考研英语冲刺写作讲义
主讲：王江涛
一、最新大纲：
（一）评价目标：
考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等，以及一般描述性、叙述性和说明或议论性的文章。短文写作时，考生应能：
1）
做到语法、拼写、标点正确，用词恰当；
2）
遵循文章的特定文体格式；
3）
合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贯；
4）
根据写作目的和特定读者，恰当使用语域。
（二）考试内容：
该部分由A、B两节组成，考查考生的书面表达能力。总分30分。
A节：考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词（标点符号不计算在内）的应用性短文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等。考生在答题卡2上作答。总分10分。考生在答题卡2上作答。
B节：考生根据提示信息写出一篇160－200词的短文（标点符号不计算在内）。提示信息的形式有主题句、写作提纲、规定情景、图、表等。考生在答题卡2上作答。总分20分。
（三）评分原则和方法：
1、虽然A、B两节的考查要点有所不同，但对考生写作能力的基本要求是相同的，所以一般评分标准对两节都适用。但根据两节的不同考查要点，评分是会有不同的侧重点。
A节
应用文的评分侧重点在于信息点的覆盖和内容的组织、语言的准确性、格式和语域（指在书面和口语表达中根据不同的交际对象，所采用的话语方式，即正式、一般、非正式的话语）的恰当。对语法结构和词汇多样性的要求将根据具体试题作调整。允许在作文中使用提示语中出现过的关键词，但使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子将被扣分。
B节
B节作文的评分重点在于内容的完整性、文章的连贯组织性、语法结构和词汇的多样性及语言的准确性。
2、评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来给分。评分人员在档内有1－3分的调节分。
3、A节作文的字数要求是100词左右。B节作文的字数要求是160－200词。文章长度不符合要求的，酌情扣分。
4、拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面。评分时，视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。
5、如书写较差，以致影响读者理解，将分数降低一个档次。
（四）一般评分标准：
第五档：A节（9－10）分，B节（17－20分）。
很好地完成了试题规定的任务。
·包含所有内容要点；
·使用丰富的语法结构和词汇；
·语言自然流畅，语法错误极少；
·有效地采用了多种衔接手段，文字连贯，层次清晰；
·格式与语域恰当确切。
对目标读者（即语言接受对象）完全产生了预期的效果。
第四档：A节（7－8分）， B节（13－16分）。
较好地完成了试题规定的任务。
·包含所有内容要点，允许漏掉1、2个次重点；
·使用较丰富的语法结构和词汇；
·语言基本准确，只有在试图使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇时才有个别错误；
·采用了适当的衔接手法，层次清晰，组织较严密；
·格式与语域较恰当。
对目标读者产生了预期的效果。
第三档：A节（5－6）分， B节（9－12分）。
基本完成了试题规定的任务。
·虽漏掉一些内容，但包含多数内容要点；
·应用的的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求；
·有一些语法及词汇错误，但不影响理解；
·采用了简单的衔接手段，内容较连贯，层次较清晰；
·格式与语域基本合理。
对目标读者基本产生了预期的效果。
第二档：A节（3－4分）， B节（5－8分）。
未能按要求完成试题规定的任务。
·漏掉或未能有效阐述一些内容要点，写了一些无关内容；
·语法结构单调、词汇项目有限；
·有较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响了对写作内容的理解；
·未采用恰当的衔接手法，内容缺少连贯性；
·格式与语域不恰当。
未能清楚地传达信息给读者。
第一档：A节（1－2分）， B节（1－4分）。
未完成试题规定的任务。
·明显漏掉主要内容，且有许多不相关的内容；
·语法项目和词汇的使用单调、重复；
·语言错误多，有碍读者对内容的理解，语言运用能力差；
·未使用任何衔接手法，内容不连贯，缺少组织、分段；
·无格式与语域概念。
未能传达信息给读者。
零档（0分）：所传达的信息或所用语言太少，无法评价；内容与要求无关或无法辨认。
二、书信格式：
（一）称呼：
1、写给机构：Dear Sir or Madam,
2、写给个人：Dear Mr. Wang,
（二）正文：3段，7句，100－150词，3－5个关联词，3－5个从句
1、第一段：1－2句
1）自我介绍（私人书信除外）：
（1）工作人员：
A.05: I am a staff member from your company/corporation.
B:06: I am a staff member from Motorola（China）Electronics Ltd.
（2）I am a freshman/sophomore/junior/senior/undergraduate/graduate from the Department of Chinese Language and Literature of Beijing University.
2）学生：
（1）样题：I am writing the letter in purpose of ordering some books.
补充：give/make/propose useful/practical/conducive suggestions/proposals/recommendations
（2）05：I am writing to inform you that I wish to resign from my current post/position.
2、第二段：3－6句
1）改写提纲一：1－2句
2）改写提纲二：1－2句
3）改写提纲三：1－2句
3、第三段：1－2句
1）表示感谢（私人建议信除外）：
（1）
My appreciation to you for your generous help is beyond words.
（2）
Words fail me when I want to express my sincere gratitude to you.
（3）
I take this opportunity to show my heartfelt appreciation for the kind assistance you render me.
2）期待回信：
（1）I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
（2）I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.
（3）Your prompt attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated.
（三）落款：
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
三、应用文：
1、2007真题：
Directions:
Write a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use“Li Ming”instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
高分作文：
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am a student in this university who regularly come to the library to spend my spare time. Generally speaking, the services you offer here is quite good; however, I have some suggestions for you to adopt. And I would like to extend my greatest appreciation if you are so kind as to take my suggestions into consideration.
To begin with, will you please prolong the time for reading? In the daytime, most of the students are having class, so they can’t come to the library. Moreover, some of the books on shelves are out of date. If you are so kind as to provide us some books such as the latest magazines, we will be greatly honored.
I really wish to have a more comfortable library. Thank you for your time and consideration.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
2、2006真题：
Directions:
You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area, write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan. Write your letter in no less than 100 words.
高分作文：
Dear Sir or Madam,
Moved by the noble cause of Project Hope and encouraged by what has been achieved so far, I would like to contribute my bit to the project by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area of your province.
I would be much grateful if you could help me seek out a girl who has just started schooling but whose family cannot afford her education. My plan is to pay for her tuition on an annual basis till she finishes her secondary education. I would like to remit my donation directly to a bank account opened by her family in her local area.
Yours truly,
Li Ming
3、2005真题：
Directions:
Two months ago, you got a job as an editor for the magazine Fashion & Design. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology.
高分作文：
Dear Mr. Wang,
I am much grateful to be employed by you two months ago as an editor for your magazine Design & Fashions. I appreciate the opportunity of having worked here with you and other colleagues. The experiences will be unforgettable throughout my life.
However, as a young man whose primary interest is in computer science rather than fashion designing, I find my present job doesn’t fall in with my previous training and strength. I therefore decide to quit this job for something else that may conform to my former preparation.
Please accept my sincere apologies for any inconveniences my leaving may occur.
Yours truly,
Li Ming
4、投诉信：
Directions: You live in a room in college which you share with another student. You find it very difficult to work there because your roommate always has friends visiting and has parties in the room.
Write a letter to the Accommodation Officer at the college and ask for a new room next term. You would prefer a single room. Explain your reasons.
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am writing to express/air dissatisfaction/disappointment/concern regarding accommodation. I would prefer to move into a single room next semester, as I find the present sharing arrangement inconvenient.
I must explain that the reason for my dissatisfaction is my roommate’s inconsiderate behavior. For one thing, his friends are constantly visiting him; for another, he regularly holds noisy parties.
To solve this problem/surmount this difficulty/improve this situation/crack this hard nut, I hope to draw the attention of the authorities concerned. I am sure you will agree that the only solution for me is to move into a room of my own. Therefore, I would be grateful if you could find a single room for me, preferably not in the same building but as near to the college campus as possible.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
5、推荐信：
Directions: One of your friends wants to apply for a job working with foreign teenagers. Write a letter to recommend him/her, describe his/her past experience, and explain the reasons.
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am writing to recommend one of my best friends, Zhou Botong, for this post. With his outstanding leadership and cheerful personality, he was elected chairperson of the Student Union of Tsinghua University several times.
Busy as he was, he completed his major, teenage psychology, with an outstanding school record. Upon graduation he was assigned to be a teacher in Tsinghua Middle School. What is more, he loves his job and enjoys working with children. This won him great popularity among his students.
Therefore, I do not hesitate to recommend him as an ideal candidate for the post you advertised. I am sure you will make a wise decision in hiring him.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
6、拒绝信：
Directions: Suppose you are the chairman of Department of English of a university in Beijing. Mr. Keats, a foreign teacher wrote a letter to you to apply for a post of teaching in your department. For some reasons, you have to say no to him. Write a letter in reply to his former letter. In your letter, you should apologize for answering late, say no his to application, and thanks for his applying.
Dear Mr. Keats,
Thank you for your letter of January 1. I must apologize for taking so long in answering, a situation caused by a number of recent conferences.
We appreciate your desire to offer your services to our University. From the information you supplied about yourself, there would be no question about your qualifications. However, we have only a small quota for foreign teachers, and all our positions for this year and the coming academic year have already been filled.
We shall keep your offer on file and inform you, should there be any openings. In the meantime, you might try other colleges here in Beijing or other cities. Thank you once again for your offer. Best wishes for success.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
7、感谢信：
Directions: After being involved in an accident, you were looked after by Mr. Shakespeare. Write a special letter to express your thanks.
Dear Mr. Shakespeare,
I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude. I am referring to that unfortunate accident the other day, when I was knocked off my bike by a taxi.
If it had not been for your timely assistance in giving me first aid, I fear that the consequences might have been much serious. Everyone agrees that it was your quick-witted response in that emergency that has led to this satisfactory outcome.
Although nowadays people in mounting numbers talk about the need to be unselfish, we see very few people practice what they preach. If there were more people like you, this world would be a much nicer place.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
8、邀请信
Directions: You want to invite some friends to a party. Write an invitation letter to them individually, elaborating on the reason why such a party should be held, and what activities will be arranged for them.
Dear Wangcai,
I will hold a dinner party at my house on April 1, 2008 to celebrate Mr. Guo Jing’s marriage with Ms. Fujiwora. As you are a close friend of us, we would very much like you to participate in the celebration and share our joy.
The occasion will start at seven o’clock in the evening, with the showing of their wedding ceremony. This will be followed by a dinner party. At around ten, we will hold a small musical soiree, at which a band will perform some works by Bach and Strauss.
If you do not have any prior appointment on April 1, we look forward to the pleasure of your company.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
9、祝贺信
Directions: Mr. Michael has been elected President of Scotland-China Association. Write a letter of congratulations to him.
Dear Mr. Michael,
I was very happy to learn that you have been elected President of the Scotland-China Association and I would like, on behalf of the Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries and in own name, to express to you warmest congratulations.
I hope that during your tenure of office the relations of friendship and cooperation that already exist between our two organizations will be further developed. Let us join our efforts to make greater contributions to the promotion of mutual understanding and friendship between the people’s of China and Scotland.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
10、告示（notice, bulletin, poster, announcement）：
Directions:
The Students’ Union of your department is planning a Chinese Speaking Contest. Write an announcement which covers the following information:
1) the purpose of the contest,
2) time and place of the contest,
3) what is required of the candidates,
4) details of the judges and awards.
You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Department of Chinese Language and Literature at the end of the announcement.
Chinese-Speaking Contest
January 19, 2008
To improve students’ ability to speak Chinese and enrich after-class activities, the Students’ Union of Department of Chinese Language and Literature is organizing a school-wide Chinese-speaking contest to be held on Saturday next week (26 January) at the Students’ Auditorium. Those who are interested in taking part in it may sign up with the monitor of their classes before Tuesday next week. Five professors will be invited to be judges. The first six winners will be given awards. Everybody is welcome to be present at the contest.
The Students’ Union
Department of Chinese Language and Literature
11、备忘录/报告：
Directions:
You are the president of a company. Write a memo to Percy Shelley, the vice-president on the employee’s training on computer, telling him the need to train the employees, detailed information, and ask him to write a plan.
Date：January 19, 2008
To：Percy Shelley, Vice President
From：Li Ming, President
Subject：Computer Training of the Staff
As we discussed earlier this week, I agree with you that our firm is faced up with problem of the high rate of computer illiteracy of the staff. We need to make up a plan for training our employees in the new field.
I would like you to design our own in-house computer-training program. We had better classify the employees and put them through the program in turn.
Write up a brief proposal, describing what you think the program should cover. Assume the class runs four hours a week for ten weeks. Also, assume people have no prior computer knowledge or any formal course work in computer science.
12、摘要（summary/abstract/thesis）：
Directions: Write a summary of the following essay.
A third kind of thinking is stimulated when anyone questions our beliefs and opinions. We sometimes find ourselves changing our minds without any resistance or heavy emotion, but if we are told that we are wrong we resent the imputation and harden our hearts. We are incredibly heedless in the information of our beliefs, but find ourselves filled with an illicit passion for them when anyone proposes to rob us of their companionship. It is obvious not the ideas themselves that are dear to us, but our self－esteem, which is threatened. We are by nature stubbornly pledged to defend our own from attack, whether it be our person, our family, our property, or our opinion. We may surrender, but rarely confess ourselves vanquished. In the intellectual world at least, peace is without victory.
Few of us take the pains to study the origin of our cherished convictions; indeed, we have a natural repugnance to so doing. We like to continue to believe what we have been accustomed to accept as true, and the resentment aroused when doubt is cast upon any of our assumptions leads us to seek every manner of excuse for clinging to them. The result is that most of our so-called reasoning consists in finding arguments for going on believing as we already do.
参考答案
A third kind of thinking occurs when we are told that our beliefs and opinions are wrong. We may have been heedless in their information, but our self-esteem will not permit us to change. We may have to give up, but we are not convinced. We do not study the origin of our beliefs; we believe as we have been accustomed to believe, and we seek arguments for continuing to believe as we already do.
四、图画作文框架结构：3段，12句，160－250词，5－7关联词/从句
1、Introduction：图画描述，3句
1）
General description：总体描述，1句
2）
Details 1, 2, 3：挖掘细节词，串连成句，1句
3）
Caption/Symbolic meaning：文字说明/象征寓意，1句
2、Body： 意义阐释，5句
1）Topic sentence（主题句）：Symbolic meaning（象征寓意）
2）Argument： 论证，3句
1）Cause and Efffect：因果论证
2）Exemplification：举例论证
3）Summary：小结，1句，概括论证
3、Conclusion：建议措施/归纳结论，4句
1）Concluding sentence：结论句，1句
2）Suggestions 1、2：针对双方提建议，2句
3）包装结尾、展望未来：1句
Only in this way can we solve this problem.
It is high time that we solved this problem.
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