks effectively and fairly without taking any bribes; manufacturing units guarantee to turn out products of good quality; commercial enterprises swear to provide genuine commodities and polite and enthusiastic services. Can you find anything new and substantial other than their obligations, duties and jobs in these so called promises? I guess your answer will be negative. As a matter of fact, their intention to make such commitments is nothing but to put on civilized outer clothing to please or deceive the public.
I dare say that your society is suffering corruption and cheat which are causing damage to society both materially and morally. But the hen and her like should know that by dishonest words no one can survive the intense competition under market economy system. They should remember the old saying, “Honesty is the best policy”.
2、14分作文样例二：
Here is an interesting cartoon: With her head held high, maybe singing, a hen stands proudly in the center of the picture with a notice in hand. It says: “Firstly, I promise that the eggs I lay are absolutely round without any square corners. Secondly, they all have shells and cores.” It’s so ridiculous that we can’t help laughing. But after that there must be something left.
Recently, many promises have come up in many walks of life, especially the service departments. They promise you that they will provide you with warm smile service and good products. AT first you are moved nearly to thank them. But if you think twice, you may wonder if those should be their duties. It goes without saying that factories should produce goods of quality, department stores should serve customers politely, buses should arrive on time, and so forth, because all of these are their responsibilities. But why should they promise what are their due jobs? One reason may be that they want to correct their past mistakes under the planned economic system. Another is that they intend to improve their images and please the customers.
In my opinion, trying to be better is worth welcoming, but making empty and false promises is unacceptable. If factories, companies, stores and administrations do their jobs wee rather than talk nonsense, our society will be more prosperous.
（二）2002高分作文：
1、20分作文样例：参见考研写作教材P.53(1)
(1)
This is a very interesting picture of a lovely American girl dressed in traditional Chinese costume with a sweet smile on her face. She wears a pearl necklace, colorful ribbon, ear rings, and other decorating things that are characteristic of the clothes of a Chinese minority nationality. It is obvious that as a result of our open-door policy, more and more foreigners visit China and become interested in our national culture, which is making it go international.
There is no reason to make a fuss about this phenomenon. With the rapid development of technology and economy, the world is becoming smaller and smaller, and international cultural exchanges have become more and more frequent, which is inevitably improving our mutual understanding and friendship with other countries.
As Chinese citizens, we should respect our own national culture and learn useful things from the cultures of different nations, which will enable us to make great progress in many ways. I believe a happy and bright future is awaiting us if we make every effort to promote cultural development both nationally and internationally.
2、18分作文样例：参见考研写作教材P.53(2)
(2)
Nowadays, “national culture or international culture” has become a matter of great concern for the general public in our society, especially for those who are confronted with this problem. Now let’s take a look at the American girl in traditional Chinese costume. She looks very beautiful with a nice smile on her face. It seems that the girl is very fond of the Chinese costume.
Obviously, the picture indicates that a culture of one nation may become international, which is beneficial to all the human beings. Since China has opened its door widely to the outside world, many people from different countries want to visit China. They will accept and love the Chinese culture as a whole. In addition, Chinese culture should be well shared with foreign people who have shown their great interest in it. Meanwhile, the Chinese people are also exposed to foreign cultures when more foreign people come to China. In this way people from various nations in the world will be able to acquire better understanding of each other and live peacefully in this world.
My opinion about this cultural phenomenon is that a national culture should become international. This is because the culture of any nation is a kind of precious heritage, and belongs to the whole mankind.
（三）2004高分作文：
2、18分作文样例：
As is shown in the picture, on arriving at the finishing line of a race on the playground, the lovely young man has to continue his new journey in no time instead of stopping to take a rest. He has successfully settled the puzzle of “stopping or going on” which might have confused many others.
With the increasing pace of modern life, perhaps no change has characterized the past decase more dramatically than that of people’s view on their own life. It is generally agreed upon that people have to adjust themselves to this new change. On the one hand, no doubt, people will gain a lot by setting new goals in their daily life. take the famous scientist Thomas Edison for example. He had done very well in his early life, but continued to pursue something more difficult all through his life. On the other hand, if one is obsessed with the success he has achieved, he would lose the chance to pursue new success. What is more, he may become the slave of his success. There are many cases showing that people lose their courage to better themselves after becoming successful.
To sum up, one’s view on his success determines his future. In my opinion, it is necessary to carry out a nation-wide campaign publicizing people who have a burning desire for more and ever greater achievement when they are already well-known. So that people in the society will develop a forward-looking attitude and make their life worth living and the world more beautiful as well.
第六节 图表作文
一、一图写作：
（三）2004高分作文：
2、16分作文样例：参见考研写作教材P.65(1)
(1)
The cartoon depicts a vivid picture in which an athlete, dripping sweat, is rushing to the end. Obviously, he wins the match, but this is not the key message conveyed by the picture. The most striking feature of the drawing is that the same line is marked as both “the start” and “the end”, which indicates that although the athlete came to the finish, a new race is waiting for him.
The idea conveyed by the cartoon is apparent: the end is a new start. It is widely accepted that we should not be satisfied with the present achievement, for nowadays new challenges and competition never stop. The market economy and competitive society drives many people studying hard for higher academic degrees, some of them even seeking the opportunities to study abroad. We should spare no efforts improving ourselves, master high technology and professional skills. The we can make use of it to devote ourselves to society.
Take my father as an example. He was denied higher education for historical reasons. But by self-study he became a technician in a factory. Many people thought he was content. But he never stopped studying. He took courses of law in his spare time. Later he became a lawyer. “The finishing point is just a new starting point”, he said to me.
二、钻石句型：
第一段
（一）现状说明：
1. When asked about…, most people believe that…, but other people consider it differently.
2. When it comes to…, people’s opinions differ. Some hold the opinion that…, while others claim that….
3. There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the role of …. Some people claim that…, while others believe that….
4. There is a general discussion today about the issue of …. Those who criticize … argue that…. They believe that …. But people who advocate …, on the other hand, argue that….
5. Most are of the opinion that…. But I personally believe that….
6. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to realize that….
7. Now, it is generally acknowledged that…, but I doubt whether….
（二）图表描述
1. In 1990, it increased/decreased from … to ….
2. By comparison with 1998, it increased/decreased by …
3. The figure has nearly doubled, compared with that of last year.
4. It has increased/decreased almost three times, compared with ….
5. The number is twice as much as that of 1990.
6. It accounts for … percent of the total.
7. The number was …, less/more than a half/third/quarter of the 1990 total.
第二段
（一） 原因列举
1. The phenomenon/change in … mainly results/arises from the fact that …
2. One may regard the phenomenon as a sign of/ response to …
3. There are many causes/reasons for the dramatic growth/decrease. Firstly, … Secondly, … Finally, …
4. A number of factors can account for the change in …
5. Another contributory factor of … is …
6. Why are/do/did …? For one thing, … For another, … Perhaps the primary reason is …
7. … is also responsible for the rise/decrease in …
（二） 观点陈述
1. The advantages of A outweigh any benefit we gain from B.
2. Good as A is, it has its own disadvantages. For one thing, it …; for another, it …
3. Although A has enormous/substantial/considerable advantage over B, it cannot compete with B in …
4. A’s advantage sounds ridiculous/means nothing when B’s advantage are considered.
（三） 利弊说明
1. Although a lot of people believe that …, I doubt/wonder whether the argument bears much analysis/close examination.
2. As opposed to widely held ideas, I argue that …
3. Although the popular belief/idea is that …, a current study/survey indicates that …
4. They may be right about …, but they seem to neglect/fail to mention the fact that …
5. Although it widely accepted that …, it is unlikely to be true that …
6. It is true that …, but this is not to say that …
7. There is absolutely no reason for us to accept/resist that …
8. What these people fail to understand/consider/mention is that …
9. You may say that … It probably will. But…
10. It is one thing to believe that …, but it is quite another to say that …
（四） 举例论证
1. Numerous examples can be given, but this/these will suffice.
2. I can think of no better illustration than the following one(s).
3. This case effectively clarify the fact that …
4. This story tells that …
第三段
（一） 归纳结论
1. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that …
2. All the evidence supports an unshakable conclusion that …
3. It is high time that we placed great emphasis on …
4. It is high time that we put an end to the undesirable phenomenon of …
5. There is no denying that further attention must be paid to the problem of …
（二）建议措施
1. It is necessary that effective actions should be taken to prevent the situation.
2. Hence, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures/steps.
3. We should appeal to the authorities to make strict laws to control this problem.
4. We should enhance/cultivate the awareness of people that this issue is vital for us.
5. Only in this way can we solve the problem.
6. I believe we humans can overcome this difficulty and we will have a brighter future.
三、图表作文
（一）黄金句型：参见考研写作教材P.72“描写图表句型”
描写图表句型
According to
As can be seen from
As shown in
It is clear / apparent form
chart / graph
table,
diagram
figure / statistics
1. the ...
chart
graph
table
diagram
reveals
shows
suggests
2. The that…
statistics
information
table
graph
chart
estimate
see
conclude
3. From the given in the , we can that…
number
figure
percentage
nearly
almost
more than
doubled
tripled
as compared with
as against
those
that
4. The of … ,
of last year.
figure
number
percentage
increased
dropped
decreased
more than
almost
about
six times
twice
two and a half times
5. The , compared with…
percentage
number
twice
4 times
half
as much as
that
those
6. The is of 1990.
rate
number
less
more
half
a third
quarter
7. The was X percent, than of the 1998 total.
shot up
jumped
increased
rose
decreased
dropped
fell
by X percent
from X to Y percent
to X percent
8. By comparison with 1990, it
reached
approached
risen to
something of plateau
X percent
an average of X percent
in the past few years
in 1998
9. It has
10. It accounts for 15 percent of the total.
less than
more than
almost
about
over
as many as
nearly
three-quarters of
X percent of
one out of five
one in four
one half / third of
housewives
graduates
young couples
the number of students
11. By 1998,
almost / nearly
about / over
a quarter
half / twice
one third
as many students as
as much money as
12. A has B
about / approximately
exactly / precisely
number
proportion
amount
students
money
13. A has the same of as…
the number of people who
personal income
college population
During the period 1970-1999
From 1910 to 1974
Since 1980
Since the early 1980s
was
has been
sudden
sharp
dramatic
a marked
steady
slight
gradual
fall
jump
rise
increase
fluctuation
decrease
decline
reduction
drop
14. … there
in .
increased
jumped
rose
decreased
declined
dropped
fell
fluctuated
suddenly
rapidly / slowly
dramatically
significantly
slightly
gradually
sharply
from 1988 to 1990
during the five-year period.
15. The number of…
was
has been
X accidents / suicides
a X percent increase
decrease
in
since
an increase of 3 percent in a three-month period
up from X percent for the same period last year
16. There March,
second-highest
third-lowest
17. that is the rate in history.
number
percentage
steady
stable
unchanged
during the decade
between 1990 and 1995
from 1990 to 1995
18. The remained
percentage
figure
a peak
a high point
a low point
the bottom
in March
at 20%
19. The reached
reached
picked
20. The figure 90 percent, the highest level ever recorded since 1960
（二）经典范文：
1、2001大纲样题：
Directions:
Wide spread tobacco consumption has led to grave consequences, yet the tobacco companies are still claiming that they make a valuable contribution to the world economy.
There is a discussion in the newspaper on the above two viewpoints.
Write an essay to the newspaper
1) Criticizing the view of the tobacco company and
2) Justifying your stand.
In your essay, make full use of the information provided in the pictures printed below.
The majority of people would agree that cigarette smoking has cause serious problems. Yet the tobacco corporations insist that they contribute greatly to the world economy by paying taxes to the government and employing hundreds of workers.
Personally, I assume that cigarette production and consumption threatens to do more harm than good. To begin with, smoking is responsible for many fatal diseases such as lung cancer, heart attacks, to name only a few. According to the recent survey, tobacco consumers account for about 20% of the world population, and among them, three million people die from smoking-related illnesses every year. The fact that the output of tobacco production is reduced from 14.364 billion pounds in 1994 to 14.2 billion pounds in 1995 also indicates that people have come to realize the negative effects of smoking. In addition, tobacco consumption is extremely wasteful of money. As is indicated in the pictures, 200 billion US dollars is due to smoking every year. Obviously, the total loss of money around the globe substantially exceeds the gain in industry.
In conclusion, as the economic development aims at making our life better, we cannot sacrifice our health for short-term financial benefits. If we have to spend more and ore money providing medical services for those who suffer from smoking-related illnesses, the notion of promoting economy via tobacco production is not justifiable. It is high time that we fought for the total tobacco ban.
2、表格图：
Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Statistics in People’s Daily Expenses in Xi’an. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:
1、 Describe the changes indicated in the table.
2、 The reasons for the change.
3、 Make predictions about the future tendency.
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999 (%)
Food
66
61
48
41
36
Clothing
9
10
12
15
18
Recreation
4
5
8
9
11
Others
21
24
32
35
35
Total
100
100
100
100
`100
What is shown in the table above indicates that dramatic changes have taken place in the daily expenses in Xi’an from 1995 to 1999. The expenses on food have declined by 30% while those on clothing and recreation have increased respectively by 9% and 7%. The statistics of rise and fall seem to exist in isolation but closely related to each other.
There are two factors accounting for these changes. Development in economy is an essential one in five years. The increased income resulting from economic growth plays a vital role in the less expense on food. Hence, a small percentage of total income is enough to cover food expenses. Another one is the changes in life style. When food presents no worry to the average, people begin to focus more of their interest on handsome appearance and happy leisure time. As a result of such a shift, spending on clothing and recreation increases year by year.
From the analyses made above, we may come to the conclusion that people’s living standards in Xi’an have been constantly improved between 1995 and 1999. With the further growth in economy and more changes in life style, the tendency indicated in the table will continue in the better direction.
（三）高分作文：
1、1997：
1）14分作文样例一：参见考研写作教材P.27（1）
(1)
We meet smokers everywhere: in the streets, on college campuses and in shops. There are 5.8 billion people in the world, and the smokers are about 1.1 billion, which makes up 20 percent of the world’s total population.
Smoking is very harmful. I think there are two main aspects to the damage. First, smoking consumes a great deal of money. As is shown in the pictorial graph, smoking wastes 200 billion dollars, and it is the main cause of lung cancer. About 3 million people die because of the relevant diseases derived from smoking every year.
Because more and more people are aware of the great harm of smoking to humans, the amount of tobacco consumption is on the decrease. Form the following figures we can clearly see the tendency. The total amount of world tobacco production added up to 14.364 billion pounds in 1994, but it dropped to 14.2 billion pounds in 1995. At the same time, many countries call on people to give up smoking. So it is certain that the number of smokers is to decrease.
2）14分作文样例一：参见考研写作教材P.28（2）
(2)
From the above set of pictures, we can see that there were a total of 14.364 billion pounds of tobacco produced in 1994 and 14.2 billion pounds in 1995. Because the amount of tobacco production is falling yearly, it can be predicted that the tendency of tobacco consumption would also be falling yearly. There are many reasons. Firstly, smoking wastes money. Every year there are two hundred billion dollars “burnt” in the cigarette “fire”, secondly, smoking would hardly do people any good and it can even cause caner. Every year there are three million people “buried” in the cigarette “tomb.”
Although tobacco consumption is falling, there are too many people who smoke. The population in the world is 5.8 billion, but about twenty percent of the population, that is to say 1.1 billion people smoke. So the situation is serious and the movement against smoking is still a difficult task.
2、1999：14分作文样例：参见考研写作教材P.34（15-13分）
From these graphs, we can draw a conclusion that, with the growth of human population, the number of species has decreased rapidly in America, and some species have even vanished from our planet.
Why does this phenomenon appear? I think there are several possible reasons for this. First, with a rapid growth of population, more and more people came to live where some wild species have been living. Then these species have to move to other places. Some of them probably cannot adapt to the new environment and die. Second, although many people look on the wildlife as their friends, some people may not think so. They catch a lot of wild animals and sell them in order to get more money. Third, with the development of the industry, the natural balance and the ecologic environment are destroyed. The deforestation has become more and more serious. So some of the wildlives become homeless and extinct.
In order to protect the wildlife, I have some suggestions. First, the governments should make laws to prevent them from being caught and killed. Second, the governments should educate people to love the nature and protect it. Third, as for ourselves, we should take practical actions to protect our living environment.
四、课后复习：
1、通读教材、消化笔记：1－2月
2、十遍精读、背诵、默写、中译英：12月前
3、总结框架、考前模考：1月
五、《红尘巅》
天风摇我兮冷雨寒，壮观四海兮入涯渊；
不到长城非好汉，瞬间屹此两千年。
心胸洞闪，独立峰巅；
恍若漓江之清叠影，洁雾缥缈兮寂寞何方仙？
问尔嬴家小儿何所有？只识捏泥弄瓦群丘间！
远古庄公遨游红尘间，携与姑射神人意杳闲；
昔时侠士弹节击剑易水寒，子昂驱马怆然涕下于幽燕。
况乃太虚幻境居梦阮，青莲傲彼蜀道难！
英雄美人今在安？何时梦想成真幻？
单枪匹马兮红尘巅，吾欲起兮飙浩瀚！ |
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