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目录 封面
内容简介
目录
第一部分 殖民地时期的美国文学
第1章 约翰·史密斯
1.1 复习笔记
1.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第2章 威廉·布拉德福德和约翰·温思罗普
2.1 复习笔记
2.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第3章 约翰·科顿和罗杰·威廉姆斯
3.1 复习笔记
3.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第4章 安妮·布雷兹特里特和爱德华·泰勒
4.1 复习笔记
4.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第二部分 理性时代和革命时期文学
第5章 本杰明·富兰克林
5.1 复习笔记
5.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第6章 托马斯·佩恩
6.1 复习笔记
6.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第7章 托马斯·杰斐逊
7.1 复习笔记
7.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第8章 菲利普·弗瑞诺
8.1 复习笔记
8.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第三部分 浪漫主义文学
第9章 华盛顿·欧文
9.1 复习笔记
9.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第10章 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏
10.1 复习笔记
10.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第11章 威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特
11.1 复习笔记
11.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第12章 埃德加·爱伦·坡
12.1 复习笔记
12.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第13章 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生
13.1 复习笔记
13.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第14章 亨利·戴维·梭罗
14.1 复习笔记
14.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第15章 纳撒尼尔·霍桑
15.1 复习笔记
15.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第16章 赫尔曼·麦尔维尔
16.1 复习笔记
16.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第17章 亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗
17.1 复习笔记
17.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第四部分 现实主义文学
第18章 沃尔特·惠特曼
18.1 复习笔记
18.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第19章 艾米莉·狄金森
19.1 复习笔记
19.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第20章 哈丽雅特·比彻·斯托
20.1 复习笔记
20.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第21章 马克·吐温
21.1 复习笔记
21.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第22章 欧·亨利
22.1 复习笔记
22.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第23章 亨利·詹姆斯
23.1 复习笔记
23.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第24章 杰克·伦敦
24.1 复习笔记
24.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第25章 西奥多·德莱塞
25.1 复习笔记
25.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第五部分 20世纪美国文学
第26章 埃兹拉·庞德
26.1 复习笔记
26.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第27章 埃德温·阿林顿·罗宾逊
27.1·复习笔记
27.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第28章 罗伯特·弗罗斯特
28.1 复习笔记
28.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第29章 卡尔·桑德堡
29.1 复习笔记
29.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第30章 华莱士·史蒂文斯
30.1 复习笔记
30.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第31章 托马斯.斯特恩斯.艾略特
31.1 复习笔记
31.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第32章 F。斯科特·菲茨杰拉德
32.1 复习笔记
32.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第33章 欧内斯特·海明威
33.1 复习笔记
33.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第34章 约翰·斯坦贝克
34.1 复习笔记
34.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第35章 威廉·福克纳
35.1 复习笔记
35.2 考研真题与典型题详解
内容简介
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我国各大院校一般都把国内外通用的权威教科书作为本科生和研究生学习专业课程的参考教材，这些教材甚至被很多考试（特别是硕士和博士入学考试）和培训项目作为指定参考书。为了帮助读者更好地学习专业课，我们有针对性地编著了一套与国内外教材配套的复习资料，并提供配套的名师讲堂、3D电子书和题库。
《美国文学史及选读》（吴伟仁主编，外语教学与研究出版社）一直被用作高等院校英语专业英国文学教材，被许多院校指定为英语专业考研必读书和学术研究参考书。为了帮助读者更好地学习这套教材，我们精心编著了它的配套辅导用书。
作为该教材的学习辅导书，全书完全遵循该教材的章目编排，共分为五部分，总共35章，每章由两部分组成：第一部分为复习笔记（中英文对照），总结本章的重点难点；第二部分是考研真题与典型题详解，精选名校近年考研真题及相关习题，并提供了详细的参考答案。
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第一部分 殖民地时期的美国文学
第1章 约翰·史密斯
1.1 复习笔记
| I. Historical Introduction (1) At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the vast continental area that was to become the United States had been probed only slightly by English and European explorers. At last early in the seventeenth century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history. (2) The colonies that became the first United States were for the most part sustained by English traditions, ruled by English laws, supported by English commerce, and named after English monarchs and English lands. (3) The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of the settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, about adapting to new life and dealing with Indians; they wrote letters, contracts, government charters, religious and political statements. (4) The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was Captain John Smith, an English soldier of fortune. His reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s, have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English. II. Early New England Literature New England had from the beginning a literature of ideas: theological, moral, historical and political. The Puritans, who had come to New England for the sake of religious freedom, had embraced hardships, together with the discipline of a harsh church for a very long time. Over the years the Puritans built a way of life that was in harmony with their somber religion, one that stressed hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety. These were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing, including the sermons, books, and letters of such noted Puritan clergymen as John Cotton and Cotton Mather. Ⅲ. Puritan Thoughts (1) As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices. The Puritan was a “would-be purifier.” The word was coined by the opponents of the group and was applied to them in scorn; it was intended to ridicule them as persons who thought themselves holier or better than others. The undaunted Puritans claimed the name for themselves, adopting it as a badge of honor. (2) The Puritans wished to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bible to theology. They felt the corruption within the Church of England from which they wished to break free. (3) Puritans included people from the humblest to the loftiest ranks of English society, educated and uneducated, poor and rich. Their faults were those common to persons who hold extreme opinions. The Puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people, and it followed logically that anyone who challenged their way of life was opposing God’s will and was not to be accepted. They were thus zealous in defense of their own beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of others. (4) Puritans’ lives were disciplined and hard, and they tended to suspect joy and laughter as symptoms of sin. (5) Puritan religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God and to forget His mercy. Ⅳ. John Smith(1580－1631) (1) Captain John Smith became the first American writer. His first work is A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608), a letter to the Virginia Company in London, defending the handling of the settlement and proclaiming the merits of the new land. His next book was A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country (1612). The book was a guide to the country and an invitation to the bold spirits needed to enlarge and strengthen the English plantation in the new land. (2) Smith published eight in all, some of which explored the history of New England. The ideas reflected in his works eventually become a basic principle of American history: the need of “workers” instead of “gentlemen” for the tough job of planting colonies and pushing the frontiers westward. | I. 历史背景 ⑴直到17世纪初，美国所在的广袤大陆才被英国及少数几个欧洲国家的探险家涉足。17世纪早期，英国人最终在弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞定居，奠定了人们熟知的美国主流文化的基础。 ⑵成为第一个联邦的殖民地大部分是由英国的传统维系，受英国法律管辖，依靠英国商贸，以英国君主和领地命名。 ⑶美国早期文学就是这些殖民者写的叙述文和日记，主要是关于他们来到这块新大陆的航海历程，如何适应岛上的新生活，如何和当地印第安人打交道；还有信件、契约、政府宪章、宗教和政治声明。 ⑷1607年，英国殖民者在弗吉尼亚詹姆斯敦建立了第一个在北美的永久性殖民地。英国雇佣兵约翰·史密斯上尉就是这批殖民者中的一员。17世纪初，他发表的关于探寻新大陆的报告被认为是第一部用英语写作的美国文学作品。 II. 早期新英格兰文学 新英格兰文学打一开始就充满了各种各样的思想，内容涉及神学、道德、历史和政治等话题。清教徒来到新英格兰是为了获得宗教自由，他们长期地忍受着困苦和教堂严酷的教规。通过多年的努力，他们养成了一种与他们忧郁的宗教相适应的生活方式，即勤劳、节俭、虔诚和节制。这些主要价值观充分体现在他们的作品中，包括一些著名的牧师如约翰·科顿和科顿·马瑟等的布道词、书籍和信件等。 III. 清教徒的思想 ⑴从字面上讲，清教徒想要净化他们的信仰和行为，他们是“灵魂将要得到净化的人”。这一词是由他们的对手造出来讽刺他们的，用来嘲讽那些自认为更圣洁、更美好的人。这些无畏的清教徒接受了这一称呼，并视其为荣誉的象征。 ⑵清教徒希望恢复教堂的朴素和圣洁，以及《圣经》的神学权威。他们看到英国国教的腐败，因此想脱离国教。 ⑶清教徒涵盖英国社会中最卑微到最高贵的人，受过教育的和没受过教育的人，贫穷的和富裕的人。他们的共同不足是对事物看法过分极端。清教徒认为自己是上帝选定的人，而那些与他们生活方式不同的人就是违背上帝的意愿，不被接受。他们热衷于为自己的信仰辩护，而通常难以容忍其他信仰。 ⑷清教徒们过着一种自律艰苦的生活，他们倾向于将快乐和欢笑看成是一种罪恶的表现。 ⑸清教徒的宗教教育倾向于过分强调上帝严厉的一面，而忽略了上帝仁慈的一面。 IV. 约翰·史密斯(1580－1631) ⑴约翰·史密斯成为第一位美国作家。他的第一个作品是寄给在伦敦的弗吉尼亚公司的一封信：《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》，信中回应了关于开辟殖民地的意见，赞扬了新大陆的优越之处。他随后又写了《弗吉尼亚地图：一个乡村的描述》。这本书是一本指南，也成为了冒险家来新大陆进一步扩大这里的种植业的邀请函。 ⑵史密斯共出版了8部作品,部分是关于新英格兰的历史。史密斯作品中反映的思想——面对建立殖民地和“西进”的艰巨任务，美国需要“工人”而不是“绅士”——慢慢演变成了美国历史的基本思想。 |
1.2 考研真题与典型题详解
I. Fill in the blanks.
1. The most enduring shaping influence in American thought andAmerican literature was ________.
2. The firstpermanent English settlement in North America was established at ______,Virginia.
3. Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was________, an English soldier of fortune, whose reports of exploration,published in the early 1600s, have been described as the first distinctAmerican literature written in English.
4. Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety, these were the ______values that dominated much of the early American writing.
5. The term “Puritan” was applied to those settlers who originallywere devout members of the Church of ______.
6. The General History of Virginia contains Smith's mostfamous tale of how the Indian princess named ________ saved him from the wrathof her father.
7. ________ was a famous explorer andcolonist. He established Jamestown.
8. The Puritan philosophy known as________ was important in New England during colonial time, and had a profoundinfluence on the early American mind for several generations.
【答案与解析】
1.American Puritanism
（美国文化源于清教文化，由清教徒移民时传入北美。美国主流价值观都可以追溯到殖民地时期一统天下的清教主义，并且清教思想对美国文学有着根深蒂固的影响。）
2.Jamestown
（1607年在北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯敦定居的殖民者是第一批美国永久居民。）
3.Captain John Smith
（约翰·史密斯上校（1580.1-1631.6.21）因在北美弗吉尼亚州建立了英国第一个永久殖民地詹姆斯敦而扬名天下。他的《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》则是美国文学的“第一书”，其实也是整个美国历史的“第一书”。）
4.Puritan
（勤劳、节俭、虔诚、持重是引领早期美国文学的清教价值观。）
5.England
（清教徒（Puritan），是指要求清除英国国教（Church of England）中天主教残余的改革派。该词于16世纪60年代开始使用，源于拉丁文的Purus，意为“清洁”。）
6.Pocahontas
（约翰·史密斯在《弗吉尼亚通史》中讲述了他与印第安公主波卡虹塔斯（Pocahontas)之间的故事。公元1608年史密斯与当地印第安部落的一位叫波瓦坦的酋长谈判，这位酋长年轻的女儿波卡虹塔斯挽救了史密斯船长的性命。）
7.Captain John Smith
（约翰·史密斯上校，新英格兰的舰队司令，是英国军人，探险家和作家。他因在北美弗吉尼亚州建立了英国第一个永久殖民地詹姆斯敦而扬名天下。）
8.Puritanism
（清教主义，起源于英国,在北美殖民地得以实践与发展。清教徒构成了当时北美移民的主体，在新英格兰北部更是清一色的清教徒。清教主义奠定了美国社会的基础，塑造了美国人的性格，从各个方面影响着美国社会。）
II. Multiple choices
1. Early in ________, the English settlements in Virginia andMassachusetts started the main stream of the American national history.（北二外2007研）
A. 14th century
B. 15th century
C. 17th century
D. 16th century
2. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of theAmerican nation were quite a few of them ________.（北二外2008研）
A. Quakers
B. Anglicans
C. Catholics
D. Puritans
3. The first permanent English settlement in North America wasestablished at ________.（北二外2009研）
A. Jamestown
B. New York
C. Boston
D. Concord
4. American Colonial literature is longerthan any other literary period, which started when the first settlers keptdiaries and sermons and developed till _________.（北二外2010研）
A. the mid of 18th C
B. early 17th C
C. the end of 17th C
D. the end of 18th C
5. The ship “_____” carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put thePilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.
A. Sunflower
B. Armada
C. Mayflower
D. Titanic
【答案与解析】
1.C 17世纪初，英国人在弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞定居，这也是美国历史的开端。
2.D 早期来到北美的殖民者有不少是清教徒，因而殖民时期的文学深受清教思想影响。
3.A 詹姆斯敦是英国人在北美的第一个永久定居地。
4.D 美国殖民时期文学历经两个世纪，从17世纪初到18世纪末。
5.C 1620年100多名清教徒前辈乘坐“五月花”号船到达美国马萨诸塞州的普利茅斯。
III. Explain the following term.
American Puritanism（南开大学2008研；厦门大学 2011 研）
Key：The word Puritanismis originally used to refer to the theology advocated by a party within theChurch of England. The term Puritanism is also used in a broader sense to referto the attitudes and values considered characteristic of the Puritans. It hasbeen employed to denote a rigid moralism, or the condemnation of innocentpleasure, or religious narrowness adhered by the early New England Puritans.The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influence overAmerican moral values. And this Puritan influence over American Romanticism wasconspicuously noticeable. In addition, a preoccupation with the Calvinisticview of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works by such famouswriters as Hawthorne and Melville.
IV. Essay question
What is the significance of AmericanPuritanism in American literature?
Key：The settlement ofthe North American continent by the English began in the early part of the 17thcentury. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the Americannation were quite a few of the Puritans. They carried with them to America acode of values which became what is now popularly known as American Puritanism.It was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American literature. Tosome extent, it has become a state of mind, a part of national culturalatmosphere that the Americans breathe.
TheAmerican Puritans were idealists, believing that the Church should be restoredto the “Purity” and religion was a matter of primary importance. They acceptedthe doctrine of predestination, original sin, total depravity and limitedatonement. It has been a critical commonplace that the American literature—orAnglo-American literature—is based on a myth, that is, the Biblical myth of theGarden of Eden. Fired with such a sense of mission, the Puritans looked at eventhe worst of life in the face with a tremendous amount of optimism. All thiswent, in due time, into the making of American literature. The spirits ofoptimism burst out of the pages of so many American authors, such as, Emerson,Whitman, etc.
Furthermore,the American Puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumentalin calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.Puritan doctrine and literary practice contributed greatly to the developmentof an indigenous symbolism. The ever symbolizing process became, in time, partof the intellectual tradition. To Hawthorne, Melville, Howells and many others,symbolism as a technique has become a common practice. This peculiar mode ofperception was an essential part of their upbringing.
With regard totechnique, simplicity characterizes the Puritan style of writing. The style isfresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touchof nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. Allthis has left an indelible imprint on American writing. Thus AmericanPuritanism has been, by and large, a healthy legacy to the Americans.
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