第一篇 语 法 结 构
第四章 情 态 动 词
内 容 提 要
情态动词有can(能),may(可以),must(必须),have to(不得不),ought to(应该),dare(敢),used to(过去经常),had better(最好),would rather(宁愿)。在肯定句中它们后边都要接 动词原形 。在否定句中，can,may,must和dare后边加not；have to和ought to分别在have和ought后加not；used to的否定式可用used not to，也可用didn't use to，但后者用得较多；had better和would rather的否定式分别是had better not和would rather not。这些情态动词与现在完成时连用在某种意义上有一定的虚拟性。
第一节 肯定句和否定句中的情态动词
一、情态动词的现在式在肯定句中的比较(一)can表示体力或脑力方面的“能力”、“技能”或根据客观条件能做某种动作的“可能性”
1.Mild forms of execrise can _____ some of the loss of flexibility that accompanies aging.［A］ stop［B］ to stop［C］ stopping［D］ be stopped但表示人体力或智力的具体动作时须用 be able toHe was able to do that without any help.他不需要任何帮助就能完成这项工作。
(二)may表示“允许，可以”，相当于be allowed to
2.If there is social or political change in a region ［A］ where a standard language ［B］ is spoken, local varieties ［C］ of the language may developing ［D］ .may或might可和as well连用，表示“建议”，译为“还是……的为好”You may as well keep a certain distance from that mad man. 你们还是离那疯子远点为好。 You might as well go home now.你还是现在回家为好。
(三)must表示“必须”或“应当”、“一定”
3.The formation of snow must be occurring ［A］ slowly ［B］ ， in calm air， and at a temperature near ［C］ the freezing point ［D］ .
(四)have to 加动词原形，表示“不得不”，“必须”，它比must更强调客观
Tom had to work into the deep night everyday to earn a living. 汤姆为了生计每天都得工作到深夜。
(五)should 表示“劝告”，“建议”或“义务”时，译作“应当”，或表示“预测”和“可能”
He should take care of his parents as they are old enough not to live on themselves. 由于父母亲老了，不能自理，他应当照顾他们。He should be there now. 他可能到了。should have done在虚拟语气中表示“责备或后悔”［参见第三章第一节、二、2.］。
(六)ought ，只有一种形式，即ought后必须加to，然后跟接动词原形表示“有义务”或“必要”做某事，译为“应当，应该”
The traditional goal of science is to discover how things are,not how they ought _____ .［A］ to［B］ to be［C］ be［D］ have been
You are quite right;I am inferring in my comments ［A］ that McGraw had not ought to ［B］ have broken ［C］ in the room without his permission ［D］ .
(七)dare 可以用作情态动词，后面跟不带to的动词不定式，这主要用于否定句中，它本身可有现在时第三人称单数，词尾加s，它还可以有ING分词形式(daring)和过去式及ED分词形式(dared)
Although Oriental ideas of woman’s subordination to man prevailed in those days,she _____ meet with men on an equal basis.［A］ did not dared ［B］ dared not ［C］ dared not to ［D］ did dare not to
二、情态动词在一般时否定句中的用法
can't(can not, cannot) 表示“不可能”， may not 表示“不可以”， mustn't(must not) 表示“一定不要”，“不许可”，needn't (need not) 表示“不必”，dare not ＋动词原形 表示“不敢”He can't finish his essay by this time. 现在他不可能写完论文。He may not sleep now. 他或许现在没在睡觉。You mustn't criticize her in that way. 你不应那样批评她。You needn't come tomorrow. 你明天没必要来了。He dared not meet his fiancée. 他不敢见女朋友。
三、例题解析
1.正确答案为A。由于情态动词can要求跟动词原形，所以B和C都不对，can后虽然有被动形式，但在意义上和语法上与横线后部分都无法衔接，所以D也错。
2.D错。改为develop。may后要求跟动词原形，而developing是现在分词，显然不符合要求，所以应改为develop。
3.A错。改用 must occur，此处叙说的是客观现象，而非强调正在发生的事，故用一般现在时。
4.B为正确答案。
5.B错。改为ought not to。
6.B为正确答案。
第二节 情态动词与完成时的使用
一、must+have+ED分词：用于肯定句，表示对过去情况的一种肯定推测，表示“肯定，一定”
It _____ around nine o’clock when I drove back home because it was already dark.［A］ had to be ［B］ must have been ［C］ was to be ［D］ must be
John’s score on the test is the highest in the class; _____ .［A］ he should study last night［B］ he should have studied last night［C］ he must have studied last night［D］ he must had to study last night
After searching ［A］ for evidence in the house,the police concluded ［B］ that the thief must have come in ［C］ through the window and stole ［D］ the silver while the family was asleep.
二、may (might)+have+ED分词：用于肯定句和否定句，表示对已发生事情的不肯定的推测，相当于“可能，大概，”其中might较may 语气更弱，把握更小
She might have gone to see her doctor last week, but I am not sure.上星期或许她去看医生了，但我不敢肯定。Don’t worry， your husband may not have been hurt seriously. 别急，你丈夫也许伤得不厉害。
三、should(ought to)+have+ED分词：肯定句表示过去本应发生的事却没有发生；否定句表示已发生了本不该发生的事。前者可译为“本应，”后者为“本不该”
You should have apologized to her for not soon replying to the letter. 你本应向她道歉，说明为什么没能及时回信。(可你没这么做)
You _____ yesterday if you were really serious about your work.［A］ ought to come［B］ ought to be coming［C］ ought to have come［D］ ought have come
四、can(not) +have+ED分词
He is an hour late —— He can have been delayed by fog. Of course,that’s a possibility.他迟到了1小时，可能因为大雾而耽搁了。当然这只是可能性问题。The poem can not have been written by her since she was only five years old then.这诗不可能是她写的，因为她那时才5岁。
五、“could+have+ED分词”有时用于表示过去的时间，说明某事可能或不可能已发生；有时可表示过去本来可以做某事，但却未做
I simply can’t understand how he could have made such a mistake. 我简直不明白他怎么会犯那样的错误。He walked there,but he could have taken a taxi. 他走着去了，可当时完全可以坐出租。“couldn’t+have+ED分词”还表示无论如何也不可能或没有做到I couldn’t have called you. I wasn’t near a telephone. 反正我也不可能给你打电话，我附近没有电话。
5.“We didn’t see him at the lecture yesterday.”“He _____ it.”［A］ mustn’t attended［B］ couldn't have attended［C］ would have not attended［D］ needn’t have attended
六、needn’t+have+ED分词：表示对过去不必做的事情却做了，可译为“其实不必”
6.You _____ all these parcels yourself.The shop would have delivered them if you had asked a shop assistant.［A］ didn’t need to carry［B］ needn’t have carried［C］ needn’t carry［D］ didn’t need carry
七、used to 表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在，在否定陈述句中，一般用didn't use to，也可用used not to；在疑问句中用“Did…use to”。used to还可与never,often,always等连用。注意used to与be used to的不同，后者表示be accustomed to “习惯于某种状态”，而且跟接名词或ING形式，而used to后接动词原形，试比较
He used to drink. 表示“他过去经常喝酒”而现在不喝了。
He is used to wine (He is used to drinking wine) at each meal. 表示“他现在已养成习惯，每顿饭喝点葡萄酒。”
八、had better表示“最好……”，后接动词原形，其否定式为had better not＋动词原形
You had better not follow his behavior. 你最好不要学他。
九、would rather 意思是“宁愿”，表示选择。它有两种用法，一是在肯定句中后边直接跟动词原形，其否定句是在would rather 后加not,即 would rather not＋动词原形；二是它后边可以跟接从句，该从句的谓语动词用一般过去式表示虚拟语气。由于would rather表示选择，它后边可跟接than
She would rather sleep than talk rubbish. 她宁愿睡不愿闲聊。
“Did you criticize him for his mistakes?”——“Yes,but _____ it.”［A］ I’d rather not do［B］ I’d rather not doing［C］ I’d rather not have done［D］ I’d rather not did
［注］ would rather和had rather都表示“宁愿”，在用法上也没有区别。但如果说would rather与had rather完全一样(Longman Dictionary of Comtemporary English 如是说)，这一说法有争议。其实had rather在现代标准英语中几乎已经不用了。这对我们考试来说是比较重要的，因为一般考题作为标准英语是不用had rather的。
十、例题解析
1.B为正确答案。 2.C为正确答案。
3.D错。改为stolen。这里C处和D处是并列的谓语，D处相当于must have stolen。
4.C为正确答案。 5.B为正确答案。 6.B为正确答案。 7.C为正确答案。
第一篇 语 法 结 构第五章 动词不定式
内 容 提 要
动词不定式是一种非限定性动词，由to＋动词原形构成，但它还是属于动词，所以它本身可以带宾语和状语。动词不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语，还可用在复合结构中，而且有完成式、进行式、完成进行式和否定形式。动词不定式的被动形式除了一般形式外还有其完成式和进行式。动词不定式的特殊情况也要掌握。
第一节 动词不定式的构成与形式
一、动词不定式的概念：动词不定式指由to 加上动词原形(而且只能是动词原形)所构成的一种非限定性动词，但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语1) 、宾语2)、表语3)、定语4) 和状语5)
1._____ education is the principal way of gaining status in a culture that generally stresses achievement，skillfulness，and upward mobility.［A］ To acquire［B］ Acquire［C］ Acquires［D］ Have acquired
2.We are planning _____ for the entrance examination for postgraduate. ［A］ registering［B］ register［C］ to register ［D］ registered
3.The most urgent problem now we are facing is _____ to learn the needed materials for the matriculation of postgraduate.［A］ make our every effort［B］ to make our every effort［C］ to our every effort［D］ made our efforts
4.—Where should I send my application?—The Personnel Office is the place _____ it to.［A］ sends［B］ be sended［C］ to be sended ［D］ to send
5._____ from others, one should take his promise.［A］ To get confidence ［B］ To getting confidence［C］ To get confidences［D］ Getting to the confidence说明：以上五句中的斜体是其动词不定式的附属部分。
二、动词不定式的构成与形式： 动词不定式可以作以上各种成分，但它毕竟是动词，所以有动词的属性
动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语［2)和4)中的斜体部分］和状语［5)中的斜体部分］。虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语，但它表达的意义是动作，这一动作一定由使动者发出。这一使动者我们称之为 逻辑主语 。考研题中，语法中所考动词不定式部分包括检测考生是否掌握动词不定式与其逻辑主语之间的一致，其中主要包括它们之间 主动和被动 的关系以及 它们在时间上的一致 ，同时动词不定式还有其否定形式。所有这些涉及到动词不定式的各种形式。现以动词make为例，其形式如下：
主动形式 被动形式
一般式 (not) to make (not) to be made
完成式 (not) to have made (not) to have been made
进行式 (not) to be making
完成进行式 (not) to have been making
Some ［A］ types of naphtha(石油脑) are employed to dissolving ［B］ rubber ［C］ and to thin paints and ［D］ varnish.
The Statue of Liberty was originally ［A］ proposed ［B］ in 1865 to commemoration ［C］ the alliance ［D］ of France with the American colonies during the American Revolution.
The purpose ［A］ of inductive logic ［B］ is to inferring ［C］ general laws from particular occurrences ［D］ .
三、例题解析
1.A为正确答案。 2.C为正确答案。 3.B为正确答案。 4.D为正确答案。
5.A为正确答案。 6.B错。改用动词原形“dissolve”，不定式符号“to”后只能出现动词原形。
7.C错。改为“commemorate”。 8.C错。改为“to infer”，注意句子的主语为“purpose”(目的) 。
第二节 动词不定式的用法
一、 不定式结构作主语(一)不定式前置
Derive ［A］ mineral resources from ［B］ sedimentary rock ［C］ is a ［D］ major modern industrial activity.
_____ in the matriculation for postgraduate in a short time is realy a hard nut. ［A］ To make high scores［B］ To make low goal［C］ To the high scores［D］ Make the low goals
(二)上述形式一般情况不多见，作为考试的规范英语，如果不定式较长，显得头重脚轻，则可由代词“it”作形式主语(形式主语“it”不能由“that”或“this”等其他代词代替)，而将不定式放到后面
It is really a hard nut to get high scores in the matriculation for postgraduate in a short time.
John admitted that it's always difficult _____ .［A］ for him being on time［B］ being on time for him［C］ for him to be on time［D］ on time for him
It is difficult for me ［A］ to be concentrating ［B］ while someone ［C］ is using ［D］ a vacuum cleaner.
(三)不定式后置的情况不仅限于动词是系动词，也适用于其他动词
It took us a great deal of efforts to finish that task.It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years ago.
(四)不定式结构所表示的动作是谁做的，即不定式的逻辑主语，通常可以在特定的上下文中能看出，也可以通过带“for ＋名词短语”辨出
It is quite important for us to read good books during the period of general review(总复习).It is not difficult for those who study maths well to pass the exam.
(五)在某些形容词(如careless,clever,considerate, foolish, good, impolite, kind, naughty, nice, silly, stupid等)作表语时，不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语
It is very kind of you to help me./It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing.间或也可用for ＋ there to be 表示(而且there后面的不定式只能是to be)。It's a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.
二、 不定式作宾语
不定式作宾语有两种：一种是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式；另一种是“动词＋疑问词＋带to的不定式”
(一)动词＋带to的不定式结构
只能跟动词不定式的动词，常见的有：afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, ask, believe, care, claim, decide, decline(拒绝), demand, desire, determine, endeavor, expect, fail, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, mean(想要), offer(表示愿意做…), pretend, promise, refuse, seek(试图), swear, undertake, wish(想要)等。
We refuse _____ that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults(银行保管库) of this nation.［A］ to believe ［B］ to be belived［C］ beliving［D］ have belived
The green turtle has been known _____ over 2，000 miles to return to a nesting site.［A］ in the navigating ［B］ the navigation ［C］ to navigate ［D］ navigation
For the ［A］ first time Venusian scientists managed landing ［B］ a satellite on the planet Earth, and it has been sending ［C］ back signals as well as ［D］ photographs ever since.
The day is past when Chinese universities and colleges _____ to give high school diplomas to all who sit through four years of instruction, regardless of whether any visible results can be discerned. ［A］ afforded［B］ affording［C］ to afford［D］ can afford从上例我们可以看出afford一般与can和can't或could和couldn't连用。
(二) 动词＋疑问代(副)词＋不定式
这类动词常见的有：advise,decide, discuss, find out, forget, inquire, know, learn, regard, remember, see, settle, teach, tell, think(=consider), understand, wonder等。这些疑问代(副)词有what, when, where, which, how, whether等，但不包括why，如：
He does not know how to go there
when to speak before strangers.
who(m) to visit.
which one to choose.
You can decide whether to go forward or stay here.
when to see a doctor.
I will show you what to do.
where to go.
how to deal with it.
其中，1)和2)中不定式的逻辑主语仍是句子的主语，分别为He和You；而3)中不定式的逻辑主语则不是句子的主语I，而是宾语you。
The director of this organization must know _____ .［A］ to manage money, sell his product and beable to satisfy stockholders［B］ managing money, selling, and be able to satisfy the stockholders［C］ how to manage money, sell his product, and satisfy the stockholders［D］ money management, selling and being able to satisfy the stockholders
To tell you the truth, I really don’t know how _____ deal with a man like him.［A］ can I［B］ well［C］ to［D］ much
(三)有时，不定式跟作主语时一样，可由it来代替，而把不定式放到后面去
He makes it a rule to take a walk before breakfast.I think it interesting to play football while it is snowing hard.We find it difficult to get everything ready before the time you require.She cosiders it important to make friends with them.I don't think it necessary to argue with them on this problem.
(四)有时THERE和TO BE连用表示“有”或“存在(某情况)”等
It is impossible for there to be any more.Would you like there to be a meeting to discuss the problem?I expect there to be no argument about this?有时在个别的介词后可用“疑问词＋不定式结构”作其宾语He has his own decision of how to do it.
三、 不定式作表语(一)一种情况为主语是不定式(表示条件)，表语也是不定式(表示结果)
To see is to believe/ To work means to earn a living.
(二)另一种情况主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, happiness, job, plan, problem, purpose, thing, wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future. / The boss's plan is to start building the skycraper immediately. / What I want to say is to get rid of the plan forever.
The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was providing ［A］ large uninterrupted floor areas ［B］ and to allow ample light ［C］ into the interior ［D］ .
The most important ［A］ thing is negociate ［B］ with them about ［C］ the future of ［D］ the plant.
四、 不定式作定语(一)不定式作定语修饰名词或代词，它只能放在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。这时被修饰的名词与不定式之间有逻辑上的主谓关系
The flexibility of film allows the artist _____ unstrained imagination to the animation of cartoon characters.［A］ to bring［B］ bringing［C］ is brought［D］ brings
Billie Holiday’s reputation as a great jazzblues singer rests on her ability _____ emotional depth to her songs.［A］ be giving［B］ are given［C］ being given［D］ to give
另外，有些词的不定式定语有主谓关系，如除了上述例句以外，还有些词常跟不定式作定语。这些词主要有decision (to make), (a) need (to eat), opportunity (to speak),reason(to learn a foreing language), time (to sth)等。
(二)动词不定式作定语往往有一层动宾关系，即所修饰的名词是不定式的宾语
Alice was having ［A］ trouble to control ［B］ the children because there were ［C］ so many ［D］ of them.
There are so many reference books for matriculation of postgraduate and I haven't decided which book _____ .［A］ to buy［B］ buy［C］to be buying［D］ buying
Astronauts can be affected by loneliness for they have to sit in the spacecraft for weeks with very little _____ and no one _____ .［A］ to do … to talk［B］ doing … to talk to［C］ to do … to talk to［D］ doing… to talk
(三) 因为不定式所修饰的名词是不定式的宾语，所以如果不定式动词是不及物动词，那么就要在动词后加上相应的介词
He has a lot of trifles to deal with./ I had got no place to live in./That girl has nothing to worry about./the subject to concentrate on. / He has a strict teacher to listen to. / She has four children to look after. / She had a sick mother to live with. / This is the very person to sell your ticket to.
18.Although the lecture had already been on for five minutes, I still was not able to find a chair _____ .［A］ to sit［B］ for to sit on［C］ to sit on［D］ for sitting
(四)一些表示企图、努力、倾向、目的、愿望、打算、能力、意向等意义的名词后面要求接不定式作其定语，如：ability, attempt, effort等
During ［A］ the 19th century scientists found ［B］ that when certain parts of the brain were damaged ［C］ men lost the ability doing ［D］ certain things.
What is new, however, is the scientific attempt _____ whether other planets beyond our own have given birth to advanced civilizations.［A］ discover［B］ discovers［C］ discovering［D］ to discover
Surely her daughter would make an even bigger effort _____ her?［A］ please ［B］ pleased ［C］ to please ［D］ having pleased
五、不定式作状语
注意作状语的动词不定式要与其逻辑主语在意义上和数上的一致。
(一)表示目的
_____ its plans to promote disarmaments，the party has decided to establish a campaign headquarters with Benjamin Seaman as its leader.［A］Although［B］To carry out［C］Except that［D］ Make
_____pure lead，the lead ore is mined，then smelted，and finally refined.［A］ Obtaining［B］ Being obtained［C］ To obtain［D］ It is obtained
When they met，Leonardo and his enemy were fighting _____ . ［A］killed each other［B］killing each other［C］to be killed each other［D］to kill each other
(二) 表示结果，在这种情况下，不定式的逻辑主语也是全句的主语
He must be cripple not to walk by himself./It seems that the employee didn't sleep at all to be so sleepy in the early morning. / What have I done for you to deserve such an amount of money?还有固定搭配的不定式表示结果：so…as to;such(…) as to …; enough to…; too…to…; in order to … 等We have got so plenty of food as to treat our guests./ Is that room big enough to seat all of us?/ He is too young to fit that job.
(三) 表示原因
It's very kind of you to say so. / I am pretty pleased to hear the news that you are elected as the president of the club. / I'm sorry to interrupt you. / They are quite surprised to see the great changes taking place in the area.
(四) 伴随状况
在下列表示能力、愿望、倾向等语义的形容词后边也要接不定式：able(但其同义词“ capable”后面要接“of+动名词”)，anxious, eager, glad, inclined(倾向于)，liable, likely, pleased, ready等。
Certain ［A］ minerals are magnetic and are able to detected ［B］ by instruments that measure ［C］ differences in the Earth’s magnetic fields ［D］ .
六、 在复合结构中的不定式
不定式的复合结构是指有些动词带宾语后再带上不定式，作宾语的补足语。前边已提到过，在这种结构中宾语是不定式的逻辑主语。
(一)有很多这样的动词可以跟宾语及其(或)补足语不定式，如：advise, allow, ask, enable, beg, cause, drive, encourage, expect, forbid, force, hate, get , intend, invite, like, permit, persuade, pretend, remind, say, teach, tell, trust, urge, want, warn等表示“致使”等意义
The company manager may enable the men who tend the machines _____ a large panorama(全景) of possibilites.［A］ to see［B］ see［C］ seeing［D］ seen
Did you intend us _____ the new method?［A］ to use ［B］ using ［C］ our having used ［D］ the using of
The teacher encouraged _____ good compositions.［A］ us write［B］ us writing［C］ us to write［D］ our wrting
(二)在某些成语动词如 arrange for, call on, care for, count on, count upon, depend upon, long for, prepare for, prevail upon, rely on, vote for, wait for等后面，也可以跟宾语加不定式的复合结构
We are waiting for the bus to come./ They voted for Wang Gang to be the monitor. / Don't count on me to do that.
(三)另外，表示感觉的动词 see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe和have, let, make后的宾语可接不带to的不定式(help后不定式可带to也可不带to)
I often heard him _____ that his family was well descended. ［A］ said［B］ say［C］ to say［D］ to be said
We must have a person _____ them build the house. ［A］ see［B］ to see［C］ will see［D］ shall see
You would become irritated ［A］ if you watched ［B］ the correspondence to pile up ［C］ on your desk day by day ［D］ .
(四)表示心理状态的动词像consider, declare, find, prove, think, know , believe, discover, feel(=think), imagine, judge, pretend, suppose, understand等词的宾语补足语不定式一般是to be(或动词的完成时态)
“You’ve been taking a lot of nice photographs.”“Thanks. I’m considering _____ a professional photographer.”［A］ becoming［B］ about become［C］ to become［D］ over becoming
而且，在consider, declare, find, prove, think等动词后的to be 是可以省去的。如： She considered me a scholar. / They found him gulty.
七、不定式的完成式、进行式和完成进行式：这三类在考研题中出现的频率很高，要特别注意不定式的这三种形式 (一)如果不定式所表示的动作与主要谓语所表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生或发生在主要谓语之后，那么用不定式的一般形式
He received a warm welcome from the Australians and from his family who had flown there to meet him. In 1967, he arrived back in England, where a quarter of a million people were waiting to welcome him.After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lived or endured just as you chose to look at it. Now suddenly she began to sob, holding herself in as if weeping were a disgrace.
(二) 如果不定式所表示的动作(状态)发生在主要谓语动词或特定的某时间之前，那么不定式就要用其完成式
She feels relaxed to have finished writing her thesis before the deadline.
The Vikings are believed _____ America.［A］ to have discovered［B］ in discovering［C］ to discover［D］ to have been discovered
The students were to _____ at the auditorium before 1:30 pm, but the lecture was cancelled at the last minute.［A］ assembled ［B］ have assembled ［C］ assembling ［D］ be assembled
He was to _____ the new ambassador, but he fell ill.［A］ having telephoned［B］ have telephoned［C］ has telephoned［D］ telephoning
(三)不定式进行式表示主要谓语动词所表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在发生
When he came in, I happened to be doing my experiment in the lab.Why do you stand here? You are supposed to be working in the workshop.
(四)不定式完成进行式表示其动词所代表的动作，在主要谓语动词所代表的动作之前一直在进行
The students from the Department of Sociology are said to have been investigating the possibility of producing the new product.They are quite happy to have been cooperating harmoniously with us till now.
八、不定式的被动形式
当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，这个不定式要用被动式，包括它的一般式和完成式
Here we found little snow, as most of it seemed _____ blown off the mountain.［A］to have been［B］to be［C］that it was［D］that it had been
For twelve years, Spanish censorship did not allow Lorca’s name _____ or his works .［A］ to mention; to be published［B］ to be mentioned; to publish［C］ being mentioned; being published［D］ to be mentioned; to be published
There is，it seems ［A］ ， no ［B］ limit to the satisfaction to be finding ［C］ in the pursuit of knowledge ［D］ .
九、不定式的否定形式：否定形式是在不定式的标志to前边加not
_____ that new information to anyone else but the sergeant. ［A］ They asked him not to give ［B］ They asked him to don’t give［C］ They asked him no give ［D］ They asked him to no give
Please remember _____ lights on in the future.［A］ don’t leave ［B］ not to leave［C］ not leaving ［D］ don’t to leave
The teacher told ［A］ the students to don’t ［B］ discuss ［C］ the takehome exam with each other ［D］ .
十、介词except和but(作“只有……，只能……”讲时)跟不定式结构(but与不带to的不定式连用)
He seldom goes back home except to ask for money from his parents.He did nothing there except watch TV for the whole night.(不带to的不定式)I had no choice but to stay in bed. Last night I did nothing but prepare my lessons.
Lots of empty bottles were found under the old man’s bed.He must have done nothing but _____ .［A］ drink［B］ to drink［C］ drinking［D］ drunk
When the streets are full of ［A］ melting ［B］ snow, you cannot help but getting ［C］ your shoes wet ［D］ .
十一、例题解析
1.A错。 改为To derive。 2.A为正确答案。 3.C为正确答案。 4.B错。改为to concentrate。
5.A为正确答案。 6.C为正确答案。“to be known”后通常接不定式，与此类似的尚有“to be said”等。
7.B错。改为to land。因为manage后只能跟带to的不定式作宾语。 8.D为正确答案。
9.C为正确答案。因为know须接带特殊疑问词的动词不定式。 10.C为正确答案。
11.A错。改为to provide，根据平行原则，A处和“to allow…”是并列的表语，故A处也应用不定式。
12.B错。改为to negociate。
13.A对。不定式短语“to bring…characters”充当宾语“the artist”的定语。“allow sb.to do sth.”是固定搭配，还有类似的其他动词。这句话的意思是：在动画片摄制过程中，影片的灵活性能使艺术家充分施展其想象力。
14.D为正确答案。名词“ability”(能力) 后要接不定式，表示哪一方面的能力。
15.B错。改为“controlling”，此处的“to control”与“trouble”并没有这层关系。
16.A为正确答案。 17.C为正确答案。 18.C为正确答案。 19.D错。改为to do。
20.D为正确答案。 21.C为正确答案。 22.B为正确答案。 23.C为正确答案。
24.D为正确答案。 25.B错。改为“be detected”。 26.A为正确答案。 27.A为正确答案。
28.C为正确答案。 29.B为正确答案。 30.A为正确答案。 31.C错。改为pile up。
32.C为正确答案。 33.A为正确答案。 34.B为正确答案。 35.B为正确答案。
36.A为正确答案。 37.D为正确答案。
38.C错。本句不定式所表示的动作“发现”(find) 逻辑上的主语为“满足”(satisfaction)， 而“满足”只能被“发现”，故C应改为ED分词“found”，“to be found”为不定式被动态。
39.A为正确答案。 40.B为正确答案。 41.B错。改为not to。 42.A为正确答案。
43.C错。改为get。如果去掉C前的“but”, 本句应为： When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help getting your shoes wet.
第一篇 语 法 结 构第六章 -ING分词
内 容 提 要
-ING分词也是动词的非限定性形式，由动词原形＋-ING构成，在句中可以直接作主语，也可用形式主语it来代替，而把-ING分词放到后边；可以作表语；作宾语时对动词有一定的要求，有的动词只能跟接-ING分词，有的动词则既可以跟不定式也可以跟-ING分词，而且-ING分词还可作介词的宾语；在作宾语补足语时对动词也有一定的要求；作状语时， -ING分词要与其逻辑主语呼应，否则就要用独立结构；-ING分词作定语时相当于一个定语从句。跟动词不定式一样，-ING分词也有它的完成时态、被动语态和否定形式；最后我们还要了解-ING分词的逻辑主语问题。
第一节 -ING分词的形式
-ING分词是指由动词原形＋-ING构成的、具有完成时态和被动语态的一种非谓语动词形式，具体形式如下
主动形式 被动形式
一般时 doing being done
完成时 having done having been done
就其语法功能而言，它可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补语、状语和定语。
第二节 -ING分词的用法
一、 作主语(一)一般形式
_____ the matriculation for postgraduate is probably the turning point of my life.
［A］ Taking the part of ［B］ Taking part in ［C］ To take the part of ［D］ To take the notice in
_____ a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay begins to breathe.［A］ As［B］ To be［C］ Is［D］ Being
_____ by transforming the blame to others is often called scapegoating.［A］ Eliminate problems［B］ The eliminated problems［C］ Eliminating problems ［D］ Problems are eliminated
(二)有时可以用it做形式主语
It's waste of time arguing with the gossip about it.
It's interesting having traveled to Beidaihe this year.［说明：从这句中我们可以看出，这种结构通常适用于名词和形容词。但不适用于像possible, important, essential, necessary等表示性质的形容词，这些词后面一般要跟动词不定式。我们不能说 It's quite necessary taking part in the negociation.应改作It's quite necessary to take part in the negociation.］It's glorious getting involved in working out the plan.
It is ［A］ possible determining that ［B］ French explorers reached the jucture of ［C］ the Kansas and Missouri rivers ［D］ in the seventeenth century.
二、作表语的-ING分词
Seeing is believing.His aims are learning two foreign languages and applying the theory he has learned to practice.
三、-ING分词作动词宾语(一)一类是动词或短语后边跟宾语的非限定性动词只能是-ING分词，如：acknowledge, admit(坦白，承认), advise, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, can't help, consider, contemplate(深思), delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape(躲过，避开), excuse, fancy, finish, give up, imagine, include, keep on, justify, mean(意味着，等于), mind(在乎), miss, postpone, practise, prohibit, put off, quit, recall, regret, resist, resume, risk(冒险干…), suggest, threaten。
By taking the back way he escaped _____ .［A］ to be seen ［B］ have been seen ［C］ seeing ［D］ being seen
I came late and missed _____ Jack winning.［A］ to see［B］ seeing［C］ see［D］ seen
"I see our boss coming down the hall.”“Then we’d better quit _____ and get down to business.”［A］ talking［B］ to talk［C］ from talking［D］ having talk
The young doctor first ［A］ practised to use ［B］ the needles on ［C］ his own ［D］ wrist.
Some experts have advocated to bring ［A］ that country into ［B］ the talks, to revive the intermittent dialogue ［C］ that began ［D］ after the 1967 Middle East War.
(二) 另一类动词后边作宾语的非限定性动词可以是-ING分词的动名词，也可以是动词不定式，如：attempt, begin, can't bear, cease, continue, deserve, endure, forget, go on, hate, intend, like, love, need, neglect, omit, plan, prefer, propose, regret, remember, start , stop, try等。(动词后接-ING和不定式时在用法上的区别在下一章讲)
“What’s wrong with Henry?”“He needs _____ .”［A］ cheer up［B］ to be cheer up［C］ cheering up［D］ to cheered up
Any such news would start her _____ .［A］ to worry［B］ worrying［C］ worry［D］ worried
(三)-ING分词作宾语还有下一结构，即用it代表-ING分词，而把-ING分词短语放到句子的后边去
I consider it worthwhile spending ten thousand yuan on the furniture.／Marry fount it marvellous having a journey with him.
四、 -ING结构作介词的宾语
几乎所有介词，不管是单个介词还是介词词组，不管它们是谓语动词的组成部分与否，都能用-ING分词的动名词作其宾语。所以，-ING结构作介词宾语的时候很多。-ING结构一般作介词短语的宾语，主要有以下搭配关系
(一)动词＋介词＋ -ING
Scientists measure the hardness ［A］ of a material ［B］ by comparatively ［C］ with a table of ten well-known ［D］ metals.
Her mother did not ［A］ approve of her to go ［B］ to the party without dressing ［C］ formally ［D］ .
Although many women’s colleges ［A］ have been coeducational ［B］ , other universities remain committed to keep ［C］ their facilities separate ［D］ .
We insist on you leave ［A］ the place before ［B］ any further ［C］ disturbances take place ［D］ .
(二)名词(形容词，不及物动词)＋介词to(不要把它视为动词不定式的标志)。下面是大纲中所列短语中的“to”为介词：(be) contrary to (与…相反),object(objection)to (反对), with a view to (为…起见)，(be) opposed to (反对)， in contrast to (与…成对比),be used to (习惯于), be exposed to, be dedicated to (致力于),resort to (诉诸于), as to (关于), be accustomed to (习惯于), be devoted to (献身于), be committed to (委身于), react to (对…反应), with regard to (关于), look forward to (期待), contribute to (贡献)，owe to由于，归功于等
I have no objection _____ the evening with them.［A］ to spend ［B］ to spending ［C］ to have spent ［D］ to have to spend
Why do you object to _____ the direction? ［A］ following ［B］ follow ［C］ have follow ［D］ have been followed
Mr. Brown often wore ［A］ a heavy coat ［B］ because he was not used to live ［C］ in such a ［D］ cold climate.
Livy was the ［A］ only great historian of the time ［B］ , and he devoted his attention to give ［C］ the world splendid ［D］ pictures.
(三)动词＋副词＋介词＋ -ING
I look forward to her coming soon.
(四)形容词(或具有形容词性质的-ED分词)＋介词＋ -ING
I am proud of having such a son. He is greatly honored of shaking hands with the President.It's impossible for him finishing the task in such a short time.He is interested in playing table tennis.
(五) 表示征询意见的 “How about…?”, “What…about?”
How about going there?What about having a concert?
How about _____ to the movies tonight?［A］ going［B］ if go［C］ to go［D］ if we go
(六)前面省略了介词in的-ING惯用法
The two children are busy doing their homework.Mr. Smith has difficulty fulfilling the task.There is no use going over the lessons before the night of exam.He has spent a lot of time preparing the exam for the postgraduate.Xiao Li lost no time catching up with his classmates.There is no point arguing with him.
五、 -ING结构作宾语补足语(一) 表示感觉和心理状态的动词，如 hear, feel, find, give, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, smell, watch等词的宾语可以用-ING作宾语补语
“Where are the children?” “I saw _____ in the yard.”［A］ them to play ［B］ them played ［C］ them playing ［D］ to them playing
I must say I don’t like to hear you _____ like that.［A］ talking［B］ to talk［C］ have to talk［D］ talked
(二)表示“致使”等意义的动词，如 catch, have, get, keep, leave, set
I am sorry to have kept you waiting for me so long. What you have told left me thinking that you experienced much when you were young.
(三)其他动词宾语的补语
The average age ［A］ of the Mediterranean ［B］ olive trees grow ［C］ today is two hundred years ［D］ .
六、 -ING结构作状语
-ING结构作状语表示主语在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作，它对谓语动词起修饰或陪衬的作用。这时要注意-ING与其逻辑主语在时态、意义上的统一
(一)表示时间和伴随 一般放在句首，有时可放在句中
Coming into the room, I found him sobbing. (=When I came into the room, I found him sobbing.) 在这里coming这一-ING分词动作发生时，紧接着(几乎是同时)发生了谓语动作，有“一……就”的意思。Pulling his body in the car, he drove away.(=After he pulled his body in the car, he drove away.)
Those naughty boys were caught _____ flowers in the garden again.［A］to steal［B］stealing［C］ having stolen［D］stolen
Daniel walked up and down ［A］ as he listened, hands behind ［B］ his back, now and then ［C］ asked ［D］ a question.
(二)表示方式
Being a clever girl, she was sent to college by her father.(此例不可改成：Being a clever girl, her father sent her to college.因为分词短语的逻辑主语不是“her father ”, 而只能是“she ”。)如果-ING分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，-ING分词前可以加when,while等连词，可放在句首或句末：When arriving home, he found the door opened. / He listened to the music radio while reading.
_____ ，Tony jumped into the river and saved the drowning man. ［A］ Good swimer as he is ［B］ He can swim very well ［C］ Being that he was a good swimmer［D］ Being a good swimmer
_____ the kind of man he was, he did not pay much attention to it at first.［A］ To be［B］ Being［C］ Having been［D］ Though to be
Was a dancer ［A］ and blues singer before ［B］ the age of eight ［C］ ，Florence Mills made her ［D］ vaudeville debut(轻歌舞首演) in 1910.
(三)表示原因
Not having had any letter from Tom, Marry was worried.(=Marry was worried because she did not have any letter from Tom.)Having got a headache, I didn't come to the concert. (=Because I got a headache, I didn't come to the concert.)
Most of the people, _____ , could not go to sleep that night after the party.［A］ being so excited ［B］ be so excited ［C］ being so exciting ［D］ be so exciting
Having the highest marks in his class， _____ .
［A］ the college offered him a scholarship ［B］ he was offered a scholarship by the college ［C］ a scholarship was offered him by the college ［D］ a college scholarship was offered to him
(四)表示条件：一般放在句首
Knowing anything about it, I will tell you all. (=If I know anything about it, I will tell you all.)Working diligently, you will pass the entrance exam. (=If you work diligently, you will pass the entrance exam.)
(五)表示让步：表示让步的-ING分词常常由although/though, even if/though, unless等连词引入，一般放在句首
Having great diffculties in the course of working, they finished the task ahead of time.Buying a lot of reference books for the exam, he failed in it because of the learning method.Although repeating his words many times, the teacher could not make his students understand the concret concept of philosophy. Even if coming by taxi, I will arrive in at least 45 minutes.
(六)表示结果：置于句末，前面要加so, thereby, thus, hence等表示结果的副词
He worked day and night, making himself near sighted.Not making what he meant misunderstood, he adjusted his tones to underline his meaning.The workers worked 14 hours a day, thus producing products three times as they did last month.He wished to travel all over the world, thereby studying customs of other countries.
The bus was held up by the traffic jam, _____ .［A］ thus causing the delay［B］ so that caused the delay［C］ to cause the delay［D］ caused the delay
七、-ING分词作定语
-ING分词可以单独作定语，也可以构成合成词作定语，但在更多情况下是分词短语作定语，包括限定性和非限定性(用逗号与其他部分分开)，在意义上相当于一个定语从句(包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句)
Jacob Lawrence executed many cycles of paintings _____ significant social themes.［A］ expressed ［B］ expressing ［C］ express ［D］ expression of
The name Nebraska comes from the Oto Indian word “nebrathka”， flat water.［A］ to mean ［B］ meaning ［C］ it means［D］ by meanig
The production of tin ore in the United States is relatively insignificant，_____ less than one hundred tons annually.［A］ amounting to ［B］ in the amount ［C］ amounts to it ［D］ to the amount of
八、-ING的完成时、被动语态与否定形式(一)如果-ING分词表示的是一般性动作，(即不指明是现在、过去或将来)不表示动作的先后或与谓语所表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生，这时要用-ING的一般形式
Revolution means _____ the productive forces.［A］ to liberate ［B］ to have liberated ［C］ liberating ［D］ having been liberated
It is a simple matter ［A］ to have found ［B］ the density of a gas ［C］ from its formula ［D］ .
(二)但如果-ING分词所表示的动作先于句子谓语发生，就要用“(not)having+-ED分词”表示完成时
_____ by the journey, he went to bed immediately after he came back home.［A］ Being exhausted ［B］ To have exhausted ［C］ Having exhausted ［D］ Having been exhausted
_____ with an accedent, he arrived at the station ten minutes late.［A］ Having met ［B］ To have met ［C］ Meeting ［D］ Having been met
(三) 当非限定性动词-ING的逻辑主语是-ING所表示的动作对象时要用-ING的被动形式，包括其一般形式“(not)being + -ED分词和完成形式“(not)having been +-ED分词”
Solids, liquids, and gases at rest all have a tendency to resist _____ in motion.［A］ setting［B］ to set［C］ being set［D］ to be set
Upon questioning ［A］ he denied having killed ［B］ the old woman with ［C］ the home-made ［D］ gun.
(四)-ING的否定形式是把not加在-ING的前边
_____ of the change in the meeting time, Mike arrived late.［A］ Not having notified［B］ Not notifying［C］ Not to notify［D］ Not having been notified
I regret _____ hard at school.［A］ not to have worked［B］ not having worked［C］ not have worked［D］ having not worked
九、-ING分词的逻辑主语(一)-ING分词除了具有动词的特点以外，它还有名词的特点，即可以加物主代词(如my,your,his等)和名词的属格(如Wang Qing's等)来表示其逻辑主语(这时-ING的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致)
I suggest _____ on an excursion this Sunday.［A］ we are going ［B］ to go ［C］ us going ［D］ our going
on a clear day, far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace.［A］ If walking ［B］ While walking ［C］ Walking ［D］ When one is walking
Marta ［A］ being chosen ［B］ as the most outstanding ［C］ student on her campus made her parents ［D］ very happy.
(二) 还有一种-ING分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的情况，这时直接可用“-ING分词的主语＋-ING”来表示，这样的-ING分词短语可由介词引导。这种结构叫独立结构
A new technique _____ , the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.［A］ to have been worked out ［B］ having worked out［C］ working out ［D］ having been worked out
Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work _____ , we declined the offer.［A］ not being finished［B］ not having finished［C］ had not been finished ［D］ was not finished
(三)如果逻辑主语已和句子主语一致，那么其逻辑主语就可省略(在使用这种用法时要注意：-ING分词所表示的动作[ZZ(]一定[ZZ)]是主语所发出的，也就是说-ING分词的逻辑主语[ZZ(]一定[ZZ)]是主句的主语。试比较下列句子)
Getting into the room, I smelled a terrible smell.(getting 是 I 的动作)
Getting into the room, it give a terrible smell. (错误)
Walking through the forest, we found many strange animals. (walking 是 we 发出的)
Walking through the forest, a lot of animals are there. (错误)
Looking out of the window of our hotel room, we saw zigzag mountains. (Looking的使动者是we)Looking out of the window of our hotel room, there were zigzag mountians.(错误)
Never attempting to be a literary stylist, _____ in her novels.［A］ she considered the plot the most important element［B］ the most important element considered to be the plot［C］ considering the plot the most important element［D］ the plot was considered to be the most important element
_____ with the new method, the material does not break up easily.［A］ To have treated ［B］ Having treated ［C］ Being treated ［D］ Having been treated
Attempting to reach his home before the storm, _____.［A］ the bicycle of John broke down［B］ it happened that John’s bike broke down［C］ the storm caught John ［D］ John had an accident on his bicycle
(四)-ING分词的主语可以与做主语的名词或代词(即代词的主格)一致，放在-ING前边，与
-ING分词构成逻辑上的“主谓”关系。但是，-ING分词(还有-ED分词)短语作状语时，也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的“主语”。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，叫做独立结构。在很多情况下它都相当于各种形式的状语，表示一种伴随的动作或情况
Weather _____ , we’ll go sightseeing.［A］ permitted［B］ is permitted［C］ permitting［D］ is permitting
There are four factories in our institute,_____ .［A］ each to have over 100 workers［B］ each having over 100 worders［C］ which there are over 100 workers ［D］ with each that has over 100 workers
We went to ［A］ the World Park, Xiao Wang act ［B］ as guide for ［C］ he had been there several times ［D］.
十、习惯用法(一)There is no +-ING分词，表示“不可能”
There is no getting along with him.(无法和他相处。)
(二)It(There) is no use (good) +-ING分词，表示“无用”= It is of no use (good) to +V：
There(It) is no use advising him to give up smoking.(劝他戒烟是徒劳的。)
(三)be busy(worth)+-ING分词 (忙于)
He is busy mapping out his plans for the next semester.
(四)feel like+-ING分词 (想)
I don’t feel like eating just now.(我现在不想吃。)
(五)What do you say to+-ING分词?(…怎么样?)
What do you say to joining us for dinner?(和我们一起进餐，你看怎么样?)
(六)spend+时间+(in)+-ING分词
Jane spent several days (in) preparing for the final exams.(简花了好几天时间准备期末考试。)
(七)
difficulty
trouble
have + a problem +(in)+ -ING分词
a good(hard) time
fun (快乐)
The student had ［A］ difficulty to write ［B］ a short paragraph ［C］ correctly ［D］ .
I imagine that ［A］ I could go to the theater again and have just as good a time ［B］ not try to ［C］ think of an opening sentence ［D］ .
十一、例题解析
1.B为正确答案。 2.D为正确答案。 3.C为正确答案。
4.B错。 改为to determine，关于动词不定式与-ING分词的区别请参见第七章“小结”。
5.D为正确答案。 6.B为正确答案。 7.A为正确答案。 8.B错。改为using。 9.A错。改为bringing。
10.C为正确答案。
11.B为正确答案。“start＋不定式”与“start＋-ING”有所不同，前者表示具体动作，后者表示一般性动作或状态。
12.C错。改为comparing。 13.B错。改为her going。
14.C错。改为to keeping。be committed to＋名词或-ING分词，意为“同意承担，答应(干某事或支持某事)。”
15.A错。 改为your leaving。 16.B为正确答案。 17.A为正确答案。 18.C错。改为to living。
19.C错。 改为giving。 20.A为正确答案。 21.C为正确答案。 22.A为正确答案。
23.C错。改成“growing”。本句中先后出现了两个动词，“grow”和“is”，这显然不合语法。将“grow”变为“growing”后便构成了-ING短语，修饰“trees”。［参见第六章］
24.B为正确答案。stealing表示正在进行。 25.D错。改为asking。 26.D为正确答案。
27.B为正确答案。 28.A错。改成“Being a dancer”。 29.A为正确答案。 30.B为正确答案。
31.A为正确答案。 32.B为正确答案。本句空白处缺能起定语作用的词，用来修饰前面的名词paintings。
33.B为正确答案。本句空白后面的成分为-ING短语，相当于“which means…”。C 表面上正确，但英语中没有连接词连接的两个分句是不能成立的，但我们可以说“which means”，用“which”指代“Nebrathka”。但这样就变成非限定性定语从句了。
34.A为正确答案。本句相当于一个非限定性定语从句(which amounts to…)，amount(总计) -不及物动词，故没有-ED分词。
35.C为正确答案。 36.B错。 改为to find。 37.D为正确答案。 38.A为正确答案。
39.C为正确答案。 40.A错。Upon being questioned。 41.D为正确答案。 42.B为正确答案。
43.D为正确答案。 44.D为正确答案。 45.A错。改为Marta’s。 46.D为正确答案。47.A为正确答案。 48.A为正确答案。 49.D为正确答案。 50.D为正确答案。 51.C为正确答案。 52.B为正确答案。
53.B错。改为acting。 54.B错。改为writing。 55.C错。改为trying to。
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