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2013年四川外国语大学611基础英语考研真题及详解
2012年四川外国语大学611基础英语考研真题及详解
2011年四川外国语大学611基础英语考研真题及详解
2010年四川外国语大学611基础英语考研真题
2009年四川外国语大学611基础英语考研真题及详解
2008年四川外国语大学611基础英语考研真题
2007年四川外国语大学611基础英语考研真题及详解
2006年四川外国语大学311基础英语考研真题及详解
2005年四川外国语大学311基础英语考研真题及详解
2004年四川外国语大学311基础英语考研真题
2003年四川外国语大学311基础英语考研真题
说明：往年的科目代码是311或者611，科目名称是“基础英语”，本书采用近年科目代码和名称，即“611基础英语”。
四川外国语大学“基础英语”为“英语语言文学”和“外国语言学及应用语言学”共用科目。
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2013年四川外国语大学611基础英语考研真题及详解
I. Fill in the blanks in the following sentenceswith the appropriate words derived from the words given in parentheses at theend of the sentences, and write the answers on the Answer Sheet. (20points)
1. The _____ of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logicalconsequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people. (manifest)
【答案】manifestation查看答案
【解析】文化现象通常是通过人们生活方式中一些逻辑结论所展现出来的。由句子结构可知，这里要用其名词形式，manifestation 有“表现；显示；示威运动”等意思。
2. The two-week general strike left the country’s railway systemtotally _____ and its economy bankrupt. (paralyze)
【答案】paralyzed查看答案
【解析】持续两周的大罢工使得这个国家的铁路系统完全瘫痪，国民经济陷入崩溃。这里需要填一个形容词来做railway system的宾语补足语，因此需要用这个动词的过去分词形式。Paralyzed 表示“瘫痪的，麻痹的”。
3. The Hindus in India, despite an _____ of cows, refuse to eat beefon religious grounds. (abundant)
【答案】abundance查看答案
【解析】尽管有着充足的乳牛，但生活在印度的印度教徒却由于宗教原因不吃牛肉。由句子结构可知，这里需要一个名词，所以要填写相应的名词形式。abundance 表示充裕、丰富。
4. It was all agreed that the first problem the new government wouldhave to tackle was _____.(employ)
【答案】unemployment查看答案
【解析】众所周知这届新政府需要解决的第一个问题就是失业问题。这里给的动词是employ，那由常识可知政府需要解决的与employ 相关的肯定是失业问题。
5. I think the essence of wisdom is _____, as far as possible, fromthe tyranny of the here and the now. (emancipate)
【答案】emancipation查看答案
【解析】我认为智慧的本质就是逃离此时此地的藩篱，越远越好。这是罗素的《论知识与智慧》当中的一句名言。the wisdom is something, 因此这里需要的是一个名词，要用emancipate 的名词形式，emancipate…from…表示“从…解放，解脱出来”。
6. His enormously successful broadcast on December 23, 1954,entitled “Man’s Peril,” paved the way for a _____ with noted physicist AlbertEinstein on the famous Einstein-Russell Declaration. (collaborate)
【答案】collaboration查看答案
【解析】1954年12月23日，它的“人类的危险”的演说获得了巨大的成功，并且为后来他与著名的物理学家阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦合作完成的爱因斯坦-罗素宣言铺平了道路。由前面的冠词a 和后面的介词with可知这里需要一个名词，因此要用collaborate的名词形式。collaboration表示“合作；勾结；通敌”。
7. Although in many parts of the world we can observe theassociation between modernization and fewer extended kinship ties, there are anumber of _____, most notably in certain Third World areas. (except)
【答案】exceptions查看答案
【解析】尽管在世界的很多地方，我们看到随着现代化而来的是大家庭关系的较少，但是也有许多特例，尤其是在一些第三世界国家表现得更明显。由前面的 a number of 可知这里要用名词，并且要用相应的复数形式。exception 表示“例外，异议”。
8. Copious data is available to suggest that the _____ of marriage varieswidely, and in no societies do all marriages last until death. (permanent)
【答案】permanence查看答案
【解析】大量数据已经显示，不同的婚姻持续的时间是有很大差异的，任何一个社会都无法保证所有的婚姻都能坚持到最后。Permanent，“永久的，永恒的，不变的”，由of 短语可知这里要用其名词形式，permanence。
9. A 1994 Star Tribune/WCCOTV poll found that 128,000 adultsin Minnesota—four percent—showed signs associated with problem gambling andgambling _____.(addict)
【答案】addiction查看答案
【解析】明星论坛报1994年的一项民意调查发现，在明尼苏达大约4%，即128000名成年人有赌博或者赌博成瘾的迹象。由前后结构可以知道，这里需要一个名词，addict“是沉迷，使上瘾”，它的名词形式是addiction，表示“上瘾，沉溺；癖嗜”。
10. Health clinics at some Ivy League schools report that one oftheir frequent services to privileged young people is the treatment of clinical_____.(depress)
【答案】depression查看答案
【解析】常青藤院校的一些医疗诊所报告说，他们经常为那些杰出的年轻人提供的医疗服务之一就是抑郁症的治疗。由句子结构可以知道，这里要填一个名词。depression 表示“抑郁，萧条，沮丧”。Ivy League美国长春藤联盟，美国东北部最著名的八所大学，包括布朗大学、哥伦比亚大学、康奈尔大学、达特茅斯学院、哈佛大学、宾夕法尼亚大学、普林斯顿大学及耶鲁大学。
11. Suppose, for example, that you are _____ in research inscientific medicine. (engage)
【答案】engaged查看答案
【解析】假设你正致力于一项医学的研究。Be engaged in 是常用搭配，表示“致力于，投身于，忙于”，同时engage还有订婚的意思。
12. He changed his whole conception of human nature, andbecame for the first time deeply _____ that Puritanism does not make for humanhappiness. (convince)
【答案】convinced查看答案
【解析】他彻底改变了自己的人生信念，他第一次深深地意识到清教徒思想并不能使人快乐。Be convinced that….. “使人信服，使人相信”。
13. The basis of the family is, of course, the fact that parentsfeel a special kind of _____ towards their own children, different from thatwhich they feel towards each other or towards other children. (affect)
【答案】affection查看答案
【解析】家庭的基础当然是父母对他们的孩子有一种特殊的感情，这种感情与他们对彼此以及对其他孩子的感情是不同的。由介词短语可以知道这里需要一个名词。affection表示“喜爱，感情；影响；感染”。
14. The first fleet carried 27,870 men, including officers,soldiers, seamen, interpreters, medical orderlies, various artisans skilled inboat repair and _____, and numerous officials in charge of everything.(maintain)
【答案】maintenance查看答案
【解析】舰队运载有27870个人，包括军官、士兵、水手、口译员、医疗士兵、熟悉船只维修和保养的各种技工，还有安排各项事宜的官员。由介词短语结构可以知道这里要填一个名词，注意maintain的名词形式是maintenance，maintenance作名词表示“维护，维修；保持；生活费用”。
15. As well as the creation of new forms, vocabulary, _____ can takeplace by giving new meanings to old forms. (expand)
【答案】expansion查看答案
【解析】除了创造新的形式和新单词之外，还可以通过赋予旧词新的意义来进行词汇扩张。在这里，句子缺少一个主语，很显然应该用其名词来做主语。expansion 表示“膨胀，扩张，发展”。
16. Living in _____, John sold for 500 dollars the manuscript of hismother’s first work which made her famous. (poor)
【答案】poorness查看答案
【解析】生活在贫困中的约翰以500美元卖掉了使他母亲成名的第一份手稿。由介词短语可以知道，这里要填相应的名词形式，living in poorness，生活在贫困中，在句中做原因状语。
17.Being poor is also dangerous. Living in an _____ area of a U. S. city reduces your life expectancy by about nine years. (impoverish)
【答案】impoverished查看答案
【解析】贫困也是很危险的。生活在美国城市的贫困区域有可能会使你的寿命减少9年。由这里的结构可以知道，这里需要一个形容词来修饰area, impoverish 的形容词形式就是其过去分词。Impoverished 做形容词时表示“穷困的；用尽了的，无创造性的”。
18. The authority of the state rests on two important foundations.First, it is the state that holds the exclusive right to use force and physical_____.(coerce)
【答案】coercion查看答案
【解析】国家的权威依赖于两个重要的基础，第一个就是只有国家才有权动用武力和强制力。由前面的形容词可以知道这里需要填一个名词，coercion 表示“强制；强迫；高压政治；威压”。
19. The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and _____ of allIndians but seems to be indifferent to the welfare of his animals. (consider)
【答案】considerate查看答案
【解析】爱斯基摩人或许是最值得信赖和最关心印第安人的，但是他们似乎对自己的动物并不太关心。由并列结构可以知道，这里也是需要一个形容词。Considerate作形容词表示“体贴的；体谅的；考虑周到的”。considerate of “体贴，体谅”。
20. Since she was his _____ daughter, she would inherit a share ofhis fortune when he died. (legitimacy)
【答案】legitimate查看答案
【解析】由于她是他的法定女儿，因此，在他死后，她能继承父亲的一部分财产。由句子结构可知，这里缺少一个形容词，legitimacy的形容词形式为legitimate 表示“合法的；正当的；合理的；正统的”。
II. There are 20 incomplete sentences in thispart. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choosethe ONE that best completes the sentence. Then write the answers on the AnswerSheet. (20 points)
1. In addition to bettering group and individual performance,cooperation _____ the quality of interpersonal relationship.
A) ascends
B) compels
C) enhances
D) prefers
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：除了提高小组和个人的表现之外，合作还可以改善人际关系。这里主要考查对这几个词的辨析。ascend表示“上升；登高；追溯”。compel表示“强迫，迫使；强使发生”。prefer 表示“更喜欢；宁愿；提出；提升”。enhance表示“提高；加强；增加”。
2. Although dolphins sometimes swim singly or in pairs, they usually_____ in large herds, often numbering in the hundreds.
A) offset
B) congregate
C) fumble
D) exhale
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：尽管海豚有时候单个或成双地游，但它们通常是几百只聚集在一起的。考查对词义的辨析。offset 表示“抵消；弥补；用平版印刷术印刷”。congregate 表示“聚集”。fumble 表示“摸索；笨拙地做；漏接”。exhale表示“呼气；发出；发散；使蒸发”。
3. Horseback riding, _____ both the skill of handling a horse andthe mastery of diverse riding styles.
A) unveils
B) embraces
C) strives
D) buffers
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：骑马既需要控马的技术也需要掌握多种的骑技。考查对这几个动词的理解和辨析。unveil表示“使公诸于众，揭开；揭幕”。embrace表示“拥抱；信奉，皈依；包含”。strive表示“努力；奋斗；抗争”。buffer 表示“缓冲”。
4. A _____ refers to an animal that is born from its mother’s body,not from an egg, and drinks its mother’s milk as a baby.
A) mammoth
B) penguin
C) mosquito
D) mammal
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：哺乳动物是指那些从母亲的体内而不是蛋内出生，并且在小时候和母亲的奶成长的动物。Mammoth “长毛象；猛犸象；庞然大物”。penguin“企鹅；空军地勤人员”。mosquito“蚊子”。mammal“哺乳动物”。
5. Glass-fiber cables can carry hundreds of telephone conversations_____.
A)simultaneously
B) temporarily
C) permanently
D) approximately
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：光纤电缆可同时容纳几百部电话同时通话。simultaneously “同时地”。temporarily“临时地，临时”。permanently“永久地，长期不变地”。approximately“大约，近似地；近于”。
6. The eagle usually captures its _____ on the ground but may thencarry it off to eat it elsewhere.
A) prey
B) prophet
C) generator
D) miniature
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：鹰经常在地面上捕食猎物，但它通常把猎物带到别处，在别处进食。prey 表示“捕食；牺牲者；被捕食的动物”。prophet“先知；预言者；提倡者”。generator“发电机；发生器；生产者”。miniature“缩图；微型画；微型图画绘画术”。
7.The Great Basin, the _____ desert in the United States, is almost completely devoid of trees.
A) mostconducive
B) mostegalitarian
C) bluntest
D) bleakest
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：大盆地是美国最荒芜的沙漠，这里几乎看不见树。conducive“有益的，有助于的”。egalitarian“平等主义的”。blunt “钝的，不锋利的；生硬的；直率的”。bleak“阴冷的；荒凉的，无遮蔽的；黯淡的，无希望的；冷酷的；单调的”。
8. The United States Supreme Court has the power to _____ thedecisions of lower courts.
A) overturn
B) detach
C) expend
D) plunder
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：美国最高法院有权推翻低级法院的判决。overturn“推翻；倾覆；破坏”。detach“分离；派遣；使超然”。expend“花费；消耗；用光；耗尽”。plunder“掠夺；抢劫；侵吞”。
9.Living things consist of _____ structures called cells.
A) extinct
B) minute
C) medieval
D) stale
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：生物中包含着细小的细胞组织。extinct“灭绝的，绝种的；熄灭的”。minute 作形容词是“微小的，详细的”的意思，medieval“中世纪的；原始的；仿中世纪的；老式的”。stale 作形容词是“陈腐的；不新鲜的”的意思。
10. The function of ears in hearing is to _____ the sound waves tonerve impulses..
A) converse
B) convert
C) confront
D) convey
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：耳朵在听力中的作用就是将声波传递给神经系统。converse“相反的，逆向的；颠倒的”。convert“转变，变换；皈依；改变信仰”。confront“面对；遭遇；比较”。convey“传达；运输；让与”。
11. Wild pigs are fierce and courageous fighters and may charge withlittle or no _____.
A) provision
B) momentum
C) motion
D) provocation
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：野猪是凶猛无谓的斗士，因此不能忍受别人的挑衅。provision“规定；条款；准备；供应品”。momentum“势头；动量；动力；冲力”。motion“动作；移动；手势；请求；意向”。provocation“挑衅；激怒；挑拨”。
12. In Britain people _____ four million tons of potatoes everyyear.
A) swallow
B) dispose
C) consume
D) exhaust
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：在英国人们每年消耗了四百万吨土豆。Swallow “忍受；吞没”。dispose“处理；处置；安排”。consume“消耗，消费；使…著迷；挥霍”。exhaust“排出；耗尽；使......筋疲力尽；彻底探讨”。
13. The art and literature _____ the philosophies and ideas of thechanging era.
A) mirror
B) pocket
C) screen
D) root
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：文学和艺术反映了这个大变革时期的哲学思潮。mirror作动词有“反射；反映”的意思，pocket作动词是“隐藏；忍受；将…放入衣袋”的意思，screen作动词表示“筛；拍摄；放映；掩蔽”。root作动词是“生根，固定；根源在于”的意思。
14.He is doing an _____ course in physics.
A) intensive
B) intense
C) intent
D) intrinsic
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：他在上一个物理强化班。Intensive “加强的；集中的；透彻的；加强语气的”。intense“强烈的；紧张的；非常的；热情的”。intent“专心的；急切的；坚决的”。intrinsic“本质的，固有的”。
15.Many city dwellers are turning _____ lots into thriving gardens.
A) blank
B) vacuum
C) vacant
D) vigilant
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：许多城市居民把空闲的地方变成了旺盛的花园。blank “空白的；空虚的；单调的”，多指纸的空白。vacuum“真空的；利用真空的；产生真空的”。vacant“空虚的；空的；空缺的；空闲的；茫然的”，多指未被利用的，空闲的。vigilant “警惕的；警醒的；注意的；警戒的”。
16. The outcry against the government’s policies will _____ only ifa compromise is reached in the assembly.
A) subside
B) loot
C) sustain
D) perish
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：只有在集会中达成和解，人们对政府相关政策的强烈抗议才会平息。subside “平息；减弱；沉淀；坐下”。loot“抢劫，洗劫；强夺”。sustain“维持；支撑，承担；忍受；供养；证实”。perish“死亡；毁灭；腐烂；枯萎”。
17.A blizzard is a _____ snowstorm.
A) stagnant
B) severe
C) light
D) mild
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：暴风雪是非常严重的大雪。stagnant“停滞的；不景气的；污浊的；迟钝的”，多指经济和社会。severe“严峻的；严厉的；剧烈的；苛刻的”。light“轻的；光亮的；容易的”。mild“温和的；轻微的；淡味的；文雅的；不含有害物质的”。
18. We can rely on William to carry out this mission, for hisjudgment is always _____.
A) inexplicable
B) healthy
C) sound
D) straight
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：我们可以依靠威廉来执行这项任务，因为它的判断总是合理的。inexplicable “费解的；无法说明的；不能解释的”。sound“健全的，健康的；合理的；可靠的；有效彻底的”。straight“直接地；不断地；立即；坦率地”。
19. The compact dictionaries published in recent years are not as_____ as some of the older editions.
A) legible
B) equivocal
C) nimble
D) unwieldy
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：近几年出版的简明词典没有前几版那么简易好读。compact dictionary“简明词典”。legible“清晰的；易读的；易辨认的”。equivocal“模棱两可的；可疑的”。nimble“敏捷的；聪明的；敏感的”。unwieldy“笨拙的；笨重的；不灵便的；难处理的”。
20. The bus moved slowly in the thick fog. We arrived at our _____almost two hours later.
A) designation
B) destiny
C) destination
D) dignity
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：汽车在浓雾中行走得很慢，我们晚了2小时才到达目的地。designation “指定；名称；指示；选派”。destiny“命运，定数，天命”。destination“目的地，终点”。dignity“尊严；高贵”。
III. CLOZE (20 points)
Decide which of the choices given below would best completethe passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Mark the best choice foreach blank on your answer sheet.
Poetry
Poetry isuniversal to all people, all places, and all times. The most __(1)__people have memorized poetry; the most cultured have nurtured it. Poetry knowsno __(2)__, neither culture, age, gender, nor religion. We can even makea case that poetry captures the __(3)__ of the universe, the ebb and flowof the tides, the beat of the seasons, and the rise and fall of our breath. Whyis poetry the __(4)__ thing humanity has to a universal language?Because poetry __(5)__ the ear, mind, and soul. It satisfies our __(6)__for beauty through the power of its language.
But poetry __(7)__more than mere pleasure. It also communicates __(8)__ Good poetry offersfood for the __(9)__. “Poetry,” wrote the Nobel Prize-winning poet T. S.Eliot, “may make us from time to time a little more __(10)__ of thedeeper, unnamed feelings to which we rarely __(11)__.”
Poetry revealsthese “deeper, unnamed feelings”, and gives them __(12)__. By callingattention to the aspects of life we might __(13)__ in our hurry, poetrymakes us understand not only their nature but also our own. As a result, poetryis not something special or __(14)__ from our daily lives. Rather, it isan __(15)__ part of everyone, an expression of our __(16)__hopes, wishes, and dreams.
Although poetrysatisfies a deep human appetite, many people fear and __(17)__ it,claiming it is obscure, as it is written by men and women out of __(18)__with the realities of life. In fact, from the earliest times, most poets havebeen people of __(19)__, deeply involved with the rhythms of life. BenJonson was a bricklayer and Robert Bums a farmer. Nor are female poets __(20)__from the rigors of life. Phillis Wheatley was a former slave and Stevie Smith,a secretary.
(1) A.uneducated B. ambitious C.traditional D.gracious
(2) A.pain B.fear C.signs D.barriers
(3) A.climax B.harmony C.rhythm D.alteration
(4) A.best B.sweetest C.closest D.dearest
(5) A.combines B.delights C.liberates D.utilizes
(6) A.gratitude B.craving C.competition D.curiosity
(7) A.conveys B.depicts C.revives D.advocates
(8) A.meaning B.fear C.love D.knowledge
(9) A.public B.individual C.body D.soul
(10) A.critical B.ignorant C.aware D.positive
(11) A.penetrate B. cater C.yield D.consent
(12) A.a solution B. a choice C.a voice D.a comment
(13) A.criticize B.overlook C.conceal D.cherish
(14) A.brought back B. set apart C.made up D.taken over
(15) A.charming B. innocent C.conventional D.integral
(16) A.best B.deepest C.wildest D.strangest
(17) A.distrust B.revise C.modify D.celebrate
(18) A.favor B.phase C.touch D.love
(19) A.vision B.action C.honor D.power
(20) A.sheltered B. eliminated C.disqualified D.adapted
【答案与解析】
1.A 这篇文章主要讲的是作者对诗的一些理解和看法。没有接受多少教育的人去背诗，有教养的人自己去写诗。由后面的the most cultured 可知，此空是和cultured 相对的，因此只有uneducated合适。
2.D 诗是没有任何障碍的，无论是文化、年龄、性别还是宗教。由后面所给的culture, age, gender, religion 这些具体的例子可以知道这些是交流中的障碍，因此要选barrier。此题用排除法也可以做，文化、宗教、性别这些显然不是痛苦，不是害怕，也不仅仅是标志。
3.C 我们甚至可以假设诗能够捕捉到宇宙的节奏，潮起潮落，四季的变换，我们呼吸的节奏等等。我们常说诗讲究一种韵律，这种韵律最初来源于自然界，因此选rhythm。
4.C 为什么诗是人类拥有的最接近通用语言的事物呢？有前面提到的，文化、宗教、性别、年龄等都不能构成对诗的障碍，由此可见诗是最接近通用语言的，诗是最接近人类共同的。
5.B 因为诗愉悦了我们的耳朵、心智和灵魂。读诗是一个享受的过程，诗能让我们产生愉悦感，由后面的satisfy也可知道这里应该是delight。
6.B 它通过语言的魅力满足了我们对美的渴望。Craving “渴望；热望”。正所谓“爱美之心，人皆有之”，人们对美是期待，是渴望，而不是感激，竞争，也不仅仅是好奇。
7.A 但是诗传递的不仅仅是快乐。快乐是通过诗这一媒介传递出来的，或者说诗能够给人们带来快乐。Convey 有“传递，传达”的意思。
8.A 诗不仅能够传递快乐，也能够交流思想。诗除了能够表达感情之外，也能够传达意思，因此应用meaning。
9.D 好诗为灵魂提供了精神食粮。这里的food有其象征意义，它不是我们通常所吃的食物，而是精神食粮，因此享用这种精神食粮的也不会是活生生的个人或群体，而是抽象的心灵。
10.C 它能够时不时地让我们意识到那些我们平时很少看透的，深层的，无以言表的情感。
11.A 由于是deeper and unnamed feelings, 所以平时我们很少觉察到，很少看透。Penetrate 表示“渗透；穿透；洞察”。
12.C 诗展现了那些深层的，无以言表的感情，并且让他们发出了自己的声音。诗发觉了这些无以言表的感情，并且将他们表达了出来。Give a voice, 让…发声，让…表达。
13.B 诗让我们注意到了那些被我们忽视的人生方面，它不仅使我们理解了诗的本质，也让我们认识了自己。由后面的in our hurry 可以知道是在匆忙的人生中，被我们忽视的一些东西。
14.B 因此，诗并不是从我们生活中分离出来的一些独特的东西。Set apart “将...分离开”。由句意可以知道只有Set apart 合适。
15.D 它是我们每个人的一部分。有前面诗不是从生活中分离出来的，可以知道，它是我们每个人的有机组成部分。
16.B 诗能够表达我们最深层的希望和梦想。由前面诗能够表达the deeper and unnamed feeling 可推测它能够表达深层次的梦想。
17.A 尽管诗能够满足人们深层次的需求，但是还是有很多人害怕和怀疑诗。由前面的fear和并列结果可以知道这里只有distrust合适。
18.C 有人认为诗晦涩难懂，因为他们是由一些脱离了真实生活的人所写的。Out of the touch with, “脱离了......”。
19.B 事实上，从很早开始，大多数诗人都是自己行动的，他们积极参与生活，享受生活。由后面的involved可知他们是自己行动的。
20.A 女诗人也没有逃避生活。Shelter from “隐藏，逃避…,躲藏…”。这句话是说女诗人也是积极享受生活的。
IV. PROOFREADING AND ERROR CORRECTION (10 points)
The following passage contains 10 errors. Each indicatedline contains a maximum of one error in each case, only one word is involved.You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:
For a wrong word underlinethe wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end ofthe line.
For a missing word markthe position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write the word youbelieve to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.
For an unnecessary word crossthe unnecessary word with a slash “/” and put the word in the blank provided atthe end of the line.
EXAMPLE
When ∧ art museum wants new exhibit, 1. an
it never buys things in finishedform and hangs them on 2.never
the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it 3. exhibit
must often build it:
The food we eatseems to have profound affects on our health. 1._____
Though science made enormous steps inmaking food fitter to eat, 2._____
it has, at the same time, made many foodsunfit to eat. Some research
has shown that perhaps 80 percent of allhuman illnesses is related 3._____
to diet and 40 percent of cancer is relatedto diet as well,
especially cancer of the colon. Differentcultures are more prone
to contract certain illness because thefood that is characteristic in 4._____
these cultures. Which food is related toillness is not a new discovery. 5._____
In 1945, government researchers realizedthat nitrates and nitrites,
commonly used to preserve color in meats,and other food
additives, causing cancer. Yet, these carcinogenicadditives remain 6._____
in our food, and it becomes more difficultall the time knowing which 7. _____
things on the packaging labels of processedfood are helpful or harmful.
The additives which we eat are not all sodirect. Farmers often give
penicillin to beef and poultry, and becauseof this, penicillin has been
found in the milk of treating cows.Sometimes similar drugs are 8._____
administered to animals not for medicalpurposes, but for financial
reasons. The farmers are simply trying tofat the animals in order to 9._____
obtain a higher price on the market.Although the Food and Drug
Administration has tried repeated tocontrol these procedures, 10. _____
the practices continue.
【答案与解析】
1.affects 改成 effects
(我们所吃的食物对我们的健康有着很深的影响。Have effecton..., “对…有影响，对…有效果”，这里混淆了effect 和affect作名词是“感情，情绪反应”的意思。)
2.steps 改成 efforts
(尽管现代科技采取了很多措施来使食物更适合食用，但事实上，他们却使食物变得更难吃了。这里词组搭配混淆make steps 后面应接不定时to, 而不是介词in。)
3.is 改成are
(一些研究表明人类80%的疾病是与饮食相关的。由于这里的illnesses “各种各样的疾病”是复数，所以后面应该用are。)
4.because 后面加上介词of
(一些不同的文化的人更容易感染一些特定的疾病，因为这些文化特有的食物。Because引导原因状语从句，后面接的是一个句子，而这里后面是一个名词短语，应该用because of来引导。)
5.which 改成that
(食物与疾病相关并不是一个新的发现。这里是一个主语从句，真正的主语是food is related to illness，前面差一个引导词。引导主语从句连词有that, whether, who, what, whatever等，which 不能引导主语从句，因此应将which改成that。)
6.causing 改成cause
(1945年政府的一些研究员意识到通常用于保持肉类颜色的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐以及其他的一些食物添加剂会导致癌症。这里要弄清句子的结构，其实，这里的主句是researchers realized something cause cancer。这里只是陈述一个事实，这些东西会引起癌症，并没有进行时或其他的时态，因此应用动词原形。)
7.knowing 改成 to know
(一直都很难判断贴在食物标签上的加工原料哪些是对身体有益的，哪些是有害的。It’s difficult to do something 而不是doing something。这里也是结构混用。)
8.treating 改成treated
(在被治疗过的乳牛的牛奶中也发现了盘尼西林。生病的乳牛是被人们治疗的，它自己并不能治疗，因此应用被动形式。)
9.fat 改成fatten
(农民们只是想让他们的家畜长得更肥一些。由不定式结构可以知道这里需要一个动词，而fat的动词形式是fatten，fatten表示“养肥；使肥沃；使充实”。)
10.repeated 改成repeatedly
(尽管食物和药物管理局多次尝试想控制这样的行为，但都没有成功。这里repeatedly是用来修饰动词tried 因此要用其副词形式。)
V. READING COMPREHENSION(80 Points)
READING PASSAGE 1
Questions 1-9 refer tothe following passage.
In this passage, theauthor, Virginia Woolf, describes the process by which she discovered her ownvoice as a writer.
A. My story is a simple one. You have only got to figure toyourselves a girl in a bedroom with a pen in her hand. She had only to movethat pen from left to right—from ten o’clock to one. Then it occurred to her todo what is simple and cheap enough after all—to slip a few of those pages intoan envelope, fix a penny stamp in the comer, and drop the envelope into the redbox at the corner. It was thus that I became a journalist; and my effort wasrewarded on the first day of the following month—a very glorious day it was forme—by a letter from an editor containing a cheque for one pound ten shillingsand sixpence.
B. What could be easier than to write articles? But wait amoment. Articles have to be about something. Mine, I seemed to remember, wasabout a novel by a famous man. And while I was writing this review, Idiscovered that if I were going to review books I should need to do battle witha certain phantom. And the phantom was a woman, and when I came to know herbetter I called her after the heroine of a famous poem “The Angel in the House.”It was she who used to come between me and my paper when I was writing reviews.It was she who bothered me and wasted my time and so tormented me that at lastI killed her. I will describe her as shortly as I can. She was intenselysympathetic. She was immensely charming. She was utterly unselfish. Sheexcelled in the difficult arts of family life. She sacrificed herself daily.She was so constituted that she never had a mind or a wish of her own, butpreferred to sympathize with the minds and wishes of others. Above all—I neednot say it—she was pure. In those days every house had its angel. And when Icame to write I encountered her with the very first words. The shadow of herwings fell on my page; I heard the rustling of her skirts in the room. Directly,that is to say, I took my pen in hand to review that novel by a famous man, sheslipped behind me and whispered: “My dear, you are a young woman. You arewriting about a book that has been written by a man. Be sympathetic; be tender;flatter; deceive; use all the arts and wiles of our sex. Never let anybodyguess that you have a mind of your own. Above all, be pure.” And she made as ifto guide my pen. I now record the one act for which I take some credit tomyself. I turned upon her and caught her by the throat. I did my best to killher. My excuse, if I were to be had up in a court of law, would be that I actedin self-defense. Had I not killed her she would have killed me. She would haveplucked the heart of my writing. For, as I found, directly I put pen to paper,you can not even review a novel without having a mind of your own, withoutexpressing what you think to be the truth about human relations, morality, sex.And all these questions, according to the Angel in the House, cannot be dealtwith freely and openly by women; they must charm, they must conciliate, theymust—to put it bluntly—tell lies if they are to succeed. Thus, whenever I feltthe shadow of her wing or the radiance of her halo upon my page, I took up theinkpot and flung it at her. She died hard. Her fictitious nature was of greatassistance to her. It is far harder to kill a phantom than a reality.
1. The author most likely describes “a girlin a bedroom” in lines in Para. A in order to _____.
A. present apicture of herself as a fledgling writer.
B. describe thevulnerability of young woman writers.
C. bring tolight the limits placed on young female journalists.
D. demonstratethe economic feasibility of entering a career as a writer.
2. The author raises the question “Whatcould... articles?” in line 1, Para. B to _____.
A. commence adiscourse on writer’s block and its causes.
B. suggest howeasy it was to write with the help of the Angel in the House.
C. introduce adiscussion of the difficulties she had disregarding a phantom influence.
D. begin adescription of the ease with which the author could write freely and openly.
3. In line 10, Para. B, “constituted”mostly nearly means _____.
A. creative andimaginative
B. devoted tobeing pure
C. formallycomposed
D. physicallystrong
4.The description of the Angel in the House (in lines 8-11, Para. B) (“she was.., she was pure.”) reflects the author’s _____.
A. feeling thatthe Angel’s positive characteristics can be seen in a negative light
B. gratitude forthe Angel’s assistance in becoming a writer
C. inability toachieve the ideal represented by the Angel
D. desire tomodel herself after the Angel
5. In line 11, Para. B, the author uses the expression “I need notsay it” in order to suggest that _____.
A. the Angel’spurity is too delicate a subject to discuss
B. although theAngel lacked free will, the author does not
C. she presumesthat readers will know the Angel was pure
D. she isreluctant to admit that she is not as pure as the Angel
6. The word “directly,” as it is used in lines 14 and 22, Para. B, could be replaced with which of the following words or phrases without a change inmeaning?
A. in a straightline
B. unswervingly
C. as soon as
D. honestly
7. For what reason does the author fear theAngel’s effect on her writing?
A. She feels theAngel could induce her to focus on typically feminine subjects.
B. Sherecognizes the Angel could prevent her expressing her opinions honestly.
C. She thinksthe Angel would deem writing an inappropriate career for a woman.
D. She believesthat the Angle will influence the plots of the stories she writes.
8. The author would most likely agree withwhich of the following statements?
A. A womanwriter should not always be completely truthful in her work.
B. Women writersmust inevitably work harder than male writers to achieve success.
C. A writer isjustified in committing acts of violence when her art is threatened.
D. Writingrequires an independence incompatible with traditional ideas of femininity.
9. In the last sentence of the passage, theauthor implies that _____.
A. one’simagination can be a powerful adversary
B. the influenceof the Angel could never be escaped
C. it wasdifficult to distinguish between fantasy and reality
D. she came torealize that Angel ultimately helped her succeed as a writer
【答案与解析】
1.A 这是一个推断题，信息主要集中在第一段。第一段主要描写了她第一次在自己的房间里写文章，并邮寄出去，最终获得稿酬的经历。因此A 项与此相符。
2.C 该句话出现在第二段的段首，起着承上启下的作用。第二段主要描写了作者是如何摆脱the phantom 的影响，来自由地表达自己的思想的过程。因此它在这里的主要目的就是引出她是如何摆脱the phantom 的影响。
3.B 由she never had a mind or a wish of her own, but preferred tosympathize with the minds and wishes of others可知，她总是为别人着想，并且很单纯，所以应选择B项。
4.A 由前面It was she who bothered me and wasted my time and so tormented methat at last I killed her 可知作者很恨她，然而这里有描写的都是她的优点，但这些优点也成为了作者想摆脱她的理由，因此是positive characteristics can be seen in a negative light。
5.C 由前面作者的描述She was intensely sympathetic. She was immensely charming. She wasutterly unselfish. She excelled in the difficult arts of family life. Shesacrificed herself daily. She was so constituted that she never had a mind or awish of her own, but preferred to sympathize with the minds and wishes ofothers. 我们也可以知道sheis pure.这里作者只是再补充说明。
6.C 此题考查对文中个别单词的理解。我们可以把下面的几个选项一一带进原文看是否合适，首先in a straight line 是对directly的直接解释，放在这两句中显然与原文意义不符，unswervingly 表示“坚定不移的”，与原文也不相符，as soon as“一…就….”可引导时间状语从句，把它带进原文，从语法结构到句意都相符。因为原文中是两个分句，正好缺一个状语来引导，而且在意义上也十分一致，两句都表示当作者拿起笔开始写作时会怎么样。
7.A 由文中And all these questions, according to the Angel in the House, cannotbe dealt with freely and openly by women 可知，the angel 认为女作家不应该写human relations, morality, sex 这些话题，而只应该写适合女性作家的话题。
8.D 由you can not even review a novel without having a mind of your own,without expressing what you think to be the truth about human relations,morality, sex. And all these questions, according to the Angel in the House,cannot be dealt with freely and openly by women可知作者是反对局限于传统的女性话题中，她希望能够独立地，自由地书写自己喜欢的东西。
9.A 文章的phantom，即the angel 是作者自己的想象，并不是真实存在的，而它却影响了作者最初的创作，由此可以看出imagination 有时也会妨碍创造，再由it’s far harder to kill the phantom 可知the imagination is very powerful.
10.B 此题是一道推测题，推测作者这样写的意图，信息主要集中在文章第一段。strongly right-handed 可知作者一直是习惯用右手的，那突然换成左手肯定会遇到很多困难，再结合后文作者的确描述了自己换用左手过程的艰辛，由此可见作者这样写主要是为了暗示为了换用左手作者需要克服很多困难。
READING PASSAGE 2
Questions 10-20 arebased on the following passage.
This passage is partof an introduction written by a well-known doctor and essayist for his 1996book about rare neurological disorders.
A. I am writing this with my left hand, although I am stronglyright-handed. I had surgery to my right shoulder a month ago and am notpermitted, not capable of, use of the right arm at this time. I write slowly,awkwardly—but more easily, more naturally, with each passing day. I amadapting, learning, all the while—not merely this left-handed writing, but adozen other left-handed skills as well. I have also become very adept with mytoes, to compensate for having one arm in a sling; I was quite off balance fora few days when the arm was first immobilized, but now I walk differently, Ihave discovered a new balance. I am developing different patterns, differenthabits.., a different identity, one might say, at least in this particularsphere. There must be changes going on with some of the programs and circuitsin my brain—altering synaptic weights and connectivities and signals (thoughour methods of brain imaging are still too crude to show these).
B. Though some of my adaptations are deliberate, planned, andsome are learned through trial and error (in the first week I injured everyfinger on my left hand), most have occurred by themselves, unconsciously, byreprogrammings and adaptations of which I know nothing (any more than I know,or can know, how I normally walk). Next month, if all goes well, I can start toreadapt again, to regain a full (and “natural”) use of the right arm, toreincorporate it back into my body image, myself, to become a dexterous humanbeing once again.
C. But recovery, in such circumstances, is by no meansautomatic, a simple process like tissue healing—it will involve a whole nexusof muscular and postural adjustments, a whole sequence of new procedures (andtheir synthesis), learning, finding a new path to recovery. My surgeon, anunderstanding man who has had the same operation himself, said, “There aregeneral guidelines, restrictions, recommendations. But all the particulars youwill have to find out for yourself.” Jay, my physiotherapist, expressed himselfsimilarly: “Adaptation follows a different path in each person. The nervoussystem creates its own paths. You’re the neurologist—you must see this alltime.”
D. Nature’s imagination, as physicist Freeman Dyson likes tosay, is richer than ours, and he speaks, marvellingly, of this richness in thephysical and biological, worlds, the endless diversity of physical forms andforms of life. For me, as a physician, nature’s richness is to be studied inthe phenomena of health and disease, in the endless forms of individualadaptation by which human organisms, people adapt and reconstruct themselveswhen faced with the challenges and vicissitudes of life.
E. Thus while one may be distressed by the trials ofdevelopmental disorders or disease, one may sometimes see them as creativetoo—for if they destroy particular paths, particular ways of doing things, theymay force the nervous system into making other paths and ways, force on it an unexpectedgrowth and evolution. This other side of development or disease is something Isee, potentially, in almost every patient. That such radical adaptations canoccur demands a view of the brain as dynamic and active rather than programmedand static, a supremely efficient adaptive system geared for evolution andchange, ceaselessly adapting to the needs of the organism—its need, above all,to construct a coherent self and world, whatever defects or disorders of brainfunction befall it. That the brain is minutely differentiated is clear: thereare hundreds of tiny areas crucial for every aspect of perception and behavior(from the perception of color and of motion to, perhaps, the intellectualorientation of the individual). The miracle is how they all cooperate, areintegrated together, in the creation of a self.
F. This sense of the brain’s remarkable plasticity, itscapacity for the most striking adaptations, not the least in the special (andoften desperate) circumstance of neural or sensory mishap, has come to dominatemy own perception of my patients and their lives. So much so, indeed, that I amsometimes moved to wonder whether it may be necessary to redefine the veryconcepts of "health" and “disease,” to see these in terms of the abilityof the organism to create a new organization and order, one that fits itsspecial, altered disposition and needs, rather than in the terms of a rigidlydefined “norm.”
10. The author describes himself as“strongly right-handed” (line 1, Para. A) to _____.
A. convey theease with which he learned to be ambidextrous
B. suggest thedifficulties he had to overcome
C. evoke asympathetic response from the reader
D. characterizethe sources of his physical strength
11. The author’s remark in lines 9-10, Para.A “There must...signals”) can best be described as _____.
A. conjecture
B. inquiry
C. observation
D. evidence
12. In line 11, Para. A, “crude” mostnearly means _____.
A. obvious
B. natural
C. offensive
D. undeveloped
13. The author’s parenthetical reference inlines 3-4, Para. B serves to _____.
A. highlightthe process of learning through experience
B. explain hiscontinuing inability to perform simple tasks
C. rationalizethe frustration he felt about achieving his goals
D. illustrate apoint about unconscious adaptation
14. In lines 4-6, Para. C, the surgeonadvises the author to _____.
A. become moreopen-minded about muscular adjustments than he had been
B. develop hisown procedures for coping
C. follow adetailed and specific regimen of rehabilitation
D. find out howothers have dealt with the same problem
15. The physiotherapist’s remarks (lines6-8, Para. C) reveal the assumption that _____.
A. patientshave complete control over the progress of their recovery
B. eachneurologist follows a different path to understanding
C. allneurologists are aware of the nervous system’s adaptability
D. the authoris inadequately informed about the intricacies of the muscular system
16. In line 2, Para. D, “richness” mostnearly means _____.
A. variety
B. meaning
C. resources
D. economicwealth
17. Why does the author mention that he isa physician in lines 3-6, Para. D?
A. To emphasizehis particular point of view
B. Toillustrate the limits of scientific knowledge.
C. To suggestthat his main concern is the surgery he performs on patients
D. To dispelany doubt about his credentials in the field of neurology.
18.Lines 1-4 in Para. E primarily encourage readers to view disease as _____.
A. a source ofpsychological harm
B. anopportunity for productive change
C. aninevitable fact of human existence
D. a force thatretards evolutionary change
19. It can be inferred from the author’s discussion of radicaladaptations in lines 5-9, Para. E that others may have _____.
A. believedthat adaptations occur only as a response to disease
B. held thatneurological change can occur only as a result of an evolutionary process
C. viewed thebrain as inflexible and unchanging
D. failed torealize how minutely differentiated the brain is
20. The main point of the passage isto_____.
A. explain themost fundamental aspects of brain function
B. discuss theimpact of surgery on the nervous system
C. argue thatthe brain’s ability to adapt to changing needs is virtually limitless
D. emphasizethat current technology to measure brain activity is inadequate
【答案与解析】
11.A 由there must be,以及后面的in my brain 可知这些只是作者的推测，现在还没有科学依据。
12.D 这是一道猜测词义的题。Crude这个词，我们都比较熟悉，它有“粗糙的；天然的，未加工的；粗鲁的”等意思。在文中它是用来形容人脑的，说人脑还不够发达，以至于无法看到这些变化。
13.D 这一段主要是描写作者如何通过反复尝试来调整和适应左手的。有插入语前面unconsciously和I know nothing 可知这里作者主要想强调the adaptation is unconscious.
14.B 这是一道细节题，由But all the particulars you will have to find our for yourself 可知医生是建议他去寻找适合自己的调整适应方式。
15.D 作者所引用的这段话是说明，神经系统的调节会随个体产生差异。因此A、B、C所表达的意思都有出入，并且这三个选项的说法太绝对。
16.A 词义猜测题。Richness也是一个非常常见的词，它本来的意思有“丰富；富裕；肥沃；华美等”这里的richness是修饰nature’s imagination 的，再由后文中the endless diversity，in the endless forms 可知这里的richness 不是指经济的富裕，而是指variety。
17.A 这是一道推断题，for everyone , the nature’s rich in imagination, but for the author,as a as a physician, nature’s richness is to be studied in the phenomena ofhealth and disease, in the endless forms of individual adaptation by whichhuman organisms, people adapt and reconstruct themselves when faced with thechallenges and vicissitudes of life.因此作者只是想表达他作为physician 的一种观点和看法。
18.B 细节推断题，信息就集中在这几句话中。由one may sometimes see them as creative too—for if they destroyparticular paths, particular ways of doing things, they may force the nervoussystem into making other paths and ways, force on it an unexpected growth andevolution. This other side of development or disease is something I see以及作者自身的经历我们可以看出作者是鼓励人们将病痛看作是一次改变自我的机会。
19.C 细节推断题，要根据原文所给的信息进行适当合理的推断。由That such radical adaptations can occur demands a view of the brainas dynamic and active rather than programmed and static 可知一般的观点会认为人的大脑是programmed andstatic，是不会改变的。
20.C 作者先由自己因手术而不得不使用左手的事例阐述了人的神经系统拥有自动调整和适应的机制，接着作者又阐述了自己作为一名精神病学家对此的体会和看法，以及由此观点而引发的一些其他思考。因此文章的中心思想就是讲人体的调整，适应机制。
READING PASSAGE 3
UNICEF,Malnutrition and Micronutrients
UNICEF hascontinued to be at the forefront of advocacy and support for the importation ofprogram to combat child malnutrition. A condition for designing effectiveprogram to fight malnutrition is understanding the causes of the problem andrecognizing how complex they are Micronutrients.
IODINE(碘): some of the most rapid andimportant progress in UNICEF programs is in the area of salt iodization. Thestrategy of universal salt iodization (USI) has been widely accepted in allregions, and the goal of USI by end-1995 has been met in virtually all of Latin America and in many countries in other regions. During the year, a number ofcountries with a high prevalence of fording deficiency in which salt iodizationwas previously thought to be virtually impossible, such as Pakistan andIndonesia, started to iodize at least half of all salt reaching consumers. Toachieve this, UNICEF officers supported a range of innovative and flexibleapproaches, for example, the establishment of an "Iodized Salt SupportFacility" in Pakistan, to provide training, supplies and quality controlto the 800 or so small salt crushers in the country.
Enormousprogress was seen not only in getting iodine into salt but also in thepromulgation of laws to give teeth to monitoring and quality control efforts.UNICEF, WHO and the International Council for the Control of Iodine Disorders(ICCID) sponsored a forum in1995 to consider the iodine and monitoringchallenges faced by countries in which salt is brought to market by many smallproducers rather than larger enterprises.
A technicalmonograph on practical ways of monitoring salt iodization programs wasdeveloped jointly with WHO, ICCID and PAMM and widely distributed. Many UNICEFcountry programs are monitoring household availability of iodine salt,utilizing a simple test kit, as part of the Multi-Indicator Cluster Surveysbeing undertaken to assess progress in meeting the goals of the World Summit.
VITAMIN A:WHO-UNICEF estimates now indicate that over 250 million children still sufferfrom vitamin A deficiency (VAD) with many million more at risk’ The knowneffects of VAD on the immune system and thus on child mortality make this ahigh-priority challenge for UNICEF. In 1995, UNICEF supported surveys ofvitamin A status that resulted in widespread deficiency being recognized forthe first time in Egypt, South Africa, Kenya and Botswana.
With supportfrom the Micronutrient Initiative in Canada, UNICEF launched projects in14countries that will enable innovation in systems of distribution of vitamin Asupplements and improvements in monitoring the mortality and morbidity impactof supplementation. A number of countries are building on the successfulexperience of Guatemala in fortification of sugar with vitamin A. Bolivia and Brazil both launched sugar fortification with vitamin A on a pilot basis in 1995. In Namibia and South Africa, the feasibility of fortifying maize meal with vitamin A is beingconsidered.
UNICEF supportsdietary diversification and the consumption of appropriate fruits andvegetables as one of the most potentially sustainable ways for communities toovercome micronutrient malnutrition. Research completed in 1995 with UNICEFassistance pointed to the need to pay further attention to the types ofvegetables grown and the type of cooking in order to maximize the impact ofhome gardening on the vitamin A status of children. In Bangladesh, UNICEF is collaborating with Helen Keller International to assess the impact ofa large home gardening project on the vitamin A status of mothers and youngchildren. This information should help to ensure that future programs of thistype are designed in the most cost-effective way.
IRON: Thestatement on strategies for reducing iron deficiency anemia, developed andadopted by WHO and UNICEF in 1995, calls for general supplementation with ironin any population of pregnant women or young children where the prevalence ofanemia exceeds 30%. The results of research trials investigating the impact onanemia of weekly iron supplements have started to become available. Weekly ironor iron and vitamin A supplements now appear to be a feasible intervention tocombat iron deficiency anemia on a population basis in some vulnerable groups.
UNICEF supporteda meeting, jointly with the Thrasher Research Fund and Cornell University, to explore ways of increasing the micronutrient content of foods commonly consumedin countries where micronutrient malnutrition is common. Plant breeders, soilscientist and human nutritionists met to consider the problem and agreed thatthe micronutrient content of foods had been neglected in the breeding of high yielding(green revolution) varieties of cereals such as rice. With the realization oftremendous importance of the micronutrient content of staple food crops tohuman development, plant breeders agreed that future breeding work should takemicronutrient goals into account. The participants also called for research inother priority areas to exploit the potential food-based systems, including thedevelopment of programs and policies that influence the choices of consumersand producers to increase the supply and consumption of micronutrient-richfoods.
Complete thesentences using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer. Writeyour answers in the corresponding places on your answer sheet.
21. UNICEF had expected to accomplish thetarget of _____ by the end of 1995.
22. _____ are thought to be unlikely toreach the goal of salt iodization program.
23.In Pakistan and Indonesia’s countryside salt is supplied through the channel of _____.
24. UNICEF experts believe _____ proves tobe the most cost-effective way in combating VAD.
25. Children suffer most from VAD becauseevidence shows their _____ is affected.
26. Pregnant women and young children are_____ to suffer iron deficiency anemia.
27. _____ is partly responsible for thelack of micronutrient content in foods.
【答案与解析】
21.universal salt iodization
(细节题，信息主要出现在第二段，由The strategy of universal salt iodization (USI) has been widelyaccepted in all regions, and the goal of USI by end-1995 has been met invirtually all of Latin America and in many countries in other regions可知the target was USI. )
22.Pakistan and Indonesia
(也是细节题。由a number of countries with a high prevalence of fording deficiencyin which salt iodization was previously thought to be virtually impossible,such as Pakistan and Indonesia, started to iodize at least half of all saltreaching consumers可知以前被认为不可能完成的国家有Pakistan and Indonesia。)
23.small salt crushers
(由the establishment of an "Iodized Salt Support Facility" inPakistan, to provide training, supplies and quality control to the 800 or sosmall salt crushers in the country可知，在Pakistan这样的国家，食盐是通过small salt crushers来供应的。)
24.large home gardening
(由UNICEF is collaborating with Helen Keller International to assessthe impact of a large home gardening project on the vitamin A status of mothersand young children. This information should help to ensure that future programsof this type are designed in the most cost-effective way可知the large home gardening isthe most cost-effective way.)
25.immune system
(由The known effects of VAD on the immune system and thus on childmortality make this a high-priority challenge for UNICEF可知VAD影响了孩子的免疫系统。)
26.easier
(这是一道推测题，原文中没有直接的答案。由calls for general supplementation with iron in any population ofpregnant women or young children where the prevalence of anemia exceeds 30% 可推测出孕妇和儿童更容易患缺铁性贫血症。)
27.Breeding
(由to consider the problem and agreed that the micronutrient content offoods had been neglected in the breeding of high yielding (green revolution)varieties of cereals such as rice 可以看出breeding也是造成食物中微量营养素缺失的原因之一。)
Choose theappropriate letter(A-D) to answer the following questions.
28. In which country or area was an IodizedSalt Support Facility established?
A. Indonesia.
B. Latin America.
C. Botswana.
D. Pakistan.
29. What common food has vitamin A addedto?
A. Salt.
B. Maize meal.
C. Sugar.
D. Rice flour.
30. In what aspect of the green revolutionwas micronutrient content not taken fully into account?
A. Developmentof high-yielding varieties of cereals.
B. Excessiveuse of pesticides.
C. Programsdesigned to influence consumer choice.
D. Applicationof chemical fertilizers.
【答案与解析】
28.D 细节题。由for example, the establishment of an "Iodized Salt SupportFacility" in Pakistan, to provide training, supplies and quality controlto the 800 or so small salt crushers in the country可知Iodized Salt Support Facility 是建立在巴基斯坦的。
29.C 细节题。由A number of countries are building on the successful experience ofGuatemala in fortification of sugar with vitamin A可知维他命A是添加在糖类中的。
30.A 细节题。由to consider the problem and agreed that the micronutrient content offoods had been neglected in the breeding of high yielding (green revolution)varieties of cereals such as rice 可以看出A项符合。B、D两项文中未提到，C项是另外的措施，与green revolution无关。
READING PASSAGE 4
TheFederal Aviation Administration
PART A
Nobody goes up,up and away until the folks at the FAA say it’s OK. The Federal AviationAdministration (FAA) is the government agency responsible for overseeing airtransportation in the US. An arm of the US Department of Transportation, theFAA focuses on air transportation safety, including the enforcement of safetystandards for aircraft manufacturing, operation, and maintenance. It alsomanages air traffic in the US through a network of towers at more than19,000airports. It maintains radar systems, communication equipment, and air trafficsecurity systems. Outside the US, the FAA works with international aviationauthorities in developing safety practices implemented globally.
As commercialflying emerged and increased, the Bureau of Air Commerce encouraged a group ofairlines to establish the first three centers or providing air traffic control(ATC) along the airways. The pioneer air traffic controllers used maps,blackboards, and mental calculations to ensure the safe separation of aircrafttravelling along designated routes between cities. The application of radar toATC helped controllers in their drive to keep abreast of the postwar boom incommercial air transportation. The approaching era of jet travel, and a seriesof midair collisions, prompted passage of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958.This legislation gave rise to a new independent body, the Federal AviationAgency. The act also gave the FAA sole responsibility for a commoncivil-military system of air navigation and air traffic control.
PART B
Two principalcategories of rules governing air traffic are visual flight rules (VFR) andinstrument flight rules (IFR). Aircraft operating under visual flight rules(VFR aircraft) maintain separation from other aircraft visually. IFR aircraftin controlled airspace operate in accordance with clearances and instructionsprovided by air-traffic controllers for the purpose of maintaining separationand expediting the flow of traffic. Flight crews operating under instrumentflight rules are responsible for seeing and avoiding other aircraft, but theair-traffic control clearances they receive provide substantial added assuranceof safe separation. Consequently, flight crews often will operate underinstrument flight rues even though the weather satisfies visual meteorologicalconditions. Many technologies are used in air traffic control systems. Theradar information is used to develop clearances and instructions for separatingaircraft operating under instrument rules, and to provide traffic advisories toIFR aircraft and to VFR aircraft receiving the traffic advisory service. Trafficadvisories provide the ranges, bearings, and altitudes of aircraft in thepilot’s immediate vicinity. The pilot is responsible for visually acquiring andavoiding any traffic that may be a collision threat.
Primary andsecondary radar are used to enhance a controller’s “situational awareness”within his assigned airspace. Secondary radar is an interrogate-respond system.The rotating directional antenna of the ground station transmits a pulse pairto the transponder in the aircraft. The pulse spacing encodes one of twomessages—“transmit your altitude” (the Mode C interrogation) or “transmit youridentity” (the Mode A interrogation). The aircraft then transmits an encodedpressure-altitude reply in response to the first interrogation and a four-digitidentity code, assigned by air-traffic control and entered into the transponderby the pilot, in response to the second.
Primary radaroperates by transmitting high-power, radio-frequency pulses from a rotatingdirectional antenna. The energy is reflected from any aircraft in thedirectional beam and received by the antenna. The aircraft is displayed at theazimuth corresponding to the pointing direction of the antenna and the rangecorresponding to the round-trip time between pulse transmission and receipt ofreflected signal. Primary radar has the advantage that aircraft withoutair-traffic control transponders can be detected, and energy reflected fromheavy precipitation indicates to the controller areas of potentially hazardousweather. However, extraneous returns (clutter) from surrounding buildings andterrain can reduce the effectiveness of primary radar in detecting aircraft. Atmost air-traffic control radar sites, the secondary radar antenna is mounted onthe primary radar antenna, and they are turned by a common drive system.
PART C
With the numberof aircraft flying over the United States today, proper airspace usage iscritical for flight safety and efficient service to pilots and the flyingpublic. To assist in this goal, the airspace is divided into five classes A-E.Class A airspace is the airspace from 18,000 feet to 60,000 feet. All pilotsflying in Class A airspace shall file an IFR flight plan and receive anappropriate air traffic control clearance.
Class B airspaceis generally the airspace from the surface to 10,000 feet. This airspace isnormally around the busiest airports in terms of aircraft traffic such as Chicago or Los Angeles. Class B airspace is individually designed to meet the needs ofthe particular airport and consists of a surface areas and two more layers.Most Class B airspace resembles an upside down wedding cake. Pilots mustcontact air traffic control to receive an air traffic control clearance toenter Class B airspace. Their airspace from the surface to 4,000 feet above theairport elevation is called the Class C airspace. Class C airspace will only befound at airports that have an operational control tower, are services by aradar approach control. Pilots must establish and maintain two-way radiocommunications with the ATC facility prior to entering airspace. The fourthairspace is Class D airspace which is generally that airspace from the surfaceto 2,500 feet above the airport elevation. Like Class C airspace, Class Dairspace only surrounds airports that have an operational control tower and isalso tailored to meet the needs of the airport. Pilots are also required toestablish and maintain two-way radio communications with the ATC facilitybefore entering the airspace. No separation services will be provided to pilotsof VFR aircraft. Pilots operating under VFR must still use “see-and-avoid” foraircraft separation.
The fifthairspace is Class E airspace which is generally that airspace that is not ClassA, B, C, or D. Class E airspace extends upward from either the surface or adesignated altitude to the overlying or adjacent controlled airspace. If anaircraft is flying on a Federal airway below18,000 feet, it is in Class Eairspace. Class E airspace is also the airspace used by aircraft transiting toand from the terminal.
Answer the followingquestions USING NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage.
31. What does the Federal AviationAdministration (FAA) take charge of in the US?
32. Apart from jet travel, what elsebrought about the advent of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958?
33. What information is used to develop clearance and providetraffic advisories in air traffic control systems?
34. What does the aircraft send back as a response to the firstinterrogation from the secondary radar?
35. What reduces the effectiveness ofprimary radar in identifying flights?
【答案与解析】
31.Overseeing air transportation.
(由The Federal AviationAdministration (FAA) is the government agency responsible for overseeing airtransportation in the US可以看出FAA的主要职责是监督空中交通。)
32.Midair collisions.
(由The approaching era of jet travel, and a series of midaircollisions, prompted passage of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958可以看出，除了飞机旅行之外，一系列的空中事故也促进了此法案的出台。)
33.The radar information.
(由The radar information is used to develop clearances and instructionsfor separating aircraft operating under instrument rules, and to providetraffic advisories to IFR aircraft and to VFR aircraft receiving the trafficadvisory service可以看出The radar information is used to develop clearance and providetraffic advisories。)
34.Encoded pressure-altitude reply.
(由part B 第二段中The aircraft then transmits an encoded pressure-altitude reply inresponse to the first interrogation可知第一次询问时，回答的是encoded pressure-altitude reply。)
35.Extraneous returns.
(由part B 第三段中extraneous returns (clutter) from surrounding buildings and terraincan reduce the effectiveness of primary radar in detecting aircraft可知是extraneous returns降低了初次雷达的工作效率。)
Complete the diagrambelow USING NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
| Airspace | Altitudes | Pilot Responsibility | Comments | | Class A | 18,000 feet to 60,000 feet | File an __36__ and receive an air traffic control clearance | | | Class B | Surface to 10,000 feet | Receive control clearance before entering | Around the busiest airports Consists of a surface area and __37__ | | Class C | Surface to 4,000 feet above airport elevation | Set up and retain __38__ with ATC prior to entering | Only found at airports with an operational control tower | | Class D | Surface to 2,500 feet above airport elevation | Pilots __39__ find and avoid aircraft by themselves | | | Class E | Airspace besides Classes A, B, C, or D | Used by aircraft __40__ to and from the terminal | |
【答案与解析】
36.IFR flight plan.
(这个表格的信息主要集中在part C部分。由part C 第一段中的All pilots flying in Class A airspace shall file an IFR flight planand receive an appropriate air traffic control clearance可知飞行员shall file an IFR flightplan。)
37.Two more layers.
(由part C 第二段中的Class B airspace is individually designed to meet the needs of theparticular airport and consists of a surface areas and two more layers 可得出此题的答案。)
38.Two-way radio communications.
(由part C 第二段中的Pilots must establish and maintain two-way radio communications withthe ATC facility prior to entering airspace可知道此题的答案。)
39.Operating under VFR.
(由part C 第二段的最后一句Pilots operating under VFR must still use “see-and-avoid” foraircraft separation可以得知只有那些under VFR 的飞行员才需要自己去发现和避免与其他飞机相撞。)
40.Transiting.
(由文章最后一句ClassE airspace is also the airspace used by aircraft transiting to and from theterminal可以得出此题的答案。)
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