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2014年3月中国科学院考博英语真题及详解
2013年3月中国科学院考博英语真题及详解
2013年10月中国科学院考博英语真题及详解
2012年3月中国科学院考博英语真题及详解
2012年10月中国科学院考博英语真题及详解
2011年3月中国科学院考博英语真题及详解
2011年10月中国科学院考博英语真题及详解
2010年3月中国科学院考博英语真题及详解
2010年10月中国科学院考博英语真题及详解
2009年3月中国科学院考博英语真题及详解
2009年12月中国科学院考博英语真题及详解
2008年3月中国科学院考博英语真题及详解
2008年10月中国科学院考博英语真题及详解
内容简介
考博真题是每个考生复习备考必不可少的资料，而拥有一份权威、正确的参考答案尤为重要，通过研究历年真题能洞悉考试出题难度和题型，了解常考章节与重要考点，能有效指明复习方向。
《中国科学院考博英语历年真题及详解》完整收录了2008～2014年的13套考博真题，并提供全部试题的参考答案及详解。本书中的解题思路清晰、答案翔实，帮助广大考生在熟练掌握知识点的同时，能够熟练运用各种题型的答题技巧，以提高应试技巧，把握答题节奏，增强自信心，提高考试分数。
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2014年3月中国科学院考博英语真题及详解
PAPER ONE
PART I VOCABULARY (15minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)
Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completesthe statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a singlebar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
1. The old bridge isnot strong enough to allow the _____ of heavy vehicles.
A. passage
B. route
C. tunnel
D. pressure
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：这座旧桥不够牢固，重型车辆不能通过。passage意为“经过；通路，通道；行程”，符合题意，因此选A项。route常规路线；渠道，途径。tunnel隧道；地道。pressure压力。
2. The widowed oldwoman was so lonely that she would talk _____ to the strangers in the supermarketsabout her pets.
A. at best
B. at length
C. in bulk
D. in effect
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：这位孤寡老妇人如此孤独，以至于她会在超市里没完没了地和陌生人聊起她的宠物。at length意为“详细地；充分地”，符合题意，因此选B项。atbest最多，充其量。in bulk大批量地。in effect实际上。
3. Citizens ofdeveloped and developing nations alike face dangers from _____ medicines; they poseterrible hazard to public health.
A. distinctive
B. proliferating
C. fraudulent
D. ineffective
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：发达国家和发展中国家的公民都面临假药带来的威胁，公共卫生受到危害。fraudulent意思为“欺骗的，假冒的”，符合题意，因此选C项。distinctive有特色的，与众不同的。proliferating激增的。ineffective不起作用的。
4. It must be muchtougher than I realized, _____ on just 10,000 Yuan a year.
A. getting by
B. getting away
C. getting around
D. getting along
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：一年仅靠1万元度日，这一定比我想象的还要艰难。get by度日，勉强度日；勉强过活。get away离开，脱身；逃掉。get around绕开；传播；随意走走。get along相处；进展；前进。
5. When therelationship of parents and children is at this low _____, mutual love and respectneed careful maintenance and rebuilding.
A. rate
B. rank
C. scale
D. ebb
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：当父母和孩子们之间的关系处于低潮时，他们需要呵护和重建相互之间的爱和尊重。ebb退潮；衰退。at a low ebb处于低潮期；衰退。
6. To have aknowledge-based economy and a scientifically _____ population, developing countriesmust invest in fundamental science and blue skies research.
A. moderate
B. obsolete
C. literate
D. desperate
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：为了拥有知识型的经济和具有科学素养的国民，发展中国家必须投资基础科学和理论研究。literate“有文化的，受过教育的”，这里用来指国民素质，符合题意，因此选C项。moderate适度的，中等的。obsolete老式的，过时的。desperate令人绝望的。
7. New Zealanderscolloquially refer to themselves as “Kiwis,” _____ the country’s native bird.
A. for
B. by
C. with
D. after
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：新西兰人把自己俗称为“Kiwis”，这一名字来源于当地的一种鸟。name after“以……的名字起名”，因此这里使用介词after。
8. These are studentswho, at some stage of their undergraduate careers, leave class, either _____,or because they are asked to do so.
A. voluntarily
B. selectively
C. compulsorily
D. necessarily
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：在大学学习生涯的某一阶段，一些学生出于自愿或迫于要求而离开课堂。voluntarily“自愿地；自动地，自发地”，与句中的“they are asked to do so”相对应，因此A项正确。
9. The sanctions aredesigned to force Libya to _____ the two Lockerbie suspects and to cooperate inthe investigation in a similar case.
A. hand in
B. hand out
C. hand down
D. hand over
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：这些制裁意在迫使利比亚交出两名洛克比空难的嫌疑犯，并且配合类似案件的调查。hand over交出；交付；交给。hand in交上；递交；呈送。hand down传承；把…传递下来; 正式宣布。
10. I could thenrealize that he was a fever specialist of world _____.
A. renown
B. domain
C. prominence
D. authority
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：我那时才意识到他便是世界知名的发热科专家。renown“声誉，名望”，of world renown举世闻名的。
11. The Labor defeatwas a disaster, but it might be a blessing _____.
A. at liberty
B. in disguise
C. at risk
D. in sequence
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：工党败北是一场灾难，不过，这也许是因祸得福。a blessing in disguise的意思为“塞翁失马；因祸得福”。
12. Science suggeststhat the greater part of an optimistic outlook can be _____ with the right instruction.
A. acquired
B. imposed
C. traced
D. fabricated
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：科学研究显示，乐观的态度在更大的程度上能够通过正确的指导而获得。acquire学到；获得，取得。impose强加；征税。trace跟踪，追溯。fabricate编造；伪造。
13. True modesty doesnot _____ an ignorance of our merits, but in a due estimate of it.
A. count in
B. fall in
C. consist in
D. rein in
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：真正的谦逊不在于忽视我们的优点，而在于对其进行适度地评价。consist in“存在于……中”，符合题意，因此选C项。count把……计算在内。fall in坍塌，跌入。rein in放慢，止住，控制；勒。
14. Nearly 4 out of 5workers at the company take unpaid _____ at least once a week.
A. leave
B. shift
C. change
D. slot
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：公司大约有五分之四的工人至少每周都会申请一次无薪假期。take a leave请假，休假。
15. She walked roundto the _____ of the car and stood silently while he undid the boot and pickedup her bag.
A. ream
B. ranch
C. rear
D. realm
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：当他打开后备箱，拿起她的包时，她走到汽车的尾部，静静地站在那儿。rear后部，背面，背后。ream许多，大量。ranch大牧场。realm领域，范围。
16. Good leadershiprequires you to surround yourself with people of _____ perspectives who can disagreewith you without fear of revenge.
A. cynical
B. diverse
C. dominant
D. indifferent
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：良好的领导力要求你的身边有各种看法不同的人，他们可以与你见解不同，同时不担心打击报复。diverse“各不相同的”，符合题意，因此选B项。cynical愤世嫉俗的。
17. The small supplierfirm will often be located near to the big firm, and will be expected toprovide supplies _____ .
A. on duty
B. on demand
C. on purpose
D. on record
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：小型的供应商公司往往位于大公司的附近，并且供应它们所需要的物资。on demand一经要求；索要。on duty值班。on purpose故意地。on record有记录地，有记载地，公开发表地。
18. Operations whichleft patients _____ and in need of long periods of recovery time now leave themfeeling relaxed and comfortable.
A. ignored
B. exhausted
C. deserted
D. alienated
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：曾经让病人感觉疲惫并且需要很长时间才能康复的手术，如今却让他们感觉放松和舒适。exhausted疲惫的。ignored被忽视的。deserted被遗弃的。alienated被疏远的。
19. Disobedience willbring _____ on the nation: fatal disease, famine, wild beasts ravaging theland, and war leading to exile.
A. calamity
B. provision
C. rivalry
D. revival
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：不服从命令会给国家带来灾难：致命的疾病、饥荒、肆虐的野兽和导致颠沛流离的战争。calamity灾难。provision规定，条款；预备；供应。rivalry竞争，对抗。revival复兴。
20. Obama reiteratedhis call today for Republicans and Democrats to _____ their differences in theface of the economic crisis.
A. lean on
B. leak out
C. leave out
D. lay aside
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：奥巴马今天重申，呼吁共和党人和民主党人在经济危机面前搁置他们之间的分歧。lay aside把……搁置一边。lean on依赖。leakout漏水，泄露。leave out遗漏；省略；未顾及。
PART II CLOZE TEST (15minutes, 15 points)
Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer fromthe four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice witha single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
The relationship between husbandsand wives is one of the strongest bonds in our society. It is deep, passionate,and often (21) . The exact amount of husband-wifeviolence is difficult to (22) ,but it is one of the most common of all forms of violence. More calls to thepolice involve family disturbances (23) all other forms of violent behavior (24) . In 1993, New York city police (25) received 300,000 domestic violence calls.But researchers deemed that it was still an (26) . They estimate that it actuallyoccurs in about one of (27) two marriages.
In many societies, husbands havetraditionally had the legal right to physically punish wives who refuse toaccept male (28) . Although this practice is nolonger (29) in Western culture, it still occurs. (30) , many victims of spousal abuse findthat the police are reluctant to be of much help. Battered women report thatabusive husbands are merely given a lecture or spend the night in jail and aresoon back to their (31) ways. There appear to be two majorreasons for this. First, most police officers are male, and they tend to hold atraditional view of gender roles. Even assaults that do serious physical harmto the (32) are often seen as private matters thatshould be (33) by the married partners, not the police.Second, (34) other violent crimes, a significant percentageof the victims of spousal abuse drop the charges (35) their attackers, some officers feel thateven a vigorous enforcement effort is likely to produce few results.
21. A.fantastic B.alien C.violent D.stressful
22. A.control B.prove C.suppose D.determine
23. A.than B.over C.above D.upon
24. A.documented B.committed C.classified D.combined
25. A.alone B.else C.itself D.only
26. A. understatement B. underestimate C. underground D.underproduction
27. A.those B.both C.all D.every
28. A.prestige B.authority C.hierarchy D.temperament
29. A.referred to B.approved of C.carried out D.interfered with
30. A.Therefore B.However C.Moreover D.Meanwhile
31. A. everlasting B.continuing C.threatening D.misunderstanding
32. A.victim B.children C.society D.police
33. A.disposed B.resolved C.promised D.concerned
34. A.regarding B.unlike C.rather than D.as to
35. A.against B.to C.for D.about
【答案与解析】
21.C 下文中紧接着提到了丈夫与妻子之间暴力的多少（The exact amount of husband-wife violence），由此可知，本句引起下文，应该填入C项violent。
22.D 句意：尽管夫妻暴力是所有暴力形式中最为常见的一种，但该种暴力的多少却很难确定。determine“确定”，符合句意，因此选D项。
23.A 本句开头使用了表示比较级的more，由此可知，此处应该填入表示比较句型，与之搭配使用的than。
24.D 句意：涉及家庭纠纷的报警电话要多于涉及所有其他暴力行为的电话之和。combined在这里作后置定语，表示把所有其他暴力行为的电话加起来。
25.A 句意：1993年，仅仅纽约警察局就收到了30万个涉及家庭暴力的电话。alone在这里作副词，表示“单独地”，强调仅仅纽约警察局，符合题意，选A项。D项only填在此处译为“纽约警察局仅仅接到了30万个涉及家庭暴力的电话”，强调报警电话数量之少，与题意不符，因此排除。
26.B 上文中提到了涉及家庭暴力的报警电话之多，本句中使用了still一词，由此可知，本句表示“研究者认为前文提到的30万这一数字也依然是一种低估”。由此可知B项正确。
27.D every+基数词+复数名词，表示“每……”。这里指“每两个家庭中”。
28.B 句意：在很多社会当中，传统上丈夫对不接受他男性权威的妻子有权进行体罚。authority权威；权力。prestige声誉；威信。hierarchy分层，层次；等级制度。temperament性格；（性情）暴躁。
29.B 句意：虽然这种惯例不再被西方社会所赞同，但这种行为依然存在。approve of“赞成，赞同”，符合题意，因此选B项。refer to提及。carry out实施。interferewith干扰；干涉。
30.C 空格前面提到家庭暴力仍然存在，后面提到警察不愿对受害者提供什么帮助，两者之间属于递进关系，因此填入C项。
31.C 句意：受虐女性说施虐丈夫仅仅是被警察教训一顿，或者是在监狱中关一晚，但很快他们就又恢复到原来凶恶的样子。threatening“胁迫的；险恶的；凶兆的”，符合题意，因此选C项。everlasting永久的，接连不断；不断的，冗长的。continuing继续的，连续的，持续的。misunderstanding误解；误会；不和。
32.A 根据上下文可知，这里指“对受害者造成严重身体伤害的袭击”，因此选A项。
33.B 句意：警察常常认为即使是对受害者造成严重身体伤害的袭击也是私事，应该由夫妻双方解决，而不是由警察来解决。resolve解决；表决；分解。这里指解决问题，因此选B项。
34.B 句意：与其他暴力犯罪不同，相当比例的家庭暴力受害者撤销了对袭击方的指控。B项unlike“与……不同，不像”，符合题意，因此正确。
35.A charge against sb.“指控某人”，为固定用法，因此选A项。
PART Ⅲ READING COMPREHENSION
Section A (60minutes, 30 points)
Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incompletestatements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B,C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that bestanswers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choicewith a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring AnswerSheet.
Passage One
Mark Kelly is originally from Lancashire inEngland. He has been living in Japan for six years and, at the weekend, he is afake priest. “I was living in Sapporo, studying Japanese, and I needed themoney. It’s far better paid than teaching in a language school”, he said. “Being a fake priest isbig business in Japan—I’ve done a TV commercial for onecompany,” he added.“In Sapporo, there are five agencies employing about 20 fake priests. In a citylike Tokyo, there must be hundreds.”
The fake Western priests are employed atWestern-style weddings to give a performance and add to the atmosphere. Theseare not legal ceremonies—thecouples also have to make a trip to the local registrar. “In the past almostall weddings in Japan were Shinto, but in the last few years Western-styleweddings have appeared and become very popular,” said one Japanese priest. “Mostcouples are trying to recreate a European wedding, so they overwhelmingly askfor a foreign priest instead of a Japanese one,” he added.
The fake priests in Japan sometimes have todeal with difficult situations. Mr. Kelly has often presided over ceremonieswhere the bride is pregnant. “It is common. Once, the bride vomited on me andthen fainted. It wasn’t very romantic,” he said. Another difficulty is meeting genuine Japanese priests. “Wedo occasionally bump into the real thing. They are very much against us, but thereare not enough genuine Japanese priests to meet the demand,” he said.
One Japanese Christian priest spoke out. “Itis a real problem for us. They are not genuine and they give us a bad name,” he said. “It is important for thebride and groom to have a proper wedding, and they are not getting it fromthese foreign priests. I have even heard of hotels using staff when they can'tfind anyone else.”
But Mr. Kelly argues that the ceremony is notabout religion, but about image. “I give a good performance. I use an Apachewedding prayer in my ceremony. It works very well, although I had to take outthe part about the bear god in the sky,” he said. “If people are crying by theend of the wedding, I think I have done a good job.”
36. Whatdo we know about Mark Kelly?
A. He's a professional priest.
B. He’s a language student.
C. He's working for a TV station.
D. He’s earning a living in Japan.
37. Thefake Western priests are in great demand in Japan because of _____.
A. the popularity of Western-styleweddings
B. the bad reputation of Japanesepriests
C. the decline of the traditionalreligion, Shinto
D. the low prices at which theyare hired
38. Usinga foreign priest at a wedding in Japan is _____.
A. forbidden according to criminallaw
B. meant for having a Westernatmosphere
C. aimed to save a trip to aregistrar
D. deemed necessary to add to thesolemnity
39.According to the passage, Mr. Kelly considers his job rather _____.
A. demanding B.amusing C.sacred D.creative
40.Japanese priests are angry with those fake foreign priests because they are _____.
A. bringing an end to theoccupation B.misleading the bride and groom
C. damaging the image of the former D.corrupting the morals of weddings
41.According to Mr. Kelly, what mostly interests a Japanese couple at the weddingis _____.
A. how well the priest can performhis role
B. what religious rituals arebeing followed
C. whether other participants canbe moved
D. who can make them burst intotears
【答案与解析】
36.D 根据文章第一段第二、三句可知， Mark Kelly目前住在日本，周末他是一位fake priest，因为他需要这笔钱，由此可知，Mark Kelly在日本挣钱谋生。因此选D项。
37.A 文章第二段介绍了fake Western priests的具体工作，其中提到了主要是服务于西式婚礼。本段最后一句也提到，“Most couples are trying to recreate aEuropean wedding, so they overwhelmingly ask for a foreign priest”，由此可知，A项正确。
38.B 根据第二段第一句“The fake Western priests are employed at Western-style weddings to givea performance and add to the atmosphere”可知，雇佣fake Western priests的目的是为了增加气氛。因此选B项。
39.A 文章第三段明确提到“The fake priests in Japan sometimes have to deal with difficultsituations”，并且用Mr. Kelly的经历来举例说明，由此可知，假牧师的工作并不容易。因此选A项。
40.C 根据第四段第一句中日本真正的牧师的话可知，他们认为假牧师是一个问题，“they give us a bad name”，因此，C项符合题意。
41.A 根据第五段第一句，婚礼仪式的重点不是宗教，而是形象。并提到自己表演得很好，由此推测，Mr. Kelly认为婚礼上新娘和新郎注重的是牧师是否能够扮演好相关的角色。因此B项错误，A项正确。C项和D项是Mr. Kelly判断自己是否成功的一些细节，不属于新婚夫妻关心的问题，因此排除。
Passage Two
There are already drugs that brighten moods,like Prozac, and other antidepressants that control levels of a brain chemicalcalled serotonin. While originally meant to treat depression, these drugs havebeen used for other psychological conditions like shyness and anxiety and evenby otherwise healthy people to feel better about themselves.
But is putting people in a better mood reallymaking them happy? People can also drown their sorrows in alcohol or get a euphoric feeling using narcotics, but few people whodo so would be called truly happy.
The President’s Council on Bioethics said ina recent report that while antidepressants might make some people happier, theycan also substitute for what can truly bring happiness: a sense of satisfactionwith one's identity, accomplishments and relationships.
“Inthe pursuit of happiness human beings have always worried about falling for theappearance of happiness and missing its reality,” the council wrote. It added,“Yet a fraudulent happiness is just what the pharmacological management of ourmental lives threatens to confer upon us.”
Now the race is on to develop pills to makepeople smarter. These drugs aim at memory loss that occurs in people with Alzheimer’sdisease or a precursor called mild cognitive impairment.
But it is lost on no one that if a memorydrug works and is safe, it may one day be used by healthy people to learnfaster and remember longer.
Studies have already shown that animals can bemade to do both when the activity of certain genes is increased or decreased.Dr. Tom Tully, a professor at Cold Spring Harbor laboratory, createdgenetically engineered fruit flies that he said had “photographic memory.” Theycould, in one session, learn something that took normal flies 10 sessions.
“It immediately convinced everyonethat memory was going to be just another biological process,” Dr. Tully said.“There's nothing special about it. That meant that it was going to be treatableand manipulable.”
But experts say that improving memory willnot necessarily make one smarter, in the sense of IQ, let alone in wisdom. “Itwould be a mistake to think that drugs that have an impact on memory necessarilywill have an effect on intelligence,” said Dr. Daniel L. Schachter, chairman ofpsychology at Harvard.
“Is it a good thing to remember everything?”Dr. Tully asked. Could a brain too crammed with information suffer some sort ofoverload?
42.Talking of antidepressants, the author expresses dissatisfaction with _____.
A. their wide promotion
B. their original aim
C. their extended use
D. their free prescription
43. Theword “euphoric” (boldfaced in Paragraph 2) can be replaced by the word “_____.”
A. refreshed
B. deceptive
C. regenerative
D. delighted
44. According to theCouncil’s report, for those who seek contentment with their lives, antidepressantscan _____.
A. cheat them
B. please them
C. facilitate them
D. scare them
45. The example offruit flies is given to show that _____.
A. medication for improving memoryis safe
B. animals can do something humanscannot
C. drugs can help healthy peoplelearn faster
D. medical science can work somewonders
46. The author thinksthat, to one, remembering everything could be _____.
A. damaging
B. deluding
C. discouraging
D. dissatisfying
47. From the passagewe can infer that medicines have little power in _____.
A. bringing one mixed feelings
B. solving psychological problems
C. making people remember better
D. manipulating brain disorders
【答案与解析】
42.C 根据文章第一段可知，抗抑郁药本来是用来治疗抑郁的，但是却被用于治疗其他心理问题，如害羞、焦虑等等，由此可知，作者是对滥用抗抑郁药表示不满。因此选C项。
43.D 文章第二段第二句中，drown their sorrows in alcohol（借酒浇愁）和get a euphoric feeling using narcotics并列，由此可知，这里指人们想要忘掉烦恼，获得一种与悲伤相反的情绪，选项中只有D项符合题意，因此选D项。euphoric欣快症的，欣快的; 精神愉快的。
44.A 第三段和第四段介绍了The President’s Council最近的一项报告。其中提到抗抑郁药可能替代那些真正给人带来幸福的东西，并且在第四段最后一句提到了“a fraudulent happiness（欺骗性的幸福）”，由此可知，A项正确。。
45.D 文章倒数第四段提到，基因被改造过的果蝇只需要一次就能学会普通果蝇十次才能学会的东西，从而说明医药科学可以实现一些奇迹。由此可知D项正确。
46.A 文章最后一段提到“Could a brain too crammed with information suffer some sort of overload”，由此可推测，作者认为记住所有信息可能会造成负荷过重。因此本题选A项。
47.B 通读全文，作者首先讨论了抗抑郁药，President’s Council的报告说明通过抗抑郁药获得的幸福感是具有欺骗性的，不赞成其用于其他心理问题如害羞、焦虑等。接着作者又讨论了让人记忆力增强的药物，并通过哈佛心理学家Dr. Daniel的话指出记忆力增强不是让人变聪明。由此可知，作者认为药物是解决不了心理问题的。因此本题选B项。
Passage Three
The staff of Normandy Crossing ElementarySchool outside Houston eagerly awaited the results of state achievement teststhis spring. For the principal and assistant principal, high scores could buoytheir careers at a time when success is increasingly measured by such tests.For fifth-grade math and science teachers, the rewards were more tangible: abonus of $ 2,850.
But when the results came back, some seemedtoo good to be true. Indeed, after an investigation by the Galena ParkIndependent School District, the principal and three teachers resigned May 24in a scandal over test tampering.
The district said the educators haddistributed a detailed study guide after stealing a look at the state sciencetest by “tubing” it—squeezing a test booklet, withoutbreaking its paper seal, to form an open tube so that questions inside could beseen and used in the guide. The district invalidated students’ scores.
Of all the forms of academic cheating, nonemay be as startling as educators tampering with children’s standardized tests.But investigations in many states this year have pointed to cheating by educators.Experts say the phenomenon is increasing as the stakesover standardized testing become higher—including,most recently, taking student progress on tests into consideration in teachers’performance reviews.
Many school districts already link teachers’bonuses to student improvement on state assessments. Houston decided this yearto use the data to identify experienced teachers for dismissal, and New YorkCity will use it to make tenure decisions on novice teachers.
The federal No Child Left Behind law is afurther source of pressure. Like a high jump bar set intentionally low in thebeginning, the law—which mandates that public schoolsbring all students up to grade level in reading and math by 2014—was easy to satisfy early on. But the bar isnotched higher annually, and the penalties for schools that fail to get over italso rise; teachers and administrators can lose jobs and see their school takenover.
No national data is collected on educatorcheating. Experts who consult with school systems estimated that 1 percent to 3percent of teachers—thousands annually—cross the line between accepted ways ofboosting scores, like using old tests to prepare students, and actual cheating.
“Educators feel that their schools’reputation, their livelihoods, their psychic meaning in life are at stake,”said Robert Schaeffer, public education director for Fair Test.
48.Paragraph 1 stresses the relationship between students' test results and _____.
A. their teachers' interest
B. their families' prestige
C. their own future success
D. their school's reputation
49.According to the passage, the cheating was that _____.
A. the test supervisors providedhints during the test
B. the test designers trained thetestees before the test
C. the students exchanged theirnotes during the test
D. the students were given theanswers before the test
50. It iscommonly believed that _____.
A. educators rarely get involvedin academic cheating
B. children's standardized testshave many drawbacks
C. teachers play a key role intheir students’ cheating
D. school intervention helpsreduce academic cheating
51. InParagraph 4, the boldfaced word “stakes” refer to “_____.”
A. opportunities
B. responsibilities
C. benefits
D. achievements
52. Insome places in the US, students' test assessments _____.
A. indicate if the students havebeen effectively taught
B. decide whether the teachers canremain in their jobs
C. help identify who are fit topursue a teaching career
D. influence how to improvecurriculums in the future
53. What kind of roledoes the author think the government plays as associated with educatorcheating?
A. They are adding to it.
B. They are lenient with it.
C. They are overlooking it.
D. They are serious about it.
【答案与解析】
48.A 第一段第二句明确提到“high scores could buoy their careers”和“successis increasingly measured by such tests”，这里的theircareer指的就是前面提到的the principal and assistantprincipal。由此可知，校长和老师的事业或者利益是与学生的考试成绩挂钩的。因此选A项。
49.D 文章第三段介绍了作弊的具体情况，其中第一句就提到教育者在偷看到了科学考试后做了一个详细的学习指导，并且在后面又提到他们把看到的问题用到了学习指导上。由此推测，学生考试前就知道答案了，D项正确。
50.A 根据文章第四段第一句“none may be as startling as educators tampering with children’sstandardized tests”，由此可知，教育者操纵孩子们的标准化考试是最让人震惊的。因此可推测一般来说人们认为教育者很少卷入学术舞弊事件。因此A项正确。
51.C 文章第四段最后一句提到了stakes一词，通过破折号后面的内容“把学生们在考试成绩上的进步纳入到评估教师表现之中”可知，这里的stakes指的是标准化考试可以给教师带来的好处。因此C项正确。
52.B 文章第五段提到，休斯敦决定今年利用成绩数据来决定老教师的去留，而纽约则用考试成绩来决定是否让新教师终身留任。由此可知，B项正确。
53.A 根据倒数第三段第一句 “The federal No Child Left Behind law is afurther source of pressure”可知，联邦法律让老师的压力很大，因此选A项。
Passage Four
The debate as to whether the Internet orbooks are a boon to school education is conducted on the supposition that themedium is the message. But sometimes the medium is just the medium. Whatmatters is the way people think about themselves while engaged in the twoactivities. A person who becomes a citizen of the literary world enters ahierarchical universe. There are classic works of literature at the top andbeach reading at the bottom.
A person enters this world as a novice, andslowly studies the works of great writers and scholars. Readers immersethemselves in deep, alternative worlds and hope to gain some lasting wisdom.Respect is paid to the writers who transmit that wisdom.
A citizen of the Internet has a verydifferent experience. The Internet smashes hierarchy and is not marked byrespect. Maybe it would be different if it had been invented in VictorianEngland, but Internet culture is set in contemporary America. Internet cultureis egalitarian. The young are more accomplished than the old. The new media issupposedly cleverer than the old media. The dominant activity is free-wheeling,disrespectful, antiauthority disputation.
These different cultures foster differenttypes of learning. The great essayist Joseph Epstein once distinguished betweenbeing well informed, being hip and being cultivated. The Internet helps you becomewell informed—knowledgeable about currentevents, the latest controversies and important trends. The Internet also helpsyou become hip—to learn about what's going on, asEpstein writes, “in those lively waters outside the boring mainstream.”
But the literary world is still better athelping you become cultivated, mastering significant things of lastingimportance. To learn these sorts of things, you have to defer to greater mindsthan your own. You have to take the time to immerse yourself in a greatwriter's world. You have to respect the authority of the teacher.
Right now, the literary world is better atencouraging this kind of identity. The Internet culture may produce betterconversationalists, but the literary culture still produces better students.
It’s better at distinguishing the importantfrom the unimportant, and making the important more prestigious.
Perhaps that will change. Already, more“old-fashioned” outposts are opening up across the Web. It could be that thereal debate will not be books versus the Internet but how to build an Internetcounterculture that will better attract people to serious learning.
54.Unlike an Internet surfer, a book reader would feel that _____.
A. he is surrounded by helpfulpeople
B. he is at the top of theacademic world
C. he is hungry for fame and gain
D. he is getting educated step bystep
55. It isimplied that in the literary world, there are _____.
A. academic debates
B. agreed authorities
C. disdainful readers
D. careless scholars
56. Itcan be inferred that Victorian England _____.
A. emphasized submission toauthority
B. produced most of the worldclassics
C. witnessed a fast growth of themedia
D. regarded the new as better thanthe old
57.According to Epstein, "being hip" is being curious about _____.
A. crucial issues
B. lasting disputes
C. outer space
D. the latest fashion
58. Incomparison with literary culture, Internet culture delivers information that israther _____.
A. mixed
B. basic
C. vital
D. useful
59. Whatis suggested about serious learning?
A. It will be the gap between thetwo cultures.
B. It could be available on the Internet.
C. It may still be the focus ofdebate.
D. It should be given greaterattention.
【答案与解析】
54.D 文章第一段提到“A person who becomes a citizen of the literary world enters ahierarchical universe.”这里的a citizen of the literary world与第三段中的A citizen of the Internet相对应，指的是通过书本阅读的人。联系第二段内容可知，通过书本阅读是渐渐地开始学习伟大作家和学者作品的过程，所以选D项。
55.B 文章第一段倒数第一、二句提到，文学世界是分等级的，“There are classic works of literature at thetop and beach reading at the bottom.”也就是说古典文学的等级是最高的，并且在第二段也提到，“Respect is paid to the writers who transmitthat wisdom.”，由此可知，在文学世界里是有公认的权威的，所以选择B项。
56.A 文章第三段谈论的是互联网与文学世界的差异。互联网世界强调平等，打破了文学世界强调的等级和尊敬权威。本段第三句提到“如果互联网诞生在维多利亚时期的英格兰，情况就会很不一样，可是互联网诞生在今日的美国”。也就是说维多利亚时期的英格兰强调等级和尊敬权威。因此A项正确。
57.D 第四段最后一句对 “being hip”进行了解释：了解枯燥的主流之外正在发生的事情。时尚是当下发生的，并且是经典的主流文化之外的事物，因此选D项。
58.A 根据第四段第三句提到“互联网让你消息灵通——了解当今要闻、讨论焦点、重要潮流”，这些信息繁多，是混杂着的，因此A项正确。
59.B 文章最后一段第二句提到，互联网已经有了传统书本的“前哨”，并且在最后一句提到“to build an Internetcounterculture that will better attract people to serious learning”，由此可知B项正确。
Passage Five
America was optimistic almost as a matter ofofficial doctrine right from the outset. Anyone setting up a republic in the1770s had to be aware that nearly every republic in history had failed, usuallyunder the iron heel of a tyrant or conqueror. No sooner had the Americanexperiment got started than Napoleon repeated the pattern by ruining Europe’sfrail republics. Yet this one, safeguarded by an ocean, prospered. Britishvisitors in the 19th century, like Frances Trollope and Charles Dickens, foundthe Americans’ self-confidence, national pride and boastfulness almost insufferable,but they had to admit that the Americans got things done. Enterprising chapslike Andrew Carnegie emigrated from gaunt British poverty to accumulateWagnerian fortunes on the other side of the Atlantic.
In the 20th century, too, asuccession of visitors as different as Rudyard Kipling, Winston Churchill andAlistair Cooke loved recharging their spiritual batteries with long trips toAmerica. Cooke even made a career out of praising America’s can-do attitude,though with an undercurrent of irony at its excesses. What would he make of itscurrent moods?
Today, recession-related jitters arewidespread. Nearly everyone knows someone who has just lost his/her job andcan’t help speculating whether he/she is going to be next. American gloom comesin both highbrow and lowbrow forms. It has become characteristic of thewealthiest and most highly educated Americans to be pessimistic about theircountry. They fear the erosion of civil liberties, a loss of competitivenessand an inability to produce new generations of elite scientists.
Lowbrow gloom, sometimes developing intoself-contempt, is easy to find just by turning on the TV. Millions watch The Biggest Loser, a show in whichhideously overweight citizens cast off their last trace of dignity as theycompete to shed rolls of fat. In Das KapitalKarl Marx made a bitingly ironic remark that the bourgeoisie was becoming sobloated that it would soon be paying to lose weight. The joke’s on him; as itturns out, it’s the pro-bourgeois American working class that is payingmillions to slim down, and taking an abnormal interest in others on the samequest.
60. In Paragraph 1,the case of America in the 1770s is mentioned in order to stress the country’s_____.
A. historical progress
B. self-confidence
C. political system
D. independence
61.Frances Trollope and Charles Dickens recognized that Americans were indeed_____.
A. successful
B. respectable
C. tyrannical
D. wealthy
62.According to the passage, Alistair Cooke _____.
A. assisted Americans in fightingseveral important battles
B. accompanied Winston Churchillduring an American visit
C. mocked America’s extravagantboast of its competence
D. gave plenty of praise ontoAmericans' current moods
63. Thehighbrow gloom in America is characterized by _____.
A. seeing little promise of thecountry
B. feeling uneasy aboutunemployment
C. worrying about children'seducation
D. doubting one’s owncompetitiveness
64. Theauthor seems to think that the program The Biggest Loser _____.
A. tells the audience to respectoverweight people
B. leads the audience to a wrongweight loss method
C. helps the participants to builda competitive spirit
D. makes the participants lose allof their self-respect
65. As implied by theauthor, the American working class, similar to the bourgeoisie criticized byKarl Marx, is now paying for their _____.
A. self-indulgence
B. self-deception
C. self-possession
D. self-satisfaction
【答案与解析】
60.B 文章一开始就举了美国18世纪70年代的例子，接着进行评价“British visitors in the 19th century…found the Americans’ self-confidence,national pride and boastfulness almost insufferable”，由此可知，该例子是为了说明美国的自信和骄傲。因此本题选B项。
61.A 根据第一段倒数第二句可知，当Frances Trollope和CharlesDickens去美国之后，他们不得不承认“the Americans got things done”。由此可知，他们认为美国是成功的，故A项正确。
62.C 文章第二段提到了Alistair Cooke的例子，其中提到“made a career out of praisingAmerica’s can-do attitude, though with an undercurrent of irony at its excesses”，也就是说Cooke靠着赞美美国人“能成事儿”的态度建立了自己的事业，尽管他对于他们过剩的自信不乏嘲讽之意。因此C项正确。
63.A 文章第三段第三、四句提到，美国人的忧郁既包括有文化的阶层，也包括没有文化的阶层。富有且受过良好教育的美国人的一个特点是对他们的国家很悲观。由此可知，A项正确。
64.D 文章最后一段第二句提到，The Biggest Loser让超重的选手“cast off their last trace of dignity”（ 扔掉最后一丝尊严），由此可知，D项正确。
65.A 根据最后一段最后两句，马克思批判资产阶级，认为他们不久就会花钱减肥。而美国现在的工人阶级却也在为自己的放纵买单，要花钱减肥。因此本题选A项。
Section B (20minutes, 10 points)
Directions: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removedfrom the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage.Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks(numbered 66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fitin any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
Passage One
People were riding horses much earlier thanpreviously thought, new archaeological finds suggest. Scientists have nowtraced the first conclusive evidence of domesticated horses back to Kazakhstan,about 5,500 years ago. That’s 1,000 years earlier than we already knew about,and about 2,000 years before domesticated horses showed up in Europe.
(66) Scientists analyzed the horses’ lower legbones, and found that they more closely resembled those of later known domestichorses rather than those of ancient wild horses. The researchers also developeda new method to identify the chemical signatures of fat from horse milk, andwere able to find these traces on Botai pottery fragments. (67)
“The invention of a method to identify thefat residues left by horse milk in ceramic pots is a spectacular and brilliantadvance,” archaeologists David Anthony and Dorcas Brown of Hartwick Collegewrote in an e-mail. “If you're milking horses, they are not wild.”
(68) For one thing, it meant people couldtravel much farther, and much more quickly, than before.
“When people began to ride, it revolutionizedhuman transport,” Anthony and Brown said. “We still measure the power of ourtransportation technologies in horsepower, because for millennia, until justabout 150 years ago, that was the fastest transport humans had.”
(69) They were less nomadic than previousresidents of that area, which is why archaeologists have an easier timestudying their remains, compared to earlier peoples who moved around so oftenthat they didn't leave large deposits in any one place. (70)
“We’ll probably be looking more widely nowtrying to apply the same techniques to other sites,” Brown said. “I wouldn't besurprised if we find even earlier ones. I think even if there are earliersites, they're still going to be in the neighboring area, where those big grassplains are.”
A. The advent ofhorsemanship was a major advance for civilization, right up there withinventing the wheel and making tools out of iron.
B. Finally, a few ofthe ancient horse skulls bore physical markings on the teeth that could havebeen made by the use of a harness with a bit in the mouth.
C. Experts suspectthat some of these even earlier groups may have also domesticated horses,though.
D. Comparisons werealso made to leg bones from modern and 3,000-year-old domesticated horses andfrom wild Siberian horses that lived more than 20,000 years ago.
E. TheBotai people lived in planned-out villages, with houses partly buriedunderground.
F. Archaeologists haveuncovered thousands of horse bones at the site of the ancient Botai culture inKazakhstan.
【答案与解析】
66.F 空格后面提到科学家分析了马的腿骨，发现其与被驯养的马相似，由此可知，空格处应该交代被分析的马骨头的背景。F项符合题意，提到考古学家发现了几千年之前的马的骨头，因此选F项。
67.B 空格前面都是在讲研究人员通过分析马的骨头找到证据说明这些马属于被驯养的马，B项接着指出另一个相关证据，符合该段主题，填在此处上下文语意连贯，逻辑合理，因此本题选B项。
68.A 空格后面使用了代词it，指代的应该是空格处的内容。仔细阅读每个选项，A项中提到了 “horsemanship（马术）”，马术能够让人们骑行更远更快，A项填在此处符合上下文语境，因此选A项。
69.E 空格后面讲到了“they”和“previous residents”两者的对比，E项中提到了Botaipeople的情况，并且与previous residents构成对比，符合题意，因此选E项。
70.C 前面提到由于更早的居民到处游牧，因此在某个地方留下的东西少而不便考古学家研究他们的遗骨。C项紧接着推测甚至还有更早的群体拥有被驯养的马，放在此处符合上下文逻辑关系和语意关系，因此填入C项。
Passage Two
In 2004 and again in 2006, women toldpollsters that the concerns that motivated them to decide whether and for whomto vote were centered on nontraditional “women’s issues.” Women are notsingle-issue voters, either. (71) . In reality, women’s voting patternsindicate quite the opposite.
Women are not monolithic in their attitudesabout, or votes within, the political system. (72) . In the end, women voters askthemselves two core questions when deciding whom to support for president: “DoI like that person?” and “Is that person like me?” The first question is theclassic “living room” test. The second is a more complex inquiry that probeswhether women believe a candidate cares about, values, confronts, and fears thesame things they do.
Party loyalty trumps gender, as indicated bya July 2007 Newsweek survey, which found that 88 percent of men and 85 percentof women say that if their party nominated a woman candidate that they wouldvote for her if she were qualified for the job. (73) : Only 60 percent of men and 56 percentof women believe that the country is ready for a woman president. With regardto race, voters are less hesitant to vote for a qualified African-Americancandidate of their party, as 92 percent of whites and 93 percent of nonwhitessay that they would endorse such a candidate. (74) : Only 59 percent of white votersand 58 percent of nonwhite voters believe that the country would elect a blackpresident.
Whereas the contest for president is the mostwide-open in decades, one thing is certain: (75) .
A. The media’s focuson the contentious ones makes it seem as if women only care about one issue onElection Day and that it takes special attention to that issue to compel womento vote
B. Traditionally,women are thought to gravitate more toward the “SHE” cluster of issues—Social Security, Health Care, and Education,while men are considered more interested in the “WE” issues—War and the Economy
C. Likegender, fewer voters doubt that the country is ready for an African-Americanpresident
D. Americans expressless enthusiasm, however, about the “female factor,” when it comes to how theyjudge their fellow citizens
E. Women, as they havesince 1980, will be a majority of the electorate that decides who next occupiesthe Oval Office
F. When it comes tovoting, one woman might vote for all Democrats, another might votestraight-ticket Republican, while a third might take the salad-bar approach todecide her vote
【答案与解析】
71.A 空格后面使用了 “In reality”和“theopposite”，由此可知，空格处的内容与实际情况相反，可能指的是在某个问题上的误区或常见错误观点。A项符合题意，且A项中的one issue与上文中的single-issue相呼应，因此选A。
72.F 空格前面讲到女性对于选举的态度是分化的。F项对此进行具体的举例说明，符合上下文语境，因此本题填入F项。
73.D 空格前面提到调查显示“对党的忠诚度超越了性别”，根据调查如果自己的政党推选了一名女性，大部分的男性和女性都会投票给该女性。空格后面是对空格处的说明，其中提到“只有60%的男性和56%的女性认为美国已经能够接受女性总统”。由此可知，空格处仍然在讨论选举女性总统的问题。D项中提到了“female factor”，并且提到了“express less enthusiasm”，与空格后面的内容相呼应，因此选D项。
74.C 空格前面和空格后面均提到了选举黑人总统的问题。C项符合上下文语境，因此选C项。
75.E 文章最后一段是对全文的总结。E项“女性已经成为选民中的一大力量，她们的投票将决定谁将入主白宫”符合题意，因此选E项。
PAPER TWO
PART IV TRANSLATION (30minutes, 15 points)
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlinedsegments into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on yourAnswer Sheet.
The only advice, indeed, that one person cangive another about reading is to take no advice, to follow your own instincts,to use your own reason, to come to your own conclusions. (1) If this is agreedbetween us, then I feel at liberty to put forward a few ideas and suggestionsbecause you will not allow them to fetter (禁锢) that independence which is the mostimportant quality that a reader can possess. After all, what laws can be laid down aboutbooks? The battle of Waterloo was certainly fought on a certain day; but is Hamlet a better play than Lear? Nobody can say. Each must decide thatquestion for himself. (2) Everywhere else we may be bound by laws and conventions—there we have none. Then, how are we to bring orderinto this multitudinous chaos and get the deepest and widest pleasure from whatwe read?
(3) It is simple enough to say that sincebooks have classes—fiction, biography, poetry—we should separate them and take from each what is right that eachshould give us.Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come tobooks with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true,of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, ofhistory that it shall enforce our own prejudices. If we could banish all such preconceptionswhen we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to yourauthor; try to become him. Be his fellow-worker and accomplice. (4) If youhang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself fromgetting the fullest possible value from what you read. But if you open yourmind as widely as possible, the signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness,from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into thepresence of a human being unlike any other.
“We have only to compare”—with those words the cat is out of the bag,and the true complexity of reading is admitted. The first process, to receiveimpressions with the utmost understanding, is only half the process of reading;it must be completed, if we are to get the whole pleasure from a book, byanother. (5) We must pass judgment upon these multitudinous impressions; wemust make of these fleeting shapes one that is hard and lasting.
【参考译文】
(1) 如果我们对此达成共识，我就可以无拘束地提出一些看法和建议。因为你不会让这些看法和建议禁铟你的独立见解，而独立见解正是读者应具备的最重要的品质。
(2) 我们也许在任何方面都受习俗和规范的束缚，唯独在读书方面没有。
(3) 毋庸讳言，既然书籍有类别之分，比如小说、传记、诗歌等，那么我们就应该区别对待，从各种不同类别的图书中获取其能提供的不同的营养。
(4) 倘若你起初就犹豫退缩、说三道四，那么你就是在妨碍自己从阅读中最大限度地获取有用价值。
(5) 我们必须对各种印象进行梳理和鉴别；让稍纵即逝的印象变得明确而持久。
【解析】
(1) 本句的主句为I feel at liberty to put forward a few ideas and suggestions，而主句前面为if引导的条件句，主句后面为because引导的原因状语从句，在原因状语从句中包含一个which引导的定语从句修饰that independence。
(2) 本句的翻译难点主要在于对“there”的理解。此处“there”指的是读书这件事。
(3) take from each what is rightthat each should give us中，each指的的每种不同类别的书，what is right为take的宾语，that each should give us修饰what is right，因此翻译为“从各种不同类别的图书中获取其能提供的不同的营养”。“营养”属于意译，指的是what is right。
(4) “hangback”在这里翻译为“退缩”。
(5) make of意为“用……做成； 理解； 明白； 使某人发展成为”，这里指把变幻不定或者稍纵即逝的印象（these fleeting shapes）变得明确而持久（one that is hard and lasting）。
PART V WRITING (40minutes, 20 points)
Directions: Write an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic given below. Usethe space provided on your Answer Sheet Ⅱ.
TOPIC
Unlike such things as technology, fashion,some things never change over time. Name ONE thing that doesn’t change andexplain why it’s changeless.
【参考范文】
Curiosity, hardwired into each and every oneof us, is changeless since it is the inherent nature of an individual, thedrive of a society and the whole human civilization.
We are born into being curious. Our brain isprogrammed to ask questions and seek solutions, and our heart beats to therhythm of throbbing pulses of adventures. Curiosity drives us to have thedesire to know what we don’t know. We keep moving forward, opening new doors,and doing new things because there is that innate passion for unknowns.Curiosity makes what we are today and will continue to do so.
Society and human civilization cannot developwithout curiosity. As the source of human creativity, curiosity enables ushuman beings the capability to make progress and to improve. The entire historyof human civilization is a story of relentless discovering and exploring, whichpushes forward the whole human society. For example, the discovery of fire broughtus heat and light, the confidence to fight against beasts and difficulties; theexplorations on the sea and the New World broadened our horizons and providedus a new frontier for curiosity. As long as humans exist, as long as the civilizationprogresses, curiosity will prevail.
Men come and go, tide rise and fall, andthings keep taking on new forms and looks. However, in spite of all thechanges, curiosity remains the everlasting in everyone’s mind, in the societyand the whole human civilization.
【解析】
题目要求指出一项永恒不变的事物并解释其不会变化的原因。对于此类半开放性作文题目，考生应该挑选自己擅长的主题来论述。永恒不变的可以是一些可贵的品质，比如人与人之间的爱、对事物的好奇心等等；也可以是一些哲理性事物或者思考，比如真理等等。范文首段首先指出好奇心是永恒不变的，并接着在第二、三段进行具体的论述：好奇心是每个人与生俱来的品质，是整个社会及人类文明不断发展的动力。文章最后一段进行总结，重申好奇心是人类及人类文明中不变的品质。
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