四川外国语大学翻译学院211翻译硕士英语[专业硕士]历年考研真题及详解

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2015年四川外国语大学翻译学院211翻译硕士英语[专业硕士]考研真题
2014年四川外国语大学翻译学院211翻译硕士英语[专业硕士]考研真题及详解
2013年四川外国语大学翻译学院211翻译硕士英语[专业硕士]考研真题及详解
2012年四川外国语大学翻译学院211翻译硕士英语[专业硕士]考研真题及详解
2011年四川外国语大学翻译学院211翻译硕士英语[专业硕士]考研真题及详解
2010年四川外国语大学翻译学院211翻译硕士英语[专业硕士]考研真题
说明：四川外国语大学“翻译硕士英语”为“英语笔译（专业学位）”和“英语口译（专业学位）”共用科目。
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2015年四川外国语大学翻译学院211翻译硕士英语[专业硕士]考研真题
















2014年四川外国语大学翻译学院211翻译硕士英语[专业硕士]考研真题及详解
I. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with theappropriate words derived from the words given in parentheses at the end of thesentences. (10%)
1.The front army troops were ______ by alarge contingent of students from the military academy. (strength)
2. I waslooking forward to a casual stroll, but he walked at a _____ pace. (vigor)
3. A _____ of cultures or ideas occurs when two verydifferent cultures or people meet and conflict. (collide)
4. The _____ purpose of scientific discourse is not themere presentation of information and thought, but rather its actualcommunication. (fundament)
5. _____ today’s digital revolution serves a host ofpractical concerns, such as communicating and accessing information morequickly and efficiently. (admit)
6. With the aim of eliminating any possible_____, wesuggest some changes of wording to clarify the status of the unofficial advice.(ambiguous)
7. I tried to see it, _____ the invisible andimmeasurable energy of mass of an atom, a cell, a person; I could almost seeit. (vision)
8. Some pearls have a(n)_____ shape, but they are shinyand beautiful none the less. (regular)
9. In the movies and comic books Wolverine almost comesout as _____, like Superman.(destruct)
10. During the past two decades, dozens of investigatorsthroughout the world have asked several hundred thousand _____ sampled peopleto reflect on their happiness and satisfaction with life or what psychologistscall “subjective wellbeing.” (represent)
II. For each sentence below there are four choices A, B, C,and D. Choose the answer that BEST completes the sentence. Then write thecorrect letter on the Answer Sheet. (20%)
11. When traveling in a foreign country, it is wise to _____to the habits of the natives.
A. yield
B. conform
C. submit
D. turn
12. Even with the _____ of the Internet and 24-hournews, it is still a complex enterprise to get people to truly see the problemsof racial discrimination.
A. advent
B. adventure
C. access
D. accession
13.We should critically _____ whatever is beneficial inliterature and arts from western countries.
A. accommodate
B. assimilate
C. assort
D. associate
14. Many drugs the doctor can give you have harmful sideeffects, and considering a natural
_____ is often a better and popular option.
A. option
B. choice
C. alternative
D. selection
15.Because he wore a queer collection of clothes andtalked to himself, his neighbours considered him _____.
A. ecstatic
B. electronic
C. eccentric
D. eclectic
16. In its own right, the royal highland show is thelargest trade exhibition of agricultural _____ in the UK.
A. machine
B. mechanics
C. mechanism
D. machinery
17. The aim of their revolution is to leave scientistsfree to continue research, _____ by any regulation.
A. restrained
B. deputed
C. controlled
D. unfettered
18. The European Commission spokesman Gooch said at apress conference that after the European Commission has officially notified theWTO, “The EU can feel free to impose ______ tariffs on US products.”
A. relinquish
B. retaliatory
C. revolutionary
D. retribution
19.The charter-school movement in the United Statesdeveloped in the 1990s as a reaction to the _____ failure of public schools,especially in the inner cities.
A. perceived
B. received
C. conceived
D. deceived
20. This novel won critical praise while _____ a stormof controversy with its candid and raw descriptions of adolescent lust.
A. stirring
B. activating
C. triggering
D. teasing
21.Unlike Keynesianism, monetarism eschews directgovernment control by means of taxation and spending _____ imposing limits onthe nation's money supply.
A. with regard to
B. for the sake of
C. in favor of
D. to extent of
22.He _____ in court that he had seen the prisoner runout of the bank after it had been robbed.
A. justified
B. witnessed
C. testified
D. identified
23.If we can find approaches that meet the needs of thepoor in ways that generate profits for business and votes for politicians, wewill have found a _____ way to reduce inequity in the world.
A. sustainable
B. susceptible
C. supposable
D. suspensible
24.Scholars come to the agreement that the Malthusiancatastrophe has already occurred in isolated cultures that had no means of_____ resources.
A. refining
B. refreshing
C. rejoicing
D. replenishing
25.Cocaine’s effects on the heart have _____ goneunnoticed, because patients often lie about heir use of drug.
A. largely
B. purposefully
C. strangely
D. effortlessly
26.He possessed a(n) ______ intelligence that put him incompany with the greatest social thinkers of the day.
A. frivolous
B. reliable
C. uncanny
D. underlying
27. A form of biological pest control is to includevarious plants in a garden or field that are known naturally to _____ parasiticpests that are known to bring disease and destruction.
A. deter
B. defer
C. demur
D. debut
28.Pottery enabled primitive people to boil and steamfood, which in turn allowed them to gain _____ from new and more variedsources.
A. sustenance
B. subsidiary
C. substance
D. supplement
29.The right side of the body is controlled by the moreinfluential left hemisphere of human brain, causing the right side to be more ______at physical tasks.
A. skillful
B. proficient
C. expert
D. adept
30.Advances in food preservation gave consumers indeveloped countries access to _____ all foods grown in distant lands.
A. extensively
B. virtually
C. artificially
D. continually
III. Reading Comprehension (40%)
Reading Passage 1
Questions 31-40 are based on the following reading passage.
AFeminist theatre is a genre that came to be widely recognized,theorized, studied and practiced in the wake of the seventies’ Women’sLiberation Movement; it has generally been understood as describing andencompassing diverse theatrical work motivated by the recognition of andresistance to women’s marginalization within social and cultural systems thataccord male privilege and dominance. Observing this, however, it is importantto remember that historically women have “acted” out their resistance tomainstream, male-dominated theatre cultures, and that, since the seventies,feminist-theatre scholarship has looked to recover the works and performancesof neglected pioneering, women-in-theatre figures. For instance, suchscholarship has served to uncover the dramatic texts of the tenth-century,plays by Restoration women playwrights and dramas by Edwardian women concernedwith suffrage and the Woman Question.
BIn the seventies, recognition that women’s cultural, social, sexual,economic and political lives had been oppressed by male domination was whatfueled a climate of Western feminism. Women came together inconsciousness-raising groups to share their personal discontents and politicaldissatisfactions. The inequalities of the workplace, the education system, the “institution”of motherhood and the objectification of women’s bodies were common grievancesthat served to shape the four political demands of the UK’s Women’s Liberation Movement:for equal pay, equal education and opportunity, 24-hour nurseries and free contraceptionand abortion on demand.
CAs a profession, theatre was a microcosm of the discrimination andinequalities operating in society at large. In 1981, feminist playwright andcritic, Michelene Wandor, published an analysis of theatre and sexual politicsthat made explicit women’s second-class, “understudy” status in amale-dominated theatre industry. The lived, professional experience of being consignedto the role of understudy is what, in turn, encouraged women practitioners tofound their own feminist-theatre groups. Monstrous Regiment, along with theWomen’s Theatre Group (both companies were founded in the mid-seventies), wereseminal to the innovation of a feminist-theatre tradition and to creating acounter-cultural body of women’s plays and performances. Many more groups wereto follow in their wake such as Clapperclaws (1977) and Mrs. Worthington’sDaughters (1979). These companies played not only small-scale touring venuesbut were networked into women’s communities that hosted shows in non-theatrespaces, such as schools, community halls or youth clubs. Both organizationallyand creatively they operated democratically and collaboratively, rather thanhierarchically and individualistically. Ensemble-based acting andpresentational styles were widely adopted.
DWith the outcrop of feminist groups came more opportunities forwomen playwrights, and by the mid to late seventies, Caryl Churchill, Pam Gems,and Louise Page were moving dramatic representations of women’s lives andexperiences center-stage—this as a counter-cultural challenge and alternativeto the “malestream,”canonical tradition of theatre. Thereafter, women dramatists coming toprominence in the eighties included Sarah Daniels, April De Angelis, WinsomePinnock and Timberlake Wertenbaker. As testimony to the emergence of a body of Women’splaywriting, much of which was influenced by Second Wave feminism, in 1982 MethuenDrama launched the Plays By Women series. The first of four plays to bepublished in volume one of the series was Caryl Churchill’s Vinegar Tom: a playabout witchcraft without any witches; a play where scenes locate in theseventeenth century, but songs intersperse and break up the action to insist thatwomen’s oppression is not consigned to the historical past but is an urgentcontemporary issue. Stylistically innovative and politically charged andpremiered by Monstrous Regiment, Vinegar Tom along with other “women’s” playsby Churchill such as Cloud Nine or Top Girls, proved seminal to defining afeminist landscape in British theatre and were highly influential in terms ofstudying and theorizing feminist theatre, aesthetically and politically.
EFeminist theatre and performance that emerged from the Second Wavelargely came to be defined, understood and analyzed in relation to three typesof feminism: bourgeois/liberal, radical/cultural and socialist/materialist.Listed in that order, the three feminisms were hierarchically conceived, withbourgeois/liberal feminism posited as the politically “weakest” given that itneither endorsed radical/cultural feminism’s desire to overthrow patriarchy in favorof women’s social, cultural and sexual empowerment, nor advocated the radical transformationof society’s economic, political and social structures as socialist/materialistfeminism did. Each feminist dynamic also had its aesthetic counterpart:bourgeois/liberal feminism remained attached to conventional realistic forms,but sought to create more roles for women within the confines of traditionaldramatic writing; radical/cultural feminism became associated with and exploredideas and possibilities of a “women’s language”; techniques and performanceregisters.
FHowever, the media backlash against feminism in the eighties, thewidely promoted “top-girl Feminism” (as critiqued by Churchill in her play),and thereafter the individualistically styled “girl power” of the nineties anda younger, feminist Third Wave challenging the politics and values of SecondWave feminism, have all combined to make feminist theatre that much harder togenerically define and identify. Resistant voices in the nineties, such asRebecca Pilchard and Judy Upton, picked up the complex feminist baton bydramatizing disenchanted and disadvantaged communities of young women. Theiconoclast Sarah Kane, while distancing herself from the Second-Wave feministtradition (notably by her rejection of the “woman” writer label), nonethelessreinvigorated structures of feminist feeling through her representations ofgender wars and diseased masculinities, notably in her controversial debut play,Blasted.
GAs a growing number of younger “women” playwrights make their debutson contemporary
British stages,it becomes increasingly clear that their diverse subjects—the financial crashof the American energy company Enron (Prebble, Enron), middle-class girls introuble (Stenham, That Face) or “posh” boys behaving badly (Wade, Posh)—,challenge the gaze of the feminist critic that formerly looked to dramaexplicitly taking and playing the disenfranchised “woman’s part.” Indeed, inthe theatre of Debbie Tucker Green, arguably one of the most exciting politicalvoices to emerge on the British stage in the twenty-first century, feminismitself comes under scrutiny as, in her signature style of beautiful but brutal,black urban-speak, in plays such as Trade and Stoning Mary, Green interrogatesthe inability of women to achieve solidarity across social, cultural, economicand racial divides within a larger, epic landscape of a white Western worldthat singularly fails to care for disempowered “others.”
HIn sum, feminist futures and the future of feminist theatre appearfar less certain than in the defining moment of seventies activism andpolitical theatre making. Yet, as “women” playwrights and practitionersdramatize epic questions of social injustices and inequalities in an increasinglyglobalized world, or evidence concern for what part feminism can play in termsof staging socially progressive, transformative possibilities and solutions,enduring questions of gender privilege and bias that formerly fueled the genre,surface as constant and significant reminders of the unfinished business offeminist theatre.
Questions 31-35
Do the following statements agree with the claims of thewriter in Reading Passage 1? On your Answer Sheet, write
YES　if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NOif the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVERN　if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.
31. Feminist theatre described and encompassed diversetheatrical work which was motivated by the recognition of and resistance towomen’s marginalization.
32. Before the seventies, there were some pioneering,women-in-theatre figures who create immortal works to fight against mainstream,male-dominated theatre cultures, but they and their efforts were neglected.
33. In the seventies, a climate of Western feminismappeared because women began to realize their lower position in cultural,social, sexual, economic and political lives.
34. In the seventies, women practitioners founded theirown feminist-theatre groups to express their dissatisfaction of being consignedto the role of understudy in the profession of theatre.
35. In total,four waves of feminism have been mentioned in the passage.
Questions 36-40
For each question below, choose the answer that bestcompletes the sentence. Then write the corresponding letter on the AnswerSheet.
36. Which ofthe following seems to be the most appropriate title for the passage?
　 A. Feminist Theatre: Historyand Future.
　 B. Feminist Theatre: FamousFeminist-Theatre Groups.
　 C. Feminist Playwrights andTheir Eminent Works.
　 D. Feminism and ItsInfluence on Theatre.
37. Which ofthe following is NOT TRUE about Caryl Churchill?
　A. Together with other women playwrights, she moved dramaticrepresentations of women’s lives and experiences center-stage.
　 B. Her Vinegar Tom was oneof the four plays of the Plays By Women series.
　C. All of her plays were highly influential in terms of studying and theorizingfeminist theatre, aesthetically and politically.
　 D. She criticized the widelypromoted “top-girl feminism” in her play.
38.Among the three types of feminismrelated to the Second Wave, bourgeois/liberal feminism was considered as thepolitically “weakest” because _____.
　A. it did endorse radical/cultural feminism’s desire to overthrowpatriarchy in favor of women
　B. unlike socialist/materialist feminism, it did not advocate theradical transformation of society’s economic, political and social structures
　C. it remained attached to conventional realistic forms, but sought tocreate more roles for women within the confines of traditional dramatic writing
　 D. both A and B
39. Which ofthe following is NOT true about the feminist theatre in the nineties?
　A. The individualistically styled “girl power” made feminist theatremuch harder to generically define and identify.
　B. Despite the backlash against feminism from the media, womendramatists came to prominence.
　C. Resistant voices dramatized disenchanted and disadvantagedcommunities of young women.
　D. Rebecca Prichard and Judy Upton continued to support feminist theatremovement.
40. Which of the following about feminist playwrights isNOT true?
　A. They dramatize the epic questions of social injustices andinequalities women have been facing.
　B. They reflected on women’s second-class and “understudy” status in amale-dominated theater industry.
　C. When younger “women” playwrights make their debuts on contemporaryBritish stages, they brought with them diverse subjects.
　D. Restoration women playwrights formed a collectively recognized forcelong before the seventies scholarship “rediscovered” them.
Reading Passage 2
Questions 41-55 are based on thefollowing reading passage.
AIf humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars,we would go in darkness happily,the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnalspecies on this planet. Instead, we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted toliving in the sun’s light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though mostof us don’t think of ourselves as diurnal beings any more than we think ofourselves as primates or mammals or Earthlings. Yet it’s the only way to explainwhat we’ve done to the night: We’ve engineered it to receive us by filling it withlight.
BThis kind of engineering is no different than damming a river. Itsbenefits come with consequences—called light pollution—whose effects scientistsare only now beginning to study. Light pollution—the artificial light thatilluminates more than its intended target area—has become a problem ofincreasing concern across the country over the past 15 years. In the suburbs,where over-lit shopping mall parking lots are the norm, only 200 of the MilkyWay’s 2,500 stars are visible on a clear night. Even fewer can be seen fromlarge cities. In almost every town, big and small, street lights beam just asmuch light up and out as they do down, illuminating much more than just thestreet. Almost 50 percent of the light emanating from street lamps misses itsintended target, and billboards, shopping centers, private homes and skyscrapersare similarly over-illuminated.
CFor most of human history, the phrase “light pollution” would havemade no sense. Imagine walking toward Londonon a moonlit night around 1800, when it was Earth’s most populous city. Nearlya million people lived there, making do, as they always had, with candles and rushlightsand torches and lanterns. Only a few houses were lit by gas, and there would beno public gaslights in the streets or squares for another seven years. From afew miles away, you would have been as likely to smell London as to see its dim collective glow.
DNow most of humanity lives under intersecting domes of reflected,refracted light, of scattering raysfrom overlit cities and suburbs, from light-flooded highways and factories. Nearlyall of nighttime Europe is a nebula of light, as is most of the United States and all of Japan. In the south Atlantic theglow from a single fishing fleet—squid fishermen luring their prey with metalhalide lamps—can be seen from space, burning brighter, in fact, than Buenos Aires or Rio  de Janeiro. Americahas become so bright that in a satellite image of the United States at night, the outlineof the country is visible from its lights alone. The major cities are all therein bright clusters: New York, Boston,Miami, Houston, Los Angeles, Seattle, Chicago—and, of course, Las Vegas. Mark Adams, superintendent of theMcDonald Observatory in west Texas,says that the very fact that city lights are visible from on high is proof oftheir wastefulness. “When you’re up in an airplane, all that light you see onthe ground from the city is wasted. It’s going up into the night sky. That’swhy you can see it.”
EBut don’t we need all those lights to ensure our safety? The answerfrom light engineers, light pollution control advocates and astronomers is anemphatic “no.” Elizabeth Alvarez of the International Dark Sky Association(IDA), a nonprofit organization in Tucson, Arizona, says that overly brightsecurity lights can actually force neighbors to close the shutters, which meansthat if any criminal activity does occur on the street, no one will see it. Andthe old assumption that bright lights deter crime appears to have been a falseone: A new Department of Justice report concludes that there is no documentedcorrelation between the level of lighting and the level of crime in an area.And contrary to popular belief, more crimes occur in broad daylight than atnight.
FLight pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design, whichallows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky, where it’snot wanted, instead of focusing it downward, where it is ill-designed lightingwashes out the darkness of night and radically alters the light levels andlight rhythms to which many forms of life, including ourselves, have adapted. Whereverhuman light spills into the natural world, some aspect of life migration, reproduction,feeding is affected. For drivers, light can actually create a safety hazard. Glaringlights can temporarily blind drivers, increasing the likelihood of an accident.To help prevent such accidents, some cities and states prohibit the use oflights that impair nighttime vision. For instance, New Hampshire law forbids the use of “anylight along a highway so positioned as to blind or dazzle the vision oftravelers on the adjacent highway.”
GBadly designed lighting can pose a threat to wildlife as well aspeople. Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as amagnet, a process being studied by researchers such as Travis Longcore andCatherine Rich, co-founders of the Los Angeles-based Urban Wildlands Group. Theeffect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being“captured” by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marineoil platforms, circling and circling in the thousands until they drop.Migrating at night, birds are apt to collide with brightly lit tall buildings;immature birds on their first journey suffer disproportionately. Insects, ofcourse, cluster around streetlights, and feeding at those insect clusters isnow ingrained in the lives of many bat species. In some Swiss valleys theEuropean lesser horseshoe bat began to vanish after streetlights wereinstalled, perhaps because those valleys were suddenly filled withlight-feeding pipistrelle bats. Other nocturnal mammals—including desertrodents, fruit bats, opossums, and badgers—forage more cautiously under thepermanent full moon of light pollution because they've become easier targetsfor predators.
HSome birds—blackbirds and nightingales, among others—sing atunnatural hours in the presence of artificial light. Scientists have determinedthat long artificial days—and artificially short nights—induce early breedingin a wide range of birds. And because a longer day allows for longer feeding,it can also affect migration schedules. One population of Bewick’s swans winteringin England put on fat more rapidly than usual, priming them to begin theirSiberian migration early. The problem, of course, is that migration, like mostother aspects of bird behavior, is a precisely timed biological behavior.Leaving early may mean arriving too soon for nesting conditions to be right.
ISo what can be done? Tucson, Arizona, is taking back thenight. The city has one of the best lighting ordinances in the country, and,not coincidentally, the highest concentration of observatories in the world.Kitt Peak National Optical Astronomy Observatory has 24 telescopes aimedskyward around the city's perimeter, and its cadre of astronomers needs a darksky to work with. For a while, that darkness was threatened. “We were totallylosing the night sky,” Jim Singleton of Tucson’sLighting Committee told Tulsa, Oklahoma’s KOTV last March. Now,after retrofitting inefficient mercury lighting with low-sodium lights thatblock light from “trespassing” into unwanted areas like bedroom windows, and bydoing away with some unnecessary lights altogether, the city is softly glowingrather than brightly beaming. The same thing is happening in a handful of otherstates, including Texas,which just passed a light pollution bill last summer. “Astronomers can get whatthey need at the same time that citizens get what they need: safety, securityand good visibility at night,” says McDonald Observatory’s Mark Adams, whoprovided testimony at the hearings for the bill.
JAnd in the long run, everyone benefits from reduced energy costs.Wasted energy from inefficient lighting costs us between $1 and $2 billion ayear, according to IDA. The city of San  Diego, which installed new, high-efficiency streetlights after passing a light pollution law in 1985, now saves about $3 milliona year in energy costs. Legislation isn’t the only answer to light pollutionproblems. Brian Greer, Central Ohiorepresentative for the Ohio Light Pollution Advisory Council, says that educationis just as important, if not more so. “There are some special situations whereregulation is the only fix,” he says. “But the vast majority of bad lighting issimply the result of not knowing any better.” Simple actions like replacing oldbulbs and fixtures with more efficient and better-designed ones can make a bigdifference in preserving the night sky.
Questions 41-46
The reading passage hasten paragraphs A—J. Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B—F fromthe list of headings below.
List of Headings
iIntroduction
ii　People at Risk from Bright Lights
iii　Illuminating Space on Earth
iv　Meaninglessness of the Term "LightPollution" in History
v　 Solutionto Light Pollution
vi 　Relationshipbetween Lights and Security
vii 　Legislationon Light Control
viii　The Environmental Dangers
ix　More Light than Is Necessary
x　 AProblem Lights Do not Solve
xi　Light Permeation in Human Life
xii 　NegativeEffects on Wild Animals
Example:Paragraph A ( i )
41.Paragraph B (　 )
42.Paragraph C ( )
43.Paragraph D (　 )
44.Paragraph E (　 )
45.Paragraph F ( )
46.Paragraph G ( 　)
Questions 47-51
Do the following statements agree with the claims of thewriter in Reading Passage 2? On your Answer Sheet, write
YES　if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NOif the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVERN　if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.
47. Because of too much light satellite can easily takea picture to show the outline of the United States at night.
48. Prolonged daytime will increase the time of breedingon birds so as to delay their migration schedule.
49. One group of scientists find their observations aremade more difficult by bright lights.
50. Many countries are now making light pollutionillegal.
51. Old types of light often cause more pollution thanmore modern ones.
Questions 52-55
Complete the following sentences. For each blank use ONE ORTWO WORDS from the passage.
52. Now most people live in _____ cities where the skylooks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant haze.
53. According to a recent study, well-lit streets do not_____ or make neighbourhoods safer to live in.
54. Efficient lights _____ from going into areas whereit is not needed.
55. In dealing with light pollution _____ is at least asimportant as passing new laws.
Reading Passage 3
Questions 56-70 are based on the following reading passage.
AThough many distinct cultures are prevalent around the world today,those that are the most dominant have origins in one of a few areas called“culture hearths.” These are the heartlands of various cultures andhistorically, there are seven main locations from which the most dominantcultural ideas have spread. The seven original culture hearths are: 1) The NileRiver Valley, 2) The Indus River Valley, 3) The Wei-Huang Valley, 4) The GangesRiver Valley, 5) Mesopotamia, 6) Mesoamerica, and 7) West Africa. These regions are considered culture hearths because suchthings as religion, the use of iron tools and weapons, highly organized socialstructures, and the development agriculture started and spread from theseareas. In terms of religion for example, the area around Mecca is considered the culture hearth forthe Islamic religion and the area from which Muslims initially traveled toconvert people to Islam. The spread of tools, social structures, andagriculture spread in a similar manner from the culture hearths.
BAlso important to the development of early culture centers areculture regions. These are areas that contain dominant cultural elements.Though not everyone in the culture region has the same culture traits, they areoften influenced by it in some way. Within this system, there are fourcomponents of influence: 1) the Core, 2) the Domain, 3) the Sphere, and 4) theOutlier. The Core is the heart of the area and shows the most stronglyexpressed culture traits. It is usually the most heavily populated and, in thecase of religion, features the most famous religious landmarks. The Domainsurrounds the Core and though it has its own cultural values, it is stillstrongly influenced by the Core. The Sphere then surrounds the Domain and the Outliersurrounds the Sphere.
CCultural diffusion is the term used to describe the spread ofcultural ideas from the Core (in the case of culture regions) and the culturehearth. Cultural diffusion was first used by Franz Boas (1858-1942), a Germangeographer and physicist. From his archaeological fieldwork in the AmericanNorthwest, Boas decided that the two concepts of diffusion and modification explainedmany cultural phenomena, such as how Native American culture and religion was affectedby their location and proximity to other cultures. Alfred L. Kroeber, Boas’sstudent and the co-founder of Berkeley'santhropology department in 1901, came up with the term and would laterpopularize it within a larger academic circle.
DTheories that involve the concept of cultural diffusion often stirup controversy in anthropological circles. This is because they oftencontradict theories on mass migration. This opposition between culturaldiffusion and mass migration can be found in theories regarding similar humanburial sites involving the skulls of cave bears around the Arctic Circle on thecontinents of North America, Europe, and Asia.Nevertheless, many anthropologists prefer to consider theories based oncultural diffusion, or the borrowing of traits between cultures, as theycommonly describe it. Scholars of cultural diffusion, including J.P. Malloryand Clark Wissler, developed distinctions between theories of culturaldiffusion. Heliocentric diffusion proposes that all cultures originated from asingle civilization. Anthropologist Peter J. Hugill proposed the theory ofevolutionary diffusion when a specific innovation coincides across all cultures,to explain how an idea or innovation has somehow happened simultaneously in multiplecultures.
EThroughout human and pre-human history, cultures have never been orremained completely
isolated from each other. Even in theisolationist culture of feudal Japan,the religious philosophy of Buddhism was able to spread from India and China, where it originated by travelingmonks. This is an example of how cultural diffusion can take place on a grandscale. This type of cultural diffusion happens today. When considering culturaldiffusion, there are three major forms.
FThe first is called direct diffusion and occurs when two distinctcultures are very close together. Over time, direct contact between the twoleads to an intermingling of the cultures. Historically this occurred throughtrade, intermarriage, and sometimes warfare became members of the variouscultures interacted with each other for long periods. An example today would bethe similar interest in soccer in some areas of the United States and Mexico.
GForced diffusion or expansion diffusion is the second method ofcultural diffusion and takes place when one culture defeats another and forcesits beliefs and customs onto the conquered people. An example here would bewhen the Spanish took over lands in the Americas and later forced theoriginal inhabitants to convert to Roman Catholicism in the 16th and 17thCenturies. The term ethnocentrism is often applied to forced diffusion becauseit refers to the idea of looking at the world only from one's own culturalvantage point. As a result, people participating in this form of diffusionoften believe that their cultural beliefs are superior to those of other groupsand in turn force their ideas upon those they conquer. In addition, cultural imperialismis usually placed into the category of forced diffusion as it is the practiceof actively promoting cultural characteristics such as language, food,religion, etc., of one nation in another. This practice is normally withinforced diffusion because it frequently occurs through military or economicforce.
HThe final form of cultural diffusion is indirect diffusion. Thistype happens when cultural ideas are spread through a middleman or even anotherculture. An example here would be the popularity of Italian food throughout North America. Technology, mass media, and the Internet areboth playing a huge role in promoting this type of cultural diffusion aroundthe world today. Another example would be when an African receives a MickeyMouse T-shirt from a visitor and wears it even though he has never been to Disneyland.
IBecause cultures develop over time, new dominant areas of dominantculture have done so as well. Today’s modern culture hearths are places such asthe United States and worldcities like London and Tokyo. Areas such as these are considered modemculture hearths because of the prevalence of their cultural aspects now presentthroughout much of the world. Take for instance the popularity of sushi in Los Angeles, Californiaand Vancouver, British Columbia or the presence of Starbucks in places like France, Germany,Moscow, and even in China’s Forbidden City.
JDirect diffusion has certainly played a role in this new spread ofcultural values and products, and people are now moving around frequentlybecause of today’s ease of travel. Physical barriers such as mountain rangesalso no longer hinder people’s movement and the resultant spread of culturalideas. It is indirect diffusion though which has had the largest impact on the spreadof ideas from places like the United  States to the rest of the world. TheInternet and advertising through the many forms of mass media have allowedpeople worldwide to see what is popular in the U.S. and as a result, blue jeansand Coca-Cola products can be found even in remote Himalayan villages.
KHowever cultural diffusion occurs now or in the future, it hashappened many times throughout history and will continue to do so as new areasgrow in power and pass on their cultural traits to the world. The ease oftravel and modern technology will only aid in speeding up the process of moderncultural diffusion.
Questions 56-62
Summarize theinformation about cultural diffusion as discussed in the passage. Complete thetable below by matching the appropriate statements to the three forms of culturaldiffusion with which they are associated. TWO of the statements will NOT be used.
[table] [tr]  [td]  Direct  DiffusionStatements
[table] [tr]  [td]  A. A  native African may spend holidays in Disneyland.Questions 63-67
Do the following statements agree with the claims of thewriter in Reading Passage 3? On your Answer Sheet, write
YES　if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NOif the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVERN　if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.
63. Cultural diffusion theories suffer from beinginherently speculative and hard to prove or disprove.
64. In ancient times, direct diffusion was very commonsince groups of humans lived in adjoining settlements.
65. The forced diffusion has ethnocentric qualities,suggesting, say, that “European-style societies” were more advanced andinnovative than other “primitive” societies.
66. New culture hearths are now established in somecountries because of their prevalence of economic aspects throughout much ofthe world.
67. Today because of mass media and the invention ofthe Internet, indirect diffusion is the most common form.
Questions 68-70
For each question below, choose the answer that bestcompletes the sentence. Then write the corresponding letter on the AnswerSheet.
68. Aregion can be considered a culture hearth because of all these things EXCEPT _____.
A. geographical location
B. religious influence
C. agricultural development
D. social structure
69. Whyis it difficult to define theories about cultural diffusion?
A. Cultural diffusion theories arerelated to similar human burial sites.
B. Cultural diffusion theories areat odds with mass migration theories.
C. Cultural diffusion should bebased on the borrowing of traits between cultures.
D. Cultural diffusion theories cannot explain simultaneous emergence of multiple cultures.
70. According to this passage which of the followingstatements can NOT describe cultural diffusion?
A.Attempts to explain similarities between two cultures by diffusion are oftencriticized for being ethnocentric.
B. Languages, technologies and culturaldifferences that are common in one particular region are considered indigenousto that region.
C. Cultural diffusion occurswithout being linked to a mass exodus of people.
D. When those cultural characteristicsspread throughout the world to create cultural diversity, cultural diffusioncomes into being.
IV. Writing (30%)
Directions: You are to write an essay titled “Should PeopleRetire Later?” according to the following situation:
　 Recently the huge deficit inthe pension fund in Chinahas aroused great public concern. Research shows that although the legalretirement age in Chinais 60 for men and 55 for most women, many employees of State-owned enterpriseshave been allowed to retire in their 40s or 50s to make openings for newgraduates and others. Besides, the mandatory retirement age in Chinais 51.2 years, 10 years younger than that of many countries. Some expertstherefore suggest that we raise the mandatory retirement age. What do you thinkof their suggestion?
Requirements: Write an essay of about 400 words to expoundclearly your viewpoint on this
topic. You need to supply a title for your essay.
In the first part of your writingyou should present your viewpoint in a well-formulated thesis statement; in thesecond part, you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details;in the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusionwith a comment.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, syntactic variety,proper length, and appropriate word choice. Failure to follow the aboveinstructions may result in the loss of marks. Remember to produce a clean faircopy.
参考答案及解析
I. Fill in the blanks inthe following sentences with the appropriate words derived from the words givenin parentheses at the end of the sentences.
1.strengthened
(句意：军校的学生分队加入后，前线部队实力得到了增强。根据句意，此处表示实力被增强，因此需要填入strength的动词过去分词形式。)
2.vigorous
(句意：我希望只是随意逛逛，但是他走起来步伐矫健。由句意可知，此处需填入vigor的形容词形式。)
3.collision
(句意：当两种截然不同的文化或民族相遇并碰撞时，便会产生文化和观念上的冲突。此处讲文化和观念的冲突，因此应当是collide的名词形式。)
4.fundamental
(句意：科学论述的最根本的目的不只是传递信息和表达思想，更重要的是现实的交流。由句意可得，此处应当填入fundament的形容词形式，表示“最根本的，基础的”。)
5.Admittedly
(句意：不可否认的是，数字革命解决了一系列现实性问题，比如，使人类更快速更有效地交流和获取信息。根据句意，此处应当填入admittedly，表示“公认地，不可否认地”，放在句首，首字母应当大写。)
6.ambiguity
(句意：为了消除任何可能产生的歧义，我们建议改变其中一些措词，以阐明非官方建议的重要性。根据句意，此处应当填入ambiguous的名词形式，表示“歧义”。)
7.visioning
(句意：我尝试着去想像，想像着这个由原子，细胞和人共同产生的无形的、无法测量的能量；我几乎想象像到了。根据题目可知，此处应当填入动词的分词形式，vision可以做动词，意为“在幻觉中看到； 幻想，想像”。)
8.irregular
(句意：虽然有些珍珠形状不规则，但是仍然很耀眼很漂亮。根据后半句的转折可知珍珠的形状应当是不规则的，因此此处应当填irregular。)
9.indestructible
(句意：在电影和动漫书中，金刚狼几乎是像超人一样坚不可摧。)
10.representative
(句意：在过去的20年间，全世界许多调查人员向上万名有代表性的人员询问了他们对生活的满意度，也就是心理学家所称的“主观幸福感”。这里讲到抽样调查的样本应当是具有典型性的，因此此处应当填representative，意为“有代表性的，典型的”。)
II. Choose the bestanswer that best completes the sentence.
11.B 句意：在外国旅行时，最好是遵照当地的习俗。conformto遵照，顺应。yield to顺从； 屈服于。submit to屈从，服从。turn to（使）转向；求助于。
12.A 句意：即使有互联网及24小时新闻的出现，让人们真正意识到种族歧视的问题仍然是件很复杂的事。with the advent of是固定搭配，表示“随着……的出现”。adventure冒险。access接近，获取。accession增加；加入。
13.B 句意：我们应当批判性地接受西方文学和艺术中的有益成分。assimilate学习；吸收，接受；同化。accommodate容纳；（调整以）适应，后面一般和to搭配。assort把……分类；相配，相称。associate（使）发生联系；（使）联合。
14.D 句意：许多医生开的药物会对你产生副作用，考虑到自然选择的才是更好、更受欢迎的选择。本题四个选项都有 “选择”的意思。selection着重选择者的识别力或鉴赏力，可与natural连用表示“自然选择”。option强调选择者有选择的权利。choice指以任何方式进行选择，侧重指自由选择的权利或特权。alternative作“选择”解时只用于两者之间的选择。
15.C 句意：因为他穿着奇怪的服装，而且自言自语，因此邻居们都将他视为怪人。eccentric古怪的；古怪的人。ecstatic狂喜的；入迷的；狂喜的人。electronic电子的。eclectic折衷的； 选择的；折衷主义者。
16.D 句意：凭借自身的能力，皇家高地展成为英国最大的农业机械贸易展览会。四个选项都有“机械”的意思。machinery指一套机械系统，agricultural machinery指农业机械。machine是指具体的机器。mechanics指机械学。mechanism指简单的机械装置；机制。
17.D 句意：改革的目标是让科学家自由进行研究，不受任何规定的限制。unfettered不受限制的，不受约束的。restrained受限制的。deputed被委派。controlled受到控制的。
18.B 句意：欧盟委员会发言人Gooch在新闻发布会上称欧盟已经正式通知WTO，“欧盟可以向美国产品征收报复性关税。”retaliatory报复性的，retaliatory tariff报复性关税。relinquish放弃。revolutionary 革命的；革命性的。retribution报应，报复；报答。
19.A 句意：美国的特许学校运动于20世纪90年代兴起，是由于对公立学校明显的失败的回应，尤其是市中心的公立学校。perceive感觉，感知，perceived可感知的，显而易见的。receive接受；获得。conceive构想；设想。deceive欺诈；误导。
20.C 句意：小说直言不讳地对青少年的欲望进行了真实的描述，在广受好评的同时也引发了极大的争议。trigger引发，引起；触发。stir搅拌；激起，惹起，表“激起”的意思时一般与介词up搭配，如stir up controversy。activate刺激；激活，使活动。tease取笑；戏弄。
21.B 句意：与凯恩斯主义不同，货币主义避开政府直接控制，通过税收和支出的手段限制国家的货币供应量。for the sake of为了……的目的。with regard to关于；就……而言。in favor of支持；有利于。to extent of达到……的程度。由题干可知此处应当表目的，因此B项为正确答案。
22.C 句意：他出庭作证称他看到囚犯抢劫后从银行里逃出来。testify证明，证实；（尤指出庭）作证。justify证明……正确（或正当、有理）；对……作出解释。witness见证；当场看到。identify鉴定；确认。
23.A 句意：如果我们能够找到途径既满足穷人的需要，同时又为商业创造利润并为政治家争取选票，那么我们便找到了一种为世界减少不平等的可持续方法。sustainable (计划、方法、体制)可持续的，持续性的。susceptible易受影响的；敏感的。supposable可假定的，可想象得到的。suspensible可中止的；悬而未决的。
24.D 句意：专家一致认为马尔萨斯灾难已经发生在没有途径补充资源的孤立文化体中。replenish补充，重新装满；替换。refine精炼；改进，改善。refresh使恢复精力；刷新，更新。rejoice非常高兴；深感欣喜。
25.A 句意：可卡因对心脏的影响通常被忽视，因为病人经常在药物的使用上有所隐瞒。largely总体上，一般地说；在很大程度上。purposefully有目的地，蓄意地。strangely奇怪地，不寻常地。effortlessly轻易地，不费力地。
26.C 句意：他拥有超乎常人的智慧，因此成为当今社会最伟大的社会思想家之一。uncanny不可思议的；超人的，不寻常的。frivolous轻率的；无用的。reliable可靠的，可信赖的。underlying潜在的，隐藏的；根本的。
27.A 句意：生物害虫防治的一种形式是将花园或田地里各种各样的植物列入其中，这些植物都可以抵抗带来疾病和破坏的寄生虫。deter制止，阻止；防止。defer推迟，延期；服从。demur反对，抗辩；提出异议。debut初次登台；开张。
28.A 句意：陶器使原始人类能够蒸煮食物，反过来这也使他们能够从各种新来源中获得食物。sustenance食物；生计；支持。subsidiary子公司；附属公司。substance物质，物品；实质，主旨。supplement增补（物），补充（物）；添加物。
29.C 句意：人体的右半部分是由更有影响力的左脑控制的，因此人的右半部分更擅长体力工作。四个选项都可表示“擅长”但是此题需要能与介词at搭配表示“擅长”的词语。expert技术娴熟的；熟练的，后面与at搭配，表示“擅长于”。skillful灵巧的，熟练的，表示“精于”时后面一般与in搭配。proficient精通的，熟练的，后面一般与介词in 搭配使用。adept熟练的；擅长……的，表示“擅长于”后面一般跟介词in。
30.A 句意：食物存储技术的进步使得发达国家的消费者能够大量获得遥远土地上的所有食物。extensively广大地，广泛地；大量地。virtually实际上，实质上，事实上。artificially人工地，人为地；做作地。continually不停地；持续地。

III. Readingcomprehension.
Reading Passage 1
Questions31-35
31.YES
(文中第一段第一句话讲到，在以男权为中心或男性主导的社会和文化体制下，女性被边缘化，人们普遍将女性主义戏剧（feminist theatre）理解为描述并包含在社会意识以及反对女性边缘化的激励下而创作的各种各样的戏剧作品。题干中的陈述与原文意思相符，因此是正确的。)
32.YES
(文章第一段第二句话指出，我们不应当忘记在历史上女性已经表现出她们对男性主导的主流戏剧文化的抵抗，并且从七十年代开始，女性主义戏剧学者期望恢复那些被忽略的具有开拓性的戏剧女性人物的作品和表演。由此可知，在七十年代前那些曾经反抗男性主导的主流戏剧文化的女性的作品和努力被忽视了。因此，本题的论述和文章内容相符。)
33.NO
(文章第二段第一句话讲到，在七十年代，人们意识到女性的文化、社会、性、经济和政治生活方面长期受到男性统治的压迫，进一步推动了西方女性主义思潮。文章中用的是fuel表示“刺激；使变得更糟；使加剧”，而题干讲的是女性主义思潮的出现是由于女性意识到在她们在文化、社会、性、经济和政治生活方面地位低，与原文不符，因此陈述是错误的。)
34.NO
(文章第三段二、三句讲到，1981年，女性剧作家Michelene Wandor明确讲到女性在男性主导的戏剧产业中处于第二阶层、“替补”的地位。因而那些曾经有过替补角色经历的女性戏剧从业者受到刺激决定建立自己的女性主义戏剧派。接着又讲到很多团体的建立促进了传统女性戏剧的创新，创造了新的反主流的戏剧文化形式。由此可知女性戏剧从业者建立自己的女性主义戏剧派的目的并不是为了表达她们对在戏剧行业处于替补角色的不满，因此题干的描述与文章内容不符。)
35.NO
(文章第四、五、六段分别讲到第一、二、三次女性主义浪潮，没有提到第四次女性主义浪潮，因此题干的陈述“总共讲了四次女性主义浪潮”是错误的。)
Questions36-40
36.D 主旨题。本文主要讲述了女性主义在不同时期的产生与发展，以及其对女性主义戏剧产生的影响，因此将“女性主义以及其对女性主义戏剧的影响”作为题目最为合适。
37.C 细节题。文章第四段首先讲到Carl Churchill和其他女戏剧作家将女性生活和经历的戏剧性展现搬到舞台中心。然后讲到1982年在第二次女性主义浪潮中发表的四部女性系列戏剧作品，她的作品 Vinegar Tom 是四部戏剧作品的第一部。之后讲到她的作品VinegarTom和其他几部在研究和创建女性主义戏剧方面具有很大影响力。第六段第一句讲到Carl Churchill在她的戏剧中批判top-girl feminism。因此C项表述“所有她的作品在研究和创建女性主义戏剧方面具有很大影响力”与文章不符，是错误的。
38.B 细节题。文章第五段讲到三种女性主义：资产阶级/自由女性主义（bourgeois/liberal），激进/文化女性主义（radical/cultural），社会/唯物女性主义（socialist/materialist）。资产阶级/自由女性主义在政治上是最弱的，因为它既不赞同激进/文化女性主义推翻父权制度，也不提倡社会/唯物女性主义所主张的社会、经济、政治变革。它保持它的现实主义形式，在传统的戏剧形式内为女性创造更多的角色。A项表述与原文相反，故不正确。C项表述与原文相符，但是讲的是资产阶级/自由女性主义在美学上的主张，而不是政治上的。因此答案选B。
39.B　 细节题。文章第六段讲到九十年代个人主义的女性力量（girlpower）以及第三次女性主义浪潮共同使得女性主义戏剧更难定义和识别。反抗的声音，例如Rebecca Prichard和Judy Upton通过将感到幻灭和处于劣势的年轻女性团体戏剧化拿起了复杂的女性主义的接力棒。而B项所讲的“虽然媒体的激烈反应，但是女性戏剧家仍然很出名。”是发生在八十年代的。因此答案选B。
40.D 细节题。文章第一段提到学者发现十世纪戏剧性文本，这些戏剧是复辟时期女性剧作家的作品，但是没有讲到他们形成强大的力量。第七段第一句讲到，随着越来越多的女性剧作家在英国舞台上首秀，很明显她们多样化的主题挑战了女性主义评论家们的目光。最后一段第二句话讲到女性主义戏剧作家和从业者将社会不公和不平等戏剧化。因此本题的答案是D。
Reading Passage 2
Questions41-46
41.ix paragraph B 主要讲述了光污染的问题——人造光的照射范围超过了其应当照明的目标范围，说明了很多光都是没有必要的。因此可以用“More light than Is Necessary”做标题。
42.iv paragraph C 第一句便点明主题：在大部分人类历史上短语“光污染（light pollution）”是没有任何意义的。
43.iii paragraph D 首先讲到大多数人类生活在各种光线交织的地区，然后具体分析了地球上美国、欧洲等国家和地区的照明情况。因此标题可以选择iii。
44.vi paragraph E 首先便以问答的形式提出灯光并不能保证安全，然后通过犯罪和灯光的关系详细说明。因此本段讲述了灯光和安全的关系。
45.xi paragraph F 首先讲到光污染产生的原因，然后提到光污染影响到自然世界，最后讲到光对驾驶的影响，由此可得出光污染已经渗透人类生活。
46.xii paragraph G 第一句便点明了光会对动物产生威胁，接着论述了光对动物的负面影响。
Questions47-51
47.NO
(文章paragraph D第四句提到，美国特别明亮，因此在它的夜间卫星图上，只需要从灯光便可以清晰地看到美国的轮廓。而本题表述称因为美国灯光多，所以卫星在夜晚很容易地拍到美国的轮廓照片，与文意不符。)
48.NO
(文章paragraph D第三句提到，由于白天更长，导致喂养时间延长，这也会影响迁徙日期。而本题的表述“白天时间延长使繁殖时间增加，从而导致迁徙日期延后”，与文章不符。)
49.YES
(文章paragraph I提到位于亚利桑那州的观测中心有24台望远镜在这个城市的周围观测，同时宇航员们需要在黑暗的天空工作，但是有一段时间黑暗受到威胁，由此可得出科学家们的工作由于明亮的光而变得困难。)
50.NOT GIVEN
(文章最后一段提到San Diego颁布光污染法，并且采取安装节能灯等节能措施，节省了大量能源。并没有提到许多国家将光污染视为非法。)
51.NOT GIVEN
(文章最后一段最后一句提到用更高效设计更完善的灯取代老式灯泡，在保护夜空方面会产生很大影响。但是没有提到老式灯泡一定比现代灯产生更多污染。)
Questions52-55
52.over-lit/over-illuminated
(根据paragraph B讲到现在不管是购物广场还是私人住宅或摩天大楼都过度照明，由此可以得出现在大多数人生活在过度照明的城市里面，在城市里天空似乎没有了星星，只留下无尽的雾霾。over-lit/over-illuminated过度照明的。)
53.ensure safety
(文章paragraph E讲到过亮的灯光使得居民门窗紧闭，因此并不能阻止犯罪，由此可得出根据最新研究，即使是照明良好的街道也不能保证安全或者让四周居民安全居住。)
54.prevent light
(文章最后一段讲到由节能灯来解决光污染问题，由此得出节能灯能够防止灯光照射到没有需要的地区。)
55.education
(由最后一段Brian Greer的讲话可以得出在解决光污染的问题上，教育和法律一样重要，此处应填education。)
Reading Passage 3
Questions 56-62
56.A　 57.C　 58.D
(paragraph F讲到直接扩散（direct diffusion）。首先讲明了直接扩散发生在两种非常相近的不同文化之间。两种文化通过贸易、联姻甚至是战争长期接触互动导致文化融合。最后讲到美国和墨西哥在足球方面有共同兴趣的例子。同时在paragraph J再次提到直接扩散，指出直接扩散在文化价值和产品的传播方面扮演重要角色，由于旅游的舒适人们现在能够在世界各地频繁移动。物理障碍已不能阻碍人类的行动和文化思想的传播。由此可得A、C、D三项属于直接扩散。)
59.B 60.F
(paragraph G讲到强制扩散（forced diffusion），又称扩展扩散（expansion diffusion），发生在一种文化打败另一种文化并将它的信仰和传统强制施加到被征服的人们身上。之后讲到西班牙征服美洲，强迫美洲人皈依罗马天主教。最后讲到强制扩散产生的原因一般是由于实施扩散的人们在文化信仰上的优越感，这种文化殖民主义主要会发生在语言、食物和宗教方面。因此B、F两项符合要求。)
61.G 62.I
(paragraph H讲到间接扩散（Indirect Diffusion），这种扩散发生在文化思想通过中间人或另一种文化传播。之后大众媒体、网络和科技在这种扩散中的作用。其中举到两个例子：第一个是意大利食物在北美的受欢迎度；第二个是非洲人穿着朋友送的米奇T恤虽然他从来没有去过迪士尼。同时paragraph J再次提到间接扩散，指出网络和广告等大众传媒使得全世界人们都能看到美国的流行，因此在喜马拉雅村落也可以看到牛仔裤和可口可乐等产品。由此可以得出符合间接扩散的有G、I两项。)
Questions63-67
63.YES
(文章paragraph C段讲到，文化扩散（cultural diffusion）是用来形容文化思想从核心和文化发源地向外传播。首次提出这一概念的是德国地理学家和物理学家Boes，然后由他的学生及人类学系的创始人一同将其传播开来。之后paragraph D讲到文化扩散理论在人类学界引发争议，因为其与大规模迁徙相矛盾。同时这一段还提到有一些文化学者在文化扩散理论上产生分歧。由此可得本题表述与作者思想相符。)
64.NO
(paragraph F首先讲明了直接扩散发生在两种非常相近的不同文化之间。两种文化通过贸易、联姻甚至是战争长期接触互动导致文化融合。虽然在古代人们住在邻近地区，但是不一定会产生文化扩散。因此本题的描述是错误的。)
65.NO
(paragraph G讲到强制扩散（forceddiffusion）。在本段中提出，民族优越感（ethnocentrism）适用于强制扩散是因为它指的是仅从自己文化优势的角度观看世界的观点。结果是，参与到这种扩散的人们会认为自己的文化信仰比其他民族的优越，因此便将他们的思想强加到被征服的人们身上。但是这只是参与文化扩散者自己的观点，这并不意味着欧式社会一定比其他社会更先进。)
66.NO
(paragraph I第三句讲到这些地区之所以会被认为是现代文化发源地是因为他们文化方面在全世界的流行，不是经济方面，因此本题表述错误。)
67.NOT GIVEN
(文章最后两段讲到间接扩散对文化思想从美国等地区向其他地区的传播影响最大，并且旅游的舒适和现代科技协助加速文化扩散，但是没有提到由于大众媒体和网络的普及，间接扩散成为最常见的文化扩散形式。)
Questions68-70
68.A 细节题。paragraphA第四句提到这些地区之所以被称为文化发源地是因为宗教、铁制工具和武器的使用、高度组织化的社会结构和农业都从这里起源和传播出去。只有“地理位置”一项没有提及。
69.B 细节题。paragraphD讲到文化扩散的理论在人类学界引发争议，因为其与大规模迁
徙相矛盾。只有B项“文化扩散的理论与大规模迁徙不一致”符合文意。
70.B推断题。B项讲到一个特定地区语言、科技和文化差异被认为是当地所固有的。很
显然和文化扩散没有关系，因此答案选B。
IV. Writing
Should People Retire Later?
Recently, some experts suggest that we raise the mandatoryretirement age because of the huge deficit in the pension fund in China.Meanwhile, a major portal website in Chinaasked the public “do you think the age of retirement should be raised?” Theresults were frankly, very one-sided. Almost 95 percent of the participantsresponded negatively to the idea. The main reason given was that it affects theemployment and life of the younger generation. Only 2 percent said yes to theproposal. Even the BBC news mentioned that retirement results in a “drasticdecline in health” in the medium and long term. I think that reason cannotaccount for the raise of retirement age. And in my view, the government shouldnot raise the mandatory retirement age.
I will state my opinion from three points. Firstly,it can increase the employment pressure. As we all know, the unemployment isthe most serious problem that young people face. According to the data, collegestudents nationwide will reach 7 million this year, increasing by one hundredand 90 thousand than that last year, but the actual provision of new job andthe job vacancy caused by retirement is only 12 million each year. So there isa huge gap between supply and demand. Clearly, from these data, we know Chinais currently facing the severe unemployment problem. If we raise the retirementage, it will undoubtedly make the employment situation worse. Second, raiseretirement age will lower the productivity. We know that in information age,the technology updates constantly, people should keep the pace of technology.However, the elder’s ability of learning is decreasing with the age, so theyoung labor productivity is higher than the elder on average. If retirement ageis raised, the enterprise will pay more for the elders even though they cannotcreate equally value for the enterprise with the young people, which willindirectly increase the company’s burden. Lastly, not all the people arewilling to postpone retirement, especially those people who do physical works.Long-term labor makes them unhealthful. They should have had a happy life intheir late life. However, if we raise the retirement age, they have to work foreven longer than before, this will make their health worse.
　 In a conclusion, Ipersonally do not advocate the raise of retirement age. The higher theretirement age is, the fewer jobs there are for the young. However, whether anincrease in the retirement age is good or bad should be consideredcomprehensively from the population, social security, female worker’s owndevelopment problems, especially the employment problem. So the governmentshould listen to the views of the community before making policies.

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