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2017年全国职称英语等级考试(卫生类B级)历年真题及模拟试题详解

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ooo 发表于 17-8-13 16:29:59 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |倒序浏览 |阅读模式
下载地址:http://free.100xuexi.com/Ebook/135578.html
目录                                                                                        封面
内容简介
目录
第一部分 历年真题及详解[视频讲解]
 2016年全国职称英语等级考试(卫生类B级)真题及详解
 2015年全国职称英语等级考试(卫生类B级)真题及详解[视频讲解]
 2014年全国职称英语等级考试(卫生类B级)真题及详解
 2013年全国职称英语等级考试(卫生类B级)真题及详解[视频讲解]
 2012年全国职称英语等级考试(卫生类B级)真题及详解[视频讲解]
 2011年全国职称英语等级考试(卫生类B级)真题及详解
 2010年全国职称英语等级考试(卫生类B级)真题及详解
 2009年全国职称英语等级考试(卫生类B级)真题及详解
 2008年全国职称英语等级考试(卫生类B级)真题及详解
 2007年全国职称英语等级考试(卫生类B级)真题及详解
 2006年全国职称英语等级考试(卫生类B级)真题及详解
 2005年全国职称英语等级考试(卫生类B级)真题及详解
第二部分 模拟试题及详解
 全国职称英语等级考试(卫生类B级)模拟试题及详解(一)
 全国职称英语等级考试(卫生类B级)模拟试题及详解(二)
 全国职称英语等级考试(卫生类B级)模拟试题及详解(三)
                                                                                                                                    本书更多内容>>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    使用说明                                                                                                   
                                                                                    

内容预览
第一部分 历年真题及详解[视频讲解]
2016年全国职称英语等级考试(卫生类B级)真题及详解
第1部分:词汇选项(第1—15题,每题l分,共15分)
下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线,请为每处画线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. We are aware of the potentialproblems.
A. global
B. ongoing
C. possible
D. central
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意:我们意识到了潜在的问题。potential潜在的,可能存在的。possible可能的。二者意思相近,可相互替换。global全球的。ongoing持续存在的,不间断地。central中心的。因此,本题正确答案为C。
2. The revelation of his past led to hisresignation.
A. imagination
B. disclosure
C. confirmation
D. recall
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意:对他的过往的揭发导致了他的离职。revelation揭露,透露,泄露。disclosure揭露,披露。二者意思相近,可进行替换。imagination想象力。confirmation确认,证实。recall召回,唤回;回想;罢免。因此,本题正确答案为B。
3. Her overall language proficiency remains thatof a toddler.
A. disabled
B. baby
C. pupil
D. teenager
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意:她的整体语言水平仍然停留在幼儿时期。toddler学步的小孩。baby婴幼儿。二者意思相近,可相互替换。disabled残疾的。pupil学生。teenager青少年。因此,本题正确答案为B。
4. All houses within 100 metres of the seas are atrisk of flooding.
A. out of control
B. in danger
C. between equals
D. in particular
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意:海边100米之内的房屋都有遭遇洪水的危险。at risk冒风险,冒危险。in danger处于危险之中。二者意思相近,可相互替换。out of control失控。between equals平等地。in particular特别地,尤其地。因此,本题正确答案为B。
5.The phobia may have its root in a childhood trauma.
A. fear
B. joy  C:memory
D. hurt
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意:恐惧症可能源于童年时间的创伤。trauma痛苦的经历;精神上的创伤。hurt痛苦;伤害。二者意思相近,可相互替换。fear恐惧,担心。joy快乐,喜悦。memory记忆。因此,本题正确答案为D。
6. The course gives you basic instructionin car maintenance.
A. idea
B. term
C. aspect
D. coaching
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意:该课程教你关于汽车保养的基本知识。instruction指导;使用说明。coaching指导。二者意思相近,可相互替换。idea主意,想法。term术语;学期。aspect方面,面貌。因此,本题正确答案为D。
7.The new garment fits her perfectly.
A. haircut
B. purse
C. clothes
D. necklace
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意:这件新衣服很适合她。garment衣服,服装。clothes衣服。二者意思相近,可相互替换。haircut发型;理发。purse女士钱包。necklace项链。因此,本题正确答案为C。
8. We are worried about this fluidsituation full with uncertainty.
A. stable
B. suitable
C. adaptable
D. changeable
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意:我们十分担忧这个充满不确定性的动荡局势。fluid流动的;不确定的。changeable易变的,不稳定的。二者意思相近,可相互替换。stable稳定的。suitable适合的。adaptable可适应的,适应力强的。因此,本题正确答案为D。
9. You’ll have to sprint if you want tocatch the train.
A. jump
B. escape
C. prepare
D. run
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意:你要想赶上火车就快跑吧。sprint快跑,冲刺。run奔跑。二者意思相近,可相互替换。jump跳跃。escape逃跑,逃脱。prepare准备。因此,本题正确答案为D。
10. The coastal area has very mildwinter, but the central plains remain extremely cold.
A. warm
B. severe
C. hard
D. dry
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意:沿海地区的冬季,气候温和,而中部平原地区的冬季则十分寒冷。mild温和的,温暖的。warm温暖的。二者意思相近,可相互替换。severe严峻的,严重的。hard艰难的,困难的;努力地。dry干燥的。因此,本题正确答案为A。
11. Stock market price tumbled afterrumor of a rise in interest rate.
A. regulated
B. increased
C. fell
D. maintained
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意:有谣言称利率会上涨,这导致股票的市场价格因此而下跌。tumble暴跌,下跌。fall下降;跌倒。二者意思相近,可相互替换。regulate调节,调控。increase增加,上涨。maintain保持,维持。因此,本题正确答案为C。
12. They have built canals to irrigatethe desert.
A. decorate
B. change
C. visit
D. water
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意:他们修建运河用来灌溉荒漠。irrigate灌溉。water灌溉,浇水。二者意思相近,可相互替换。decorate装饰,布置。change改变,变化。visit参观,拜访。因此,本题正确答案为D。
13.The idea was quite brilliant.
A. positive
B. key
C. original
D. clever
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意:这个主意好极了。brilliant绝妙的,出色的。clever聪明的。二者意思相近,可相互替换。positive积极的。key关键的。original原始的;独创的。因此,本题正确答案为D。
14.The details of the costume were totally authentic.
A. outstanding
B. real
C. creative
D. false
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意:服装道具的细节很逼真。authentic真实的,逼真的。real真实的,真正的。二者意思相近,可相互替换。outstanding杰出的,出色的。creative有创造力的。false错误的,虚假的。因此,本题正确答案为B。
15.Jensen is a dangerous man, and can be very brutal.
A. careless
B. strong
C. hard
D. cruel
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意:詹森是个十分危险的人,他有时候会很野蛮。brutal野蛮的,残暴的。cruel残忍的,残酷的。二者意思相近,可相互替换。careless粗心的。strong强壮的。hard艰难的,困难的。因此,本题正确答案为D。
第2部分:阅读判断(第16—22题,每题l分。共7分)
下面的短文后列出了7个句子,请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断:如果该句提供的是正确信息,请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息,请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及,请选择C。
Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart Attack
German researchers have come up with a new generation ofdefibrillators(除颤器)and early-warning software aimed at offeringheart patients greater protection from sudden death from cardiac arrest(心脏骤停).
In Germany alone around 100,000 people die annually as aresult of cardiac arrest and many of these cases are caused by disruption tothe heart’ s rhythm. Those most at risk are patients who have already suffereda heart attack, and for years the use of defibrillators has proved useful indiagnosing life-threatening disruptions to heart rhythms and correcting themautomatically by intervening within seconds. These devices take on a range offunctions, such as that of pacemaker.
Heart specialists at Freiburg’ s University Clinic have nowachieved a breakthrough with an implanted defibrillator capable of generating asix-channel electrocardiogram (ECG) within the body. This integrated systemallows early diagnosis of acute blood-flow problems and a pending (潜在的)heart attack. It will be implanted in patients for the first time thisyear. Meanwhile, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for AppliedMathematics in Kaiserslautem have developed a new computer software thatrenders the evaluation of ECG data more precise.
The overwhelming majority of patients at risk will not havean implanted defibrillator and must for this reason undergo regular ECGs. “Manyof the current programs only take into account a linear correlation of thedata. We are, however, making use of a non-linear process that reveals thechaotic patterns of heart beats as an open and complex system,” Hagen Knafsays. “In this way changes in the heart beats over time can be monitored andindividual variations in patients taken into account.” An old study of ECGdata, based upon 600 patients who had suffered a subsequent heart attack,enabled the researchers to compare risks and to show that the new softwareevaluates the data considerably better.
16. A new type ofdefibrillators can be used to prevent cardiovascular diseases.
A. Right
B. Wrong 
C. Not mentioned
17. Cardiac arrest iscaused mostly by disruption to the heart’s rhythm.
A. Right
B. Wrong 
C. Not mentioned
18. Defibrillators areuseful in curing patients constantly under the threat of heart attack.
A. Right
B. Wrong 
C. Not mentioned
19. The new computersoftware is designed by a German Company.
A. Right
B. Wrong 
C. Not mentioned
20. The non-linearprocess has taken into account the individual variations in patients.
A. Right
B. Wrong 
C. Not mentioned
21. The early-warningsoftware is unique in its data collection.
A. Right
B. Wrong 
C. Not mentioned
22. The researchersproved the validity of the new software via ECG data of an old study.
A. Right
B. Wrong 
C. Not mentioned
【答案与解析】
16.A 定位根据关键词a new type ofdefibrillators和preventcardiovascular diseases可定位至第一段。
点睛根据文章第一段,德国研究者们发明了新一代的除颤器和早期预警软件,旨在为心脏病帮人提供更多的保护,使他们免遭心脏骤停导致的突然死亡。由此可知,本题说法是正确的。因此,本题正确答案为A。
17.A 定位根据关键词cardiac arrest 和caused by disruption to the heart's rhythm可定位至第二段。
点睛仅在德国每年就有大约十万人死于心脏骤停,其中大部分是由于心律中断导致的。由此可知,本题说法是正确的。因此,本题正确答案为A。
18.B 定位defibrillators 和useful in curing patients underthe threat of heart attack可定位至第二段。
点睛几年来,除颤器被证实在诊断心律中断和在几秒内实施自动干涉以调整心律这些方面是十分有用的。由此可知,除颤器用于诊断和调整心律而非治疗心脏病,本题说法是错误的。因此,本题正确答案为B。
19.B 定位根据关键词new computer software和 designed by Germany Company可定位至第三段。
点睛凯瑟劳特的弗劳胡佛实用数学学院的研究者开发了一种新型的计算机软件。由此可知,设计软件的是研究者们而非公司,本题说法是错误的。因此,本题正确答案为B。
20.A 定位根据关键词non-linear process和taken into account the individual variations可定位至第四段。
点睛但是,我们现在正在使用的是能够将心脏跳动的混乱模式作为一个直观而又复杂的系统揭示出来的非线性处理方法,这样心脏跳动频率的变化就会受到监测,而病人个体特征也会得到考虑。由此可知,本题说法是正确的。因此,本题正确答案为A。
21.C 定位根据关键词early-warning software和unique in data collection可定位至第一段和第二段。
点睛这两段并未提到早期预警软件的数据收集方法。因此,本题正确答案为C。
22.A 定位根据关键词prove the validity of new EGG data of an old study可定位至最后一段。
点睛一项基于600位连续犯心脏病的患者的心电图数据研究使科学家们能够比较风险,结果显示新软件明显能更好地评估心电图数据。由此可知,本题说法是正确的。因此,本题正确答案为A。
【全文翻译】
科学家探索检测心脏病的方法
德国研究人员研发出了新一代除颤器和预警软件,旨在更好的保护心脏病患者,防止因心脏停搏而突然死亡。
仅仅在德国,每年就有约10万人死于心脏骤停,其中大部分是由于心率中止导致的。最危险的是那些已经犯过一次心脏病的人。多年来,除颤器的使用在诊断要命的心率中止以及在几秒钟之内自动干预并矫正心率方面是非常有用的。这些设备有一系列功能,比如相当于起搏器的功能。
弗莱堡大学诊所的心脏病专家已经在植入式心律除颤器方面取得了突破性的进展,这种心律除颤器可以在体内产生六通道型的心电图。这种集成系统能够提前诊断出严重的血液流通问题和即将发生的心脏病。这种仪器今年将首次植入病人体内。与此同时,凯泽斯劳滕的弗劳恩霍夫研究所应用数学部的研究人员已经开发出了一种新的计算机软件,此软件可以使心电图数据的评估更加精确。
大多数危险的患者都没有植入式除颤器,所以他们必须接受常规心电图检查。“现有的许多程序只考虑线性相关性数据,但是我们现在使用的是能够将心脏跳动的混乱模式作为一个直观而又复杂的系统解释出来的非线性处理方法,”Hagen Knaf说。通过这种方式可以随时监测心跳的变化,个体差异因素也会被考虑在内。过去一项基于600位连续犯心脏病的患者的研究让研究人员们可以对风险进行比较,结果显示新软件明显能更好地处理心电图数据。
第3部分:概括大意与完成句子(第23—30题,每题1分,共8分) 
下面的短文后有2项测试任务:(1)第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2~5段每段选择1个最佳标题;(2)第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。
Seek Health and Wellness
1  Whether you are busy studying or startingclerkship, it is absolutely essential to maintain health and well-beingthroughout your medical career. Some ways are useful in trying to stay healthyand active. Hopefully you can take them!
2  Staring at a laptop screen for a prolonged (长时间的)period of time not only dries out our eyes but also beginsto take a toll on our efficiency. If you find yourself staring at the sameslide for more than 15 minutes, take a nice walk outside!
3  Different types of nuts are great brain food!Nuts of any kind can easily be absorbed into your daily meals. They go greatwith milk and salads. To add in the nutritious value of nuts, they serve as asource of protein (蛋白质)while helping to raise HDL, the “goodcholesterol (胆固醇)” in our bodies.
4  If you’re a coffee lover, try switching it upfrom time to time. Carbonated water is a good substitute every now and then.There are no calories, compared to regular sodas (碳酸饮料), and the carbonation adds a little fizz(嘶嘶声)that can help keep you awake and refreshed.
5  It’ s easy to feel nervous about medicalpractice, but if you keep your mind focused on the big picture and acknowledgewhat you’ve done instead of what you haven’t, your mindset will take a turn forthe greater good. Being confident and staying positive changes your mood andoutlook, making the workload more manageable.
6  We may have something called “puppy therapy”.It’s important to have something that is “your thing”, something that you enjoydoing that helps you connect with the outside world. That can be anything thatcan relax your mind and re-energize your body without taking a huge mass out ofyour busy day.
23.Paragraph 2________
24.Paragraph 3________
25.Paragraph 4________
26.Paragraph 5________
A. Eat some nuts
B. Think positive
C. Stare at the laptopscreen
D. Reduce the workloadschedule
E. Substitute coffeefor a healthier drink
F. Take a walk
【答案与解析】
23.F 本文主要是提供一些有助于健康的建议。本段主要介绍长时间盯着电脑屏幕会导致视觉疲劳,工作效率降低;如果盯着同一张幻灯片看超过了15分钟,就该去外面走走了。F项是针对本段内容所给出的建议。因此,正确答案为F。
24.A 坚果有很高的营养价值,是蛋白质的来源之一,能帮助提高我们身体里的“好的胆固醇”的含量。A项是针对本段内容所给出的建议。因此,正确答案为A。
25.E 本段主要介绍苏打水可以替代咖啡,和普通的碳酸饮料相比,它不含脂肪,发出的嘶嘶声也能让人保持清醒。E项是针对本段内容所给出的建议。因此,正确答案为E。
26.B 本段主要介绍从医时很容易感到紧张,但是如果能专注于大局,认识到你所做的事情,而不是还没做的事情,你的心态就会向好的方向转变。积极自信的状态会改变你的情绪和观念,工作起来更得心应手。B项是针对本段内容所给出的建议。因此,正确答案为B。
27. Health and wellnessare needed in____.
28. Puppy therapyrefers to something that activates your____.
29. To reduce anxietyof becoming a doctor, you need to set your mind on____.
30. It’s advisable toreplace coffee with____.
A. a medical career  B.an attentive mind C. nutritious nuts
D. carbonated water  E.the greater good  F. body and mind
【答案与解析】
27.A 定位根据题干定位至第一段。
点睛该段第一句话后半句提到,对于从事医疗职业而言,保持健康是十分有必要的。A选项与原文说法一致,因此,正确答案为A。
28.F 定位根据关键词“puppy therapy”可定位至原文最后一段。
点睛根据最后一段的最后一句话可知,puppy therapy指的就是能够让你大脑放松,恢复活力,又不会占用大量时间的事情。F选项与原文说法一致,因此,正确答案为F。
29.E 定位根据题干可定位至第五段。
点睛根据第五段第一句话可知,从医很容易感到紧张,但是专注于大局认识到你所做的事情,而不是还没做的事情,心态就会向好的方向转变。E选项与原文说法一致,因此,正确答案为E。
30.D 定位根据题干可定位至第四段。
点睛根据第四段可知,苏打水可以替代咖啡,是一种很好的替代品。D选项与原文说法一致,因此,正确答案为D。
【全文翻译】
寻求健康
无论你是正忙于学习还是开始了实习生涯,对于从事医疗职业来说,保持健康是十分必要的。有一些方法可以有效地帮助你保持身心健康,希望你可以采用这些方法!
长时间盯着电脑屏幕会导致视觉疲劳,工作效率降低;如果盯着同一张幻灯片看超过了15分钟,就该去外面走走了!
各种不同的坚果就是补脑的良方。各种坚果都很容易与你的一日三餐一起被身体吸收。它们与牛奶和沙拉也很搭配。坚果的营养价值很高,是蛋白质的来源之一,能帮助提高我们身体里的“好的胆固醇”的含量。
如果你爱喝咖啡,试着时不时地换换别的吧。苏打水可以替代咖啡,和普通的碳酸饮料相比,它不含脂肪,发出的嘶嘶声也能让人保持清醒。
从医时很容易感到紧张,但是如果能专注于大局,认识到你所做的事情,而不是还没做的事情,你的心态就会向好的方向转变。积极自信的状态会改变你的情绪和观念,工作起来更得心应手。
我们有某种称为“减压治疗”的东西。某件事是“你自己的事”这很重要,你喜欢做的这件事可以帮助你建立与外部世界的联系。它可以是任何事,只要能帮助你放松身心,又不会占用你忙碌生活中的大量时间。
第4部分:阅读理解(第31~45题,每题3分,共45分)
下面有3篇短文,每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容,为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇MedicineAward Kicks off Nobel Prize Announcements
Two scientists who have won praise for research into thegrowth of cancer cells could be candidates for the Nobel Prize in medicine whenthe 2008 winners are presented on Monday, kicking off six days of Nobelannouncements.
Australian-born US citizen Elizabeth Blackburn and AmericanCarol Greider have already won a series of medical honors for their enzyme(酶)researchand experts say they could be among the front-runners for a Nobel.
Among the pair’s possible rivals are Frenchman PierreChambon and Americans Ronald Evans and Elwood Jensen, who opened up the fieldof studying proteins called nuclear hormone receptors (受体).
As usual, the tight-lipped award committee is giving nohints about who is in the running before presenting its decision in a newsconference at Stockholm’ s Karolinska Institute.
Alfred Nobel, the Swede who invented dynamite (炸药),established the prizes in his will in the categories of medicine, physics,chemistry, literature and peace. The economics prize is technically not a Nobelbut a 1968 creation of Sweden’s central bank.
Nobel left few instructions on how to select winners, butmedicine winners are typically awarded for a specific breakthrough rather thana body of research.
Hans Jornvall, secretary of the medicine prize committee,said the 10 million kronor (瑞典克朗)(US$1. 3 million)prize encouragesgroundbreaking research but he did not think winning it was the primary goalfor scientists.
“Individual researchers probably don’t look at themselvesas potential Nobel Prize winners when they’re at work,” Jornvall told TheAssociated Press. “They get their kicks from their research and their interest in howlife functions.”
In 2006, Blackburn, of the University of California, SanFrancisco, and Greider, of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, shared theLasker prize for basic medical research with Jack Szostak of Harvard MedicalSchool. Their work set the stage for research suggesting that cancer cells usetelomerase (端粒酶)to sustain (维持)theiruncontrolled growth.
31. Who is mostunlikely to win the Nobel Prize in medicine?
A. Carol Greider.
B. Pierre Chambon.
C. Hans Jornvall.
D. Elizabeth Blackburn.
32. Which is NOT trueof Alfred Nobel?
A. He was from Sweden.
B. He left clear instructions on how to select winners.
C. He invented dynamite.
D. He established the Nobel Prizes in his will.
33. Originally theNobel Prizes did NOT include_____.
A. the peace prize
B. the economics prize
C. the literature prize
D. the medicine prize3
34. The word “kicks” inParagraph 8 probably means_____.
A. money 
B. respect 
C. knowledge
D. enjoyment
35. Telomerase may playa key role in_____.
A. the unchecked growth of cancer cells
B. the killing of cancer cells
C. the division of normal cells
D. the transmission of viruses
【答案与解析】
31.C 点睛根据文章倒数第三段中“Hans Jornvall, secretary of the medicine prize committee…”可知,Hans Jornvall只是诺贝尔医学奖委员会的秘书,文章并没有提到他对医学的贡献,故答案为C项。
避错文章第二段提到Elizabeth Blackburn和Carol Greider在诺贝尔奖的竞选中处于领先地位,故排除A、D项。第三段又提到Pierre Chambon是他们可能的竞争对手,故排除B项。
32.B 点睛第六段第一句话提到“Nobel left few instructions on how to select winners”,所以在如何选出获奖者上,他给出了很少的指导,故B项表述错误,故答案为B项。
避错根据第一句话中的“Alfred Nobel, the Swede who inventeddynamite (炸药),established the prizes in his will”可知,阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔来自于瑞典,发明了炸药,在他的遗嘱中提到创建诺贝尔奖,故A、C、D项均表述正确。
33.B 点睛根据文章第五段中最后一句“The economics prize is technically not a Nobel but a 1968 creationof Sweden’s central bank.”可知,经济学奖严格来讲不是诺贝尔奖,而是后来设立的,故答案为B项。
34.D 定位根据题干可定位至第八段。
点睛第八段中Jornvall提到研究人员在研究的时候并不认为自己可能会获得诺贝尔奖,他们从他们的研究以及对生命运转方式的兴趣中获得乐趣,通过后面的“interest”一词推测,kicks的意思应该是“乐趣”,故答案为D项。
35.A 定位根据Telomerase定位至最后一段最后一句。
点睛根据最后一句“Their work set the stage for researchsuggesting that cancer cells use telomerase (端粒酶) to sustain (维持) their uncontrolled growth.”可知,端粒酶是用来维持癌细胞疯狂生长的物质,故答案为A项。
【全文翻译】
诺贝尔奖的公布从医学奖开始
两位因研究癌细胞的生长而贏得赞誉的科学家可能成为2008年诺贝尔医学奖的候选人,周一将为医学获奖者进行颁奖,从而开始诺贝尔奖为期六天的公布。
由于对酶的研究,出生于澳大利亚的美国人伊丽莎白?布莱克本和另外一个美国人开罗?格雷德已经贏得了一系列医学方面的荣誉。专家称他们最有可能获得这次的医学奖。
布莱克本和格雷德的竞争对手有来自法国的皮埃尔?尚本、来自美国的罗纳德?依文斯和艾尔伍 德?杰森,他们开创了核激素受体这一蛋白质研究的新领域。
与以前一样,在斯德哥尔摩卡罗林斯卡学院召开新闻发布会并公布决定之前,评奖委员会没有任何关于候选人是谁的暗示。
阿尔弗雷德诺贝尔是瑞典人,他发明了甘油炸药。他在遗嘱里确立了诺贝尔奖并将其分为医学奖,物理学奖,化学奖,文学奖及和平奖。严格来说,经济学奖不是诺贝尔而是瑞典中央银行在1968年创立的。
诺贝尔没有留下关于如何评奖的指导,然而,医学奖的获得通常是由于具体的突破,而不是大量的研究。
医学奖委员会秘书汉斯?乔恩瓦说,一千万瑞典克朗(相当于130万美元)的奖金可以鼓励开拓 性研究,然而,他认为,赢得奖金并不是科学家的初衷。
“从事研究工作时,研究者很可能并不把自己看成未来的诺贝尔奖获得者。”乔恩瓦这样对美联社记者说:“他们的动力来自他们的研究以及对生命运转方式的兴趣。”
2006年,来自旧金山加利福尼亚大学的布莱克本,来自巴尔的摩约翰?霍普金斯大学的格雷德与来自哈佛医学院的杰克?绍斯塔克共同获得了拉斯克尔基础医学奖。他们的工作为研究癌细胞利用端粒酶维持不可控制的生长打下了基础。
第二篇  EthnicTensions in Belgium
Belgium has given the world Audrey Hepburn, Rene Magritte (surrealistartist), the saxophone (萨克斯)and deep-fried potato chips that are somehowcalled French.
But the story behind this fiat, twice-Beijing-size countryis of a bad marriage between two nationalities living together that cannot stand each other. With no new government, more than a hundreddays after a general election, rumors run wild that the country is about todisappear.
“We are two different nations, an artificial state. Withnothing in common except a king, chocolate and beer,” said Filip Dewinter, theleader of the Flemish Bloc, the extreme-right Flemish party.
Radical Flemish separatists like Mr Dewinter want to dividethe country horizontally along ethnic and economic lines: to the north,Flanders—where Dutch (known locally as Flemish) is spoken and money isincreasingly made; to the south, French-speaking Wallonia, where today oldfactories dominate the landscape.
The area of present-day Belgium passed to the French in the18th century. Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, Belgium was given tothe kingdom of the Netherlands, from which it gained independence as a separatekingdom in 1830.
Since then, it has struggled for cohesion(结合).Anyone who has spoken French in a Flemish city quickly gets a sense of themutual hostility that is part of daily life there.
But there are reasons Belgium is likely to stay together,at least in the short term.
The economies of the two regions are tightly linked, andseparation would be a financial nightmare.
But there is also deep resentment in Flanders that its muchhealthier economy must subsidize (补贴)the south, whereunemployment is double that of the north. French speakers in the south, meanwhile,favor the status quo (现状).
Belgium has made it through previous threats of division.Although some political analysts believe this one is different, there is nopanic just now.
“We must not worry too much,” said Baudouin Bruggeman, a55-year-old school-teacher. “Belgium has survived on compromise since 1930. Youhave to remember that this is Magritte’s country, the country of surrealism.Anything can happen.”
36.Who was Magritte?
A. A surrealist artist. 
B. A French novelist.
C. A saxophonist. 
D. A separatist.
37. When did Belgiumbecome an independent kingdom?
A.In 1800.
B.In 1815. 
C.In 1830. 
D.In 1930.
38. Which statementabout Belgium is NOT true?
A. It is twice as big as Beijing.
B. It has two major ethnic groups.
C. It has gone through quite a few threats of division.
D. It has no government.
39. What does thispassage mainly talk about?
A. Surrealist artists.
B. Belgium’ s economy.
C. Cultural clashes in Belgium.
D. Present-day Belgium.
40. The word “stand” inParagraph 2 means____.
A. handle
B. meet 
C. bear
D. combine
【答案与解析】
36.A 定位根据Magritte定位至第一段。
点睛第一段中提到“Audrey Hepburn Rene Magritte (surrealistartist)”,由此可知,马格利特是一位超现实主义艺术家。
37.C 定位根据关键词an independent kingdom定位至第五段。
点睛文章第五段最后一句提到“... it gained independence as aseparate kingdom in 1830”,即自从1830年起,比利时获得独立,成为一个独立王国,故答案为C项。
38.D 点睛文章第二段第二句提到“With no new government, morethan a hundred days after a general election…”,由此可知,比利时并不是没有政府,只是没有新的政府,故D项表示不正确。
避错根据文章第二段第一句“twice– Beijing – size country is of a bad marriage between two nationalities livingtogether that cannot stand each other”可知,比利时是北京的两倍大,而且有两大主要的民族,故A、B项正确。文章倒数第二段第一句话提到“Belgium has made it through previous threats of division.”,因此比利时经历了几次分裂的威胁,故C项正确。
39.C 点睛文章主要讲述了比利时不同文化下的不同民族之间冲突,并差点导致国家放分离,由此可知该文章主要讲的是比利时的文化冲突,故答案为C项。
40.C 定位根据题干定位至第二段。
点睛第二段中提到“But the story behind this flat,twice-Beijing-size country is of a bad marriage between two nationalitiesliving together that cannot stand each other.”,根据a bad marriage可知,这两个民族虽然居住在一起,但并不能忍受对方。stand“忍受”,故答案为C项。
【全文翻译】
比利时民族关系紧张
比利时在世界上拥有奥黛丽·赫本、勒内·马格利特(一位超现实主义艺术家)、萨克斯管和不知怎的被称作法式油炸薯片的东西。
在这个地势平坦,面积是北京的两倍的国家背后是两个民族糟糕的结合。它们生活在一起,但都无法忍受对方。大选过去100多天了,仍然没有成立新的政府,谣言四起,认为这个国家将要消失。
“我们是两个不同的民族组成的一个不真实的国家。这两个民族除了有一个共同的国王、巧克力和啤酒,别的再无共同点。”Filp Dewinter说道。他是极右的佛兰芒党的领袖,即佛兰芒集团党的领袖。
激进的佛兰芒分裂主义分子如Mr. Dewinter想要沿着民族和经济线横向地切分这个国家:北边是佛兰德斯,讲荷兰语(当地认为是佛兰芒语),财富不断增长;南边是讲法语的瓦隆尼亚地区,也就是现在以就工厂为主导的地区。
18世纪,现在比利时的区域交由法国控制。1815年拿破仑战败,比利时开始由荷兰王国掌管。1830年它摆脱荷兰王国的控制,赢得独立,成为一个独立的王国。
从那以后,它就开始进行国家统一的斗争。在佛兰芒城市任何讲法语的人都会引起相互之间的敌意,这已经成为那里日常生活的一部分。
但比利时有理由有可能实现统一,至少在短期内能够做到。
这两个地区的经济紧密相连,它们的分裂将会是一场金融噩梦。
但佛兰德斯人怀有深深的怨恨之情,因为他们经济富裕必须要补贴南部地区。南部地区的失业人口是北部的两倍。然而,南部讲法语的人却安于现状。
比利时已经克服了之前的几次分裂危机。尽管一些政治分析家相信这次与以往不同,眼下却没有恐慌发生。
“我们不必过度担忧,”55岁的教师Baudouln Bruggeman说,“1930年以来,比利时在妥协中获得生存。你要记住,这是马格利特的国家,这是一个超现实主义的国家。一切都有可能发生。”
第三篇 How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear
Most people think of Beethoven’s hearing loss as anobstacle to composing music. However, he produced his most powerful works inthe last decade of his life when he was completely deaf.
This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph ofwill over adversity, but his biographer, Maynard Solomon, takes a differentview. Solomon argues that Beethoven’s deafness “heightened” his achievement asa composer. In his deaf world Beethoven could experiment, free from the soundsof the outside world, free to create new forms and harmonies.
Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability ofmusicians who become deaf. They continue to “hear” music with as much, orgreater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played.
Michael Eagar, who died in 2003, became deaf at the age of21. He described a phenomenon that happened within three months: “My formermusical experiences began to play back to me. I couldn’t differentiate betweenwhat I heard and real hearing. After many years, it is still rewarding tolisten to these playbacks, to ‘hear’ music which is new to me and to find manyquiet accompaniments for all of my moods.”
How is it that the world we see, touch, hear, and smell isboth “out there” and at the same time within us? There is no better example ofthis connection between external stimulus and internal perception than thecochlear implant(人工耳蜗). No man-made device could replace the abilityto hear. However, it might be possible to use the brain’s remarkable power tomake sense of the electrical signals the implant produces.
When Michael Eagar first “switched on” his cochlearimplant, the sounds he heard were not at all clear. Gradually, with much hardwork, he began to identify everyday sounds. “The insistent ringing of thetelephone became clear almost at once.”
The primary purpose of the implant is to allowcommunication with others. When people spoke to Eagar, he heard their voices“coming through like a long-distance telephone call on a poor connection”. Butwhen it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help. When he wantedto appreciate music, Eagar played the piano. He said,“I play the piano as Iused to and hear it in my head at the same time. The movement of my fingers andthe feel of the keys give added ‘clarity’ to heating in my head.”
Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a waythat is not perfect, but which can change their lives. Still, when it comes tomusical harmonies, hearing is irrelevant. Even the most amazing cochlearimplants would have been useless to Beethoven as he composed his Ninth Symphonyat the end of his life.
41. The author does notthink Beethoven’ s deafness_____.
A. was an obstacle to composing music
B. showed Beethoven’s musical ability
C. was a case of triumph of will over adversity
D. heightened Beethoven’ s achievement as a composer
42. Beethoven composedhis Ninth Symphony_____.
A. when he could still hear
B. with the aid of a cochlear implant
C. with the help of Maynard Solomon
D. after he lost his hearing
43. The connection between external stimulus andinternal perception is best exemplified by_____.
A. music 
B. playback 
C. the cochlear implant
D. accompaniment
44. The cochlearimplant does not help Eagar to_____.
A. appreciate music
B. hear telephone ringing
C. communicate with others
D. identify everyday sounds
45. How many musiciansare mentioned in this passage?
A. 4.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 1.
【答案与解析】
41.A 点睛文章第一段指出,大多数人认为贝多芬失聪对他的音乐创作是种阻碍,但是他最有力量的作品是他人生最后十年所创作出来的,那时他已经失聪。however一词表明作者并不认同大多数人的观点。因此,本题的正确答案为A。
42. D点睛文章第一段指出,在他人生中的最后十年里,他创作出了最有力量的音乐,那时他已经完全失聪。此外,最后一段提出,再完美的人工耳蜗对贝多芬在他生命的尽头创作第九交响曲也毫无用处。因此,本题的正确答案为D。
43.C 点睛文章第五段指出,外部刺激和内在感知相结合的最好例子就是人工耳蜗。C选项与原文一致,因此,本题的正确答案为C。
44.A 点睛文章第七段指出,伊加听自己最爱的音乐时,人工耳蜗就毫无用处了。A选项与原文一致,因此,本题的正确答案为A。
45.B 点睛文章介绍了贝多芬和伊加两位音乐家,所罗门是写贝多芬的传记作家而非音乐家,所以原文共提到两位音乐家。因此,本题的正确答案为B。
【全文翻译】
如何让失聪的人更容易听见
大多数人把贝多芬的听力受损看作他作曲的障碍。然而,他最有影响力的作品正是在他人生的最后十年里创作出来的.那时他已完全失聪。
这是最值得称道的意志力战胜不幸的案例之一,但是他的传记作家梅纳德.所罗门却持不同的观点。梅纳德认为,贝多芬的失聪“促成了他作为作曲家的成就,在他失聪的世界里,他能摆脱外在世界声音的干扰,尝试自由地创作新的形式与和声”。
听力受损似乎不会影响失聪音乐家的音乐才能。他们能继续“听见”音乐,与他们能真正听见音乐相比.他们“听”得同样准确,甚至更准确。
2003年去世的迈克尔·伊加,在他21岁时失聪。他曾经描述过一件发生在三个月内的迷人的事情:“我之前的音乐经历开始在脑中回放,我无法区别真正听到的和曾经听过的东西。许多年以后,听到这些回放,‘听见’对我来说是新鲜的音乐,为我所有的情绪找到伴唱仍然是有所收益的。”
我们所看见的、触摸到的、听见的和闻到的世界是如何既“在外界真实存在”,同时又是我们内心的感受?把外在刺激和内在感知相结合的最好的例子就是耳蜗植入。没有任何人工的装置能代替听觉能力,但是,利用大脑非凡的能力来理解植入物产生的电信号还是有可能的。
当迈克尔·伊加最先“开启”他的人工耳蜗时,他听到的声音一点都不清楚。经过艰苦的努力,他渐渐地开始辨认出日常的声音,比如,他说道:“持续的电话响声几乎是立刻就变得清晰了。”
耳蜗植入最主要的目的就是能够与人交流。当人们与伊加交谈时,他能听到他们的声音“像是从接触不良的长途电话中传来的”。但是在听他钟爱的音乐时,耳蜗植入就毫无用处。每当伊加想要欣赏音乐时,他就开始弹钢琴。他说:“我像往常那样弹奏钢琴,同一时间在头脑中就听见它。我手指的移动以及对琴键的感觉使我听到的声音在脑海中更加‘清晰’。”
耳蜗植入让失聪的人再次听见声音,尽管不完美,但是它改变了他们的生活。尽管如此,正如迈克尔·伊加发现的那样,当谈到音乐和声时,听力就无关紧要了。对贝多芬在他生命的最后阶段创作第九交响曲而言,即便最完美的耳蜗植入也毫无用处。
第5部分:补全短文(第46—50题,每题2分,共10分)
下面的短文有5处空白,短文后有6个句子,其中5个取自短文,请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置,以恢复文章原貌。
What Is a Dream?
For centuries, people have wondered about the strangethings that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttimeactivity of the mind has no special meaning. Others, however, think that dreamsare an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreamscan tell us about a person’s mind and emotions.
Before modem times, many people thought that dreamscontained messages from God. (46) ____
The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably thefirst person to study dreams scientifically. He believed that dreams allowpeople to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid toexpress in real life.
The Swiss psychiatrist(精神病学家)Carl Jung wasonce a student of Freud’s. Jung, however, had a different idea about dreams.Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to thedreamer. (47)____For example, people who dream about falling maylearn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand,people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little ofthemselves.
Modem-day psychologists continue to develop theories aboutdreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University ofCalifornia, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person’ sdaily life, thoughts, and behavior. (48) ____
Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreamsand age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults.According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.
He has also found a link between dreams and gender. Hisstudies show that the dreams of men and women are different. (49)____This is not true of women’ s dreams. Domhoff found thisgender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world,including both modem and traditional ones.
Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologistscontinue to try to answer this question in different ways. (50)____The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that someterrible event will actually take place. It’s important to remember that theworld of dream is not the real world.
A. It was only in thetwentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.
B. Men and women dreamabout different things.
C. A criminal, forexample, might dream about crime.
D. However, one thing they agree on this: If youdream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn’t panic.
E. He thought peoplecould learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.
F. For example, the people in men’s dreams areoften other men, and the dreams often involve fighting.
【答案与解析】
46.A空格前一句讲到在现代时期以前,很多人认为梦包含着来自上帝的旨意,而下一段开始讲弗洛伊德是科学研究梦的第一人,A项起到承上启下的作用,其中in a scientific way与下文中scientifically相呼应。
47.E该段中提到Jung认为梦是为了告诉做梦者一些信息,之后又举例说明梦见跌倒的人说明他们太自负,而做梦成为英雄的人则太低估自己。因此可以通过做梦来了解自己,E项与之意思相近,故为E正确答案。
48.C心理学家WilliamDomhoff认为梦与一个人的日常生活、想法和行为密切相关。C项是对这一理论进行举例说明,罪犯可能会梦到从事犯罪活动。故C项放在此处恰当。
49.F空格前提到他的研究表明男人和女人的梦不相同,而空格后则讲“This is not true of women’s dreams”,由此可知空格处讲的是关于男人的梦境,故应选F项。
50.D空格后面提到梦可能会有意义,但它并不意味着不好的事情真的要发生。D项中讲到,如果你梦到可怕的事情,不要惊慌。与后面的句子连接紧密,语义相承接,故应选D项。
【全文翻译】
梦是什么?
几百年来,人们都对他们梦到的奇异的事情感到疑惑。一些心理学家认为,这种大脑的夜间活动并没有特殊含义,另一些人则认为,梦是生命重要的一部分。实际上,许多专家认为,梦能揭示人的心理和情感活动。
近代以前,很多人认为梦传递的是上帝的信息。直到20世纪,人们才开始从科学的角度研究梦。
奥地利心理学家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德或许是第一个用科学的方法研究梦的人。在他的著作《梦的解析》(1900)中,弗洛伊德写道,梦是一个人愿望的表达。他认为梦打开了一扇窗,让人们得以表达在生活中不敢表达的情感、思想和恐惧。
瑞士精神病学家卡尔·荣格曾是弗洛伊德的学生,但他对梦的看法与弗洛伊德不同。他认为,梦的作用是给做梦的人传递一种信息,而人们通过自己的梦,可以对白己有一个更深刻的了解。比如,如果一个人梦到从高处坠落,那么他应该反思自己是不是自视过高。反过来,如果梦中自己成了英雄,应该想想平时可能太看低自己了。
现代心理学家还在继续发展关于梦的理论,例如,来自位于圣克鲁兹的加利福尼亚大学的威廉·多姆霍夫就是其中一位。他认为,梦境和一个人的日常生活、思想和行为都紧密相关,比方说,一个罪犯就可能梦到犯罪。
多姆霍大还认为,梦和年龄也有关系。他的研究表明,孩子不像成人那么多梦。他认为,做梦也是一项心理功能,也随着年龄增长而发展。
多姆霍夫还发现梦和性别之间的关系。通过研究,他发现男性和女性的梦境常常是不同的。例如,在男性梦境中出现的通常是其他男性,而且常与打斗有关,而女性的梦境则不是这样。多姆霍夫研究了全世界来自11种不同文化的古今案例,得出了上述结论。
梦能帮助我们更好地了解自己吗?心理学家还在尝试通过不同方式来解答这个问题,不过,有一件事他们是意见一致的:如果你梦到有不好的事要发生,不要慌张。梦确实有含义,但也不意味着你梦到的事真的会发生。要记住,梦中的世界并不是真实的世界。
第6部分:完形填空(第51~65题。每题1分,共15分)
下面的短文有15处空白,请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。
Cultural Differences
People from different cultures sometimes do things thatmake each other uncomfortable, sometimes without realizing it. Most Americanshave ____(51)been out of the country and have very ____(52)experience with foreigners. But they are usuallyspontaneous (由衷的), friendly and open, and enjoy ____(53)new people, having guests and bringing people togetherformally or informally. They tend to use first names____(54)most situations and speak freely about themselves. Soif your American hosts do something that ____(55)youuncomfortable, try to let them know how you feel. Most people will ____(56)your honesty and try not to make you uncomfortableagain. And you’ll all ____(57)something about another culture!
Many travelers find____(58)easier to meetpeople in the US than in other countries. They may just come up and introducethemselves or even invite you over____(59)they reallyknow you. Some-times Americans are said to be superficially (表面上)____(60). Perhaps it seems so, but they are probablyjust having a good time. Just like anywhere else, it ____(61)time to become real friends ____(62)people in the US.
If and when you ____(63)with Americanfriends, they will probably ____(64)introducing you to their friends and family,and if they seem proud to ____(65)you, it’s probably because they are. Relaxand enjoy it!
51. A. ever  B.always C.never  D.often
52. A. few  B.many  C.much  D.little
53. A. talking  B.meeting C.leaving D.touching
54. A. on B.at  C.in  D.within
55. A. makes B.likes C.moves  D.links
56. A. appreciate  B.criticize C.question  D.confirm
57. A. pick  B.learn C.select  D.handle
58. A. it  B.this  C.them D.that
59. A. before  B.when  C.if D.after
60. A. formal  B.informal  C.casual  D.friendly
61. A. takes B.keeps  C.wins D.kills
62. A. among  B.with C.by  D.through
63. A. stay  B.consult C.deal D.cope
64. A. hate  B.forbid  C.enjoy  D.avoid
65. A. smile B.know  C.treat D.wave
【答案与解析】
51.C 词义辨析题。下文but转折句提到“但是他们很友好,很开放,热情好客”,由此可知,这里应是说大部分美国人从未走出国门,故应选择C项。
52.D 词义辨析题。因为从未出过国,所以他们几乎没有同外国人打交道的经验,little表示几乎没有,故应选择D项。
53.B 词义辨析题。空格后面跟的是new people,结合上下文将他们开放热情,所以这里应该表示的是认识新朋友,故应使用动词meet,因此答案为B项。
54.C 固定搭配题。situation常与介词in搭配,in most situations表示在“在大多数情况下”。
55.A 固定搭配题。make sb. uncomfortable让某人感觉不舒服。
56.A 词义辨析题。根据后面的“try not to take youuncomfortable again”可知,大部分人会欣赏你的诚实,故应选A项。
57.B 词义辨析题。从这些经验中你可以学到关于另一种文化的知识,应使用动词learn“学到”,故答案为B项。
58.A 固定搭配题。find it+形容词+to do sth. 为常用句式,表示“发现做某事是怎么样的”。这句话的意思是“很多来旅行的人发现,比起其他国家,在美国更容易认识别人”。
59.A 词义辨析题。空格前提到他们可能会直接上前介绍自己,后面even表示更近一步,即在真正地了解你之前邀请你到家里做客,所以应使用介词before,突出强调美国人的热情,容易交朋友。
60.D 词义辨析题。后面强调成为真正的朋友需要一些时间,所以这里讲有时美国人的友好被认为是一种表面现象。friendly“友好的”符合句意,故答案为D项。
61.A 固定搭配题。it takes time to do sth.做某事需要花费时间。其中的动词为take,故答案为A项。
62.B 固定搭配题。to be friends with sb.和某人成为朋友。介词使用with,故答案为B项。
63.A 词义辨析题。因为后面讲的是他们可能会把你介绍给他们的朋友和家人,可推知这里表示的是你和美国朋友在一起,故应使用动词stay,答案为A项。
64.C 词义辨析题。要是你和美国人成为朋友,他们会喜欢把你介绍给朋友和家人,enjoy符合句意和语境,故答案为C项。其他选项感情色彩与语境相反,故排除。
65.B 词义辨析题。句意:如果他们看起来很开心能认识你,可能是因为他们感到轻松愉悦。这里表示的是认识你,应使用动词know,故答案为B项。
【全文翻译】
文化差异
来自不同文化的人有时会做一些让双方觉得不舒服的事情,有时甚至会浑然不知。大多数美国人从未走出国门,几乎没有同外国人打交道的经验。但他们通常主动、友好、坦率,也喜欢认识新朋友,接待客人,在正式或非正式的场合下把朋友聚集在一起。在大多数场合他们倾向于直呼其名,自由地谈论自己的事情。因此如果美国的主人做了什么让你不舒服的事情,尽可能让他们了解你的感受。大部分人会欣赏你的诚实,尽量不会再让你感觉不舒服。你也会学到关于另一种文化的知识!
大多数旅行的人发现,比起在其他国家,在美国更容易认识别人。他们可能会直接走上前来介绍自己,甚至还没有真正了解你就邀请你去家中做客。有时,美国人的友好被认为是一种表面现象,或许看起来真是这样,但他们可能喜欢这样。就像是其他地方一样,在美国结交真正的朋友需要一段时间。
当你和美国朋友在一起时,他们可能会喜欢把你介绍给他们的朋友和家人。如果他们看起来很高兴认识你,可能是因为他们感到轻松愉悦!

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