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2008年首都经济贸易大学考博英语真题及详解
2007年首都经济贸易大学考博英语真题及详解
2006年首都经济贸易大学考博英语真题及详解
2005年首都经济贸易大学考博英语真题及详解
2004年首都经济贸易大学考博英语真题及详解
2003年首都经济贸易大学考博英语真题及详解
2002年首都经济贸易大学考博英语真题及详解
2001年首都经济贸易大学考博英语真题及详解
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2008年首都经济贸易大学考博英语真题及详解
Section IGrammatical Structure (10points)
Directions: There are 10 items in this section. Choose the correct word orphrase from the four words or phrases marked A, B, C, or D beneath each sentence. Markyour answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
1.She did her work ______ her manager had instructed.
A. as
B. until
C. when
D. though
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】as“照…的方式，如同”，引导方式状语从句。until和when引导时间状语从句。though表让步。
2. ______ of the twins was arrested, because I saw both at a partylast night.
A. None
B. Both
C. Neither
D. All
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】neither表否定，两者都不。all和none表示三者或三者以上。若用both，根据主谓一致原则was要改成were，而且与句意不符。
3. For some time now, world leaders ______ out the necessity foragreement on arms reduction.
A. had beenpointing
B. have beenpointing
C. were pointing
D. pointed
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：前一段时间以来，世界各国领导人一直强调就裁军达成协议的必要性。从for some time now可判断应用现在完成进行时结构，表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在，可能还要继续下去，强调对现在产生的影响。
4. Have you ever been in a situation ______ you know the otherperson is right yet you cannot agree with him?
A. by which
B. that
C. in where
D. where
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】此处situation后用where引导从句，属于习惯用法，表示一种处境，相当于in which。
5. We’ve just installed two air-conditioners in our apartment, ______should make great differences in our life next summer.
A. which
B. what
C. that
D. they
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】非限定性定语从句用法，起补充说明作用，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个句子，用逗号与主句隔开。what引导名词从句，充当主语和宾语。that不能用于非限定性定语从句。they不是关系代词，不能引导定语从句。
6. AIDS is said ______ the number-one killer of both men and womenover the past few years in that region.
A. being
B. to be
C. to have been
D. having been
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：据说，在过去几年中，艾滋病是那个地区的第一杀手。be said to be属于固定搭配，故将选项A和选项D排除。over the past few years是现在完成时态的标志。
7. She managed to save ______ she could out of her wages to help herbrother.
A. how littlemoney
B. so littlemoney
C. such littlemoney
D. what littlemoney
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：她把工资中能省的都省出来帮助她的弟弟。what用作关系形容词时，表示“所有的，尽量多的”，相当于as much as或whatever。how引导让步状语从句。so和such不能引导名词性从句。
8.Fool ______ Jane is, she could not have done such a thing.
A. who
B. as
C. that
D. like
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】as引出让步状语时，要求句子部分倒装。
9.The experiment requires more money than ______.
A. have been putin
B. being put in
C. has been putin
D. to be put in
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】此处than还带有充当关系代词引导定语从句的色彩。用现在完成时，表示资金已经投入，故排除选项B和选项D。money为不可数名词，要用第三人称单数形式has。
10. ______ for the fact than she broke her leg, she might havepassed the exam.
A. Had it notbeen
B. Hadn’t itbeen
C. Was it not
D. Were it not
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：如果不是因为伤了腿，她本有可能通过考试的。虚拟语气用法。原句为If it had not been for the fact that…, 倒装后if被省略，助动词提到主语前，属于固定用法。
Section II Useof English (20points)
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word for each numberedblank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.
STOP frettingabout recession. That is the message from America’s R-word index. For eachquarter, we (11) how many stories in the NewYork Times and the Washington Post include the word “recession”. (12)bells were set (13) by the sharp jumpin the “R-count” in the first quarter of this year, at a rate that in the pasthas (14) the start of a recession. In the secondquarter, (15) , the number of articles (16)by more than one-third. A conspiracy theorist might suggest thatnewspaper editors, (17) about dwindling advertisingrevenues, have (18) the R-word.
The Economisthas found that (19) the past two decades, theR-word index has been good at (20) turning-pointsin the American economy. (21) GDP figures whichappear (22) after a lag, the numbers areinstantly available. But how does the index perform in Germany, (23)there have also been (24) fears ofrecession? Using our ides, Hypo Vereinsbank has (25) anR-word index for Germany, counting the number of times the word recession (26)in Handelsblatt.
Worryingly,Germany’s R-count for the first quarter of 2001 showed the second-steepest (27)in the past two decades. But in the second quarter, the index droppedby one-third, (28) in America. (29)the world economy has nothing to worry about, or journalists are moreworried about a (30) than a mere recession.
11. A. count B.calculate C. account D.reckon
12. A. Warning B.Alarm C.Siren D.Danger
13. A. up B.out C.off D.about
14. A. hint at B.gestured C. sign D.signaled
15. A. but B.yet C.however D. although
16. A. reduced B.fell C.drop D.descended
17. A. bothered B.harassed C. troubled D.worried
18. A. prohibited B.proscribed C. banned D.interdicted
19. A. over B.in C.through D. by
20. A .pointing B.setting C.placing D. spotting
21. A. Unlike B.Like C.As D.Not as
22. A. generally B.usually C.always D.only
23. A. which B.where C.who D.what
24. A. grown B.grow C.grew D.growing
25. A. coined B.built C.constructed D. set up
26. A. appearing B.appeared C. appearance D.appears
27. A. growth B.rise C.rising D.climb
28. A. as B.like C.as if D.as that
29. A. Either B.Whichever C. Neither D.Whatever
30. A. depression B.decline C.despair D. dejection
【答案与解析】
11.A 这四个词都有“计算”的意思：count侧重“计数”；calculate侧重“通过计算来确认”；account是不及物动词，意为“总计为”；reckon侧重“推算”；从文中how many stories可知这里为“计数”的意味。
12.B alarm bell警钟。
13.C set up建立。set off触发、引起。set out开始。set about开始，着手。由句意可知是由指数上升触发了警钟，所以选C。
14.D signal意为“表示”，有“以信号警告”的含义；hint at 意为“暗示”； sign意为“用手势表示”；gesture意为“以手势表示”；根据句意，D是正确答案。
15.C 四项都表示转折，但用法不同：however可插入转折部分中间，用逗号左右分开表转折；yet可用于转折部分开始或结尾，须和句子相连；but可用于转折部分开始；although表示让步转折。因此，C是正确答案。
16.B 四项都有“下降”的意思，但是表示数字较少一般只用fall。
17.D 四项都有“受…困扰”的意思，但在这里后面的介词为about，所以应该用worried ，其他几个动词应用by。
18.C 四项都有“禁止”的含义：prohibit意为“禁止”，一般表示禁止某项活动；proscribe意为“放逐”；interdict意为“阻断、闭锁”；ban意为“取缔、禁止”，根据句意，C项最合适。
19.A 这几个介词后面都可以跟时间，但表示的意思不同：in在…之内；over从头到尾，强调覆盖全部时间；through到…为止；by到…为止。根据后面has been good可知应是个延续的时间，强调的是全部时间里，因此A比B更好一些。
20.D point指出；spot精确地标识；place放置；set放置；point和spot在这里都说得通，但spot多了一层“精确”的意味，更使用于描写经济。
21.A 根据上下文，R指数和GDP指数不同，所以意思应是“不象”，而as后面应该是句子，unlike后是名词，所以选A。
22.D 由上下文可知，R指数可随时获取，而GDP却相反，只有发生经济停滞后才出现。
23.B 关系代词引导的句子是一个完整的句子。
24.D 根据句意要表达的是“日益增加的”，应该用现在分词形式。
25.C coin杜撰；construct构建、创立；built建造；setup树立、建立；A意义不符合，B、D一般只建构具体的事物，因此C比较合适。
26.D “the word recession appears in Handelsblatt”是numbers的一个定语从句，所以应选D。
27.B rise上升；growth增长；rising起立；climb爬升。B项最为恰当。
28.A 该句为省略句，完整句子为as what happened in America。
29.C either...or不是…就是…。
30.A depression衰退；decline下降；despair绝望；dejection沮丧。A最切合句意。
Section III ReadingComprehension(40points)
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each textby choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on theANSWER SHEET.
Questions 31 to 35 arebased on the following passage.
Why shouldanyone buy the latest volume in the ever-expanding Dictionary of NationalBiography? I do not mean that it is bad, as the reviewers will agree. But itwill cost you 65 pounds. And have you got the rest of volumes? You need thebasic 22 plus the largely decennial supplements to bring the total to 31. Ofcourse, it will be answered, public and academic libraries will want the newvolume. After all, it adds 1068 lives of people who escaped the net of theoriginal compilers. Yet in 10 year’s time a revised version of the wholecaboodle, called the New Dictionary of National Biography, will be published.Its editor, Professor Colin Matthew, tells me that he will have room for about50,000 lives, some 13,000 more than in the current DNB. This rather puts the 1,068 in Missing Persons in the shade.
When Dr.Nicholls wrote to The Spectator in 1989 asking for name of people whomreaders had looked up in the DNB and had been disappointed not to find, shesays that she received some 100,000 suggestions. As soon as her committee hadwhittled the numbers down, the professional problems of an editor began. Contributorsdidn’t file copy on time; some who did sent too much: 50,000 words instead of500 is a record, according to Dr. Nicholls.
There remainsthe dinner party game of who’s in, who’s out. That is a game that the reviewershave played and will continue to play. Criminals were my initial worry. Afterall, the original edition of the DNB boasted; malefactors whose crimes excite apermanent interest have received hardly less attention than benefactors. Mr. JohnGross clearly had similar anxieties, for he complains that, while the murdererChristie is in, Crippen is out. One might say in reply that the injustice ofthe hanging of Evans instead of Christie was a force in the repeal of capitalpunishment in Britain. But then Crippen was reputed as the first murderer to becaught by telegraphy (he had tried to escape by ship to America).
It is surprisingto find Max Miller excluded when really not very memorable names get in. Therehas been a conscious effort to put in artists and architects from the middleAges. About their lives not much is always known.
Of Hugo of BurySt Edmunds, a 12th-century illuminator whose dates of birth and death are notrecorded, his biographer comments: ‘Whether or not Hugo was a wall-painter, therecords of his activities as carver and manuscript painter attest to hisversatility’. Then there had to be more women, too (12 percent, against theoriginal DBN’s 3), such as Roy Strong’s subject, the Tudor painter LevinaTeerlinc, of whom he remarks: ‘Her technique remained awkward, thin an oftencursory’. That doesn’t seem to qualify her as a memorable artist. Yet it may bebetter than the record of the original DNB, which included lives of people whonever existed (such as Merlin).
31. The writer suggests that there is nosense in buying the latest volume, ______
A. because itis not worth the price
B. because ithas fewer entries than before
C. unless onehas all the volumes in the collection
D. unless anexpanded DNB will come out shortly
32. On the issue of who should be includedin the DNB, the writer seems to suggest that ______.
A. the editorshad clear roles to follow
B. there wastoo many criminals in the entries
C. the editorsclearly favoured benefactors
D. the editorswere irrational in their choices
33.Crippen was absent from the DNB ______.
A. because heescaped to the U.S.
B. becausedeath sentence had been abolished
C. for reasonsnot clarified
D. because ofthe editors’ mistake
34. The author quoted a few entries in thelast paragraph to ______
A. illustratesome features of the DNB
B. giveemphasis to his argument
C. impress thereader with its content
D. highlightthe people in the Middle Ages
35. On the whole, the writer’s tone towardsthe DNB was ______
A. complimentary
B. supportive
C. disapproval
D. bitter
【答案与解析】
31.C 第一段对于购买国家传记字典提出质疑，因为买到的字典并不完整。“You need the basic 22 plus the largely decennial supplements tobring the total to 31.” 由此可见，如果没有所有的volumes，购买就是没有意义的。故选项C正确。
32.D 在《英国传记大词典》收录人物的问题上，作者对编辑持否定态度。根据文章第二段，读者在字典中查阅不到很多人物，并向The Spectator提出建议，可是编辑做的工作远不能让人满意，因此选项A可排除。文章并没有涉及到too many criminals的问题，选项B错误。收录人物方面编辑是irrational，故选项D正确。
33.C 根据文章第三段得知Christie是一名罪犯，因为他而误杀了Evans，他的案例是英国主张撤销死刑的一个原因。Crippen是第一个应用电信技术抓获的罪犯。至于为什么Crippen没有被收录，文章没有给出原因。故选项C正确。
34.B 最后一段中，作者列出了DNB中的Max Miller，Hugo和Levina Teerlinc，以证明其论点，说明DNB收录人物的不合理性。而不是解释DNB的特点或突出中世纪人物。故选项B正确。
35.C 通读全文可知本文的主题是《英国传记大词典》收录人物问题。作者对现收录人物和编辑的工作并不满意，给出Levina Teerlinc等例子证明其不合理。因此，作者对DNB是持否定态度的。
Questions 36 to 40 arebased on the following passage.
URUGUAY has beena proud exception to the privatizing wave that swept through South America inthe 1990s. Its state-owned firms are more efficient than many of theircounterparts in Argentina and Brazil ever were. In 1992, Uruguayans voted in areferendum against privatizing telecoms. They rightly observe that some ofArgentina’s sales were botched, creating inefficient private monopolies. Andwith unemployment at 15%, nobody is enthusiastic about the job cutsprivatization would involve.
That leavesPresident Jorge Battle with a problem. Uruguay has been in recession for thepast two years, mainly because of low prices for its agricultural exports, andbecause of Argentina’s woes. But public debt is at 45% of GDP, and rising. Someeconomists argue that privatization would give a boost to the economy, by attractingforeign investment, and by lowering costs. CERES, a think-tank, having comparedtariffs for public services in Uruguay and its neighbors, believesliberalization could save businesses and households the equivalent of 4% of GDPannually, raise growth and produce a net 45,000 jobs.
The polls thatshow continuing support for public ownership also show growing opposition tomonopolies. So Mr. Battle plans to keep the state firms, but let private oneseither compete with them or bid to operate their services under contract.
The oppositionBroad Front and the trade unions are resisting. They have gathered enoughsignatures to demand a “public consultation” next month on a new law to allowprivate operators in the ports and railways—a referendum on whether to hold areferendum on the issue. Alberto Bension, the finance minister, admits the votewill be a crucial indicator of how far the government can push. But he notesthat, since 1992, attempts to overturn laws by calling referendums haveflopped.
The liberalizationof telecoms has already begun. Bell South, an American firm, is the firstprivate cell-phone operator. There are plans to license others, and talk ofallowing competition for fixed-line telephones. A new law allows privatecompanies to import gas from Argentina to generate electricity in competitionwith the state utility. Another plan would strip Ancap, the state oil firm, ofits monopoly of imports. It has already been allowed to seek a private partnerto modernize its refinery.
Harder tasks lieahead. The state-owned banks are saddled with problem loans to farmers and homeowners. And Mr. Battle shows no appetite for cutting the bloated bureaucracy.
After a year inoffice, the president is popular. He has created a cross-party commission to investigate“disappearances” during Uruguay’s military dictatorship of 1976-85.The unionsare weakened by unemployment. At CERES, Ernesto Talvi argues that Mr. Battleshould note his own strength, and push ahead more blidly. But that is not theUruguayan way.
36.Uruguay in the 1990s ______
A. moved in theprivatizing wave
B. adopted thesame measure as that of Argentina
C. sticked toits old economic mode
D. developedvery slowly
37. What can we infer from the first fourparagraphs?
A. Uruguay hasbeen always trying to join in the privatizing wave.
B. Economistsargue that privatization is the only way to boost Uruguay’s GDP.
C. Mr. Battleplans to privatize the country’s economy completely.
D. Theopposition Broad Front is in favor of privatization.
38.The 5th paragraph suggests that ______.
A. Bell Southis built up in 1982
B. there hasbeen no law to regulate the electricity
C. An cap maymodernize its refinery with the help of a private partner
D. liberalizationmakes the economy slack
39. What does the author mean by “flopped”(last line, paragraph 4)?
A. succeeded
B. failed
C. Followed
D. Provoked
40. Which one is true according to thepassage?
A.Privatization is thriving in Uruguay.
B. Now,referenda have less strength to change some laws.
C. Uruguayanpeople are satisfied with the government’s actions with regard to the economy.
D. ThePresident is managing to keep the state companies efficient.
【答案与解析】
36.C 文章第一段第一句 “URUGUAY has been a proud exception to the privatizing wave thatswept through South America in the 1990s.” 中的exception指例外，可见乌拉圭并没有私有化，坚持了自己的发展方式。故选项C正确。
37.D 从文章首段第一句即可得知选项A错误。选项B和选项C中的only和completely过于绝对，不符题意。选项D由文章第四段推理得出。故选项D正确。
38.C 选项A错误，Bell公司成立的年份没有给出。选项B中no law错误，根据第五段 “a new law allows...” 可以得知。选项D指出自由化是经济放缓，与文意不符。根据第五段选项C符合题意。故选项C正确。
39.B 根据第四段得知：反对政府政策的工会等要求就私有化问题全民公投，希望抵制政府政策。但是，自1992年起“attemptsto overturn laws by calling referendums have flopped”。由此推理得知flop为“失败”之意。故选项B正确。
40.D 选项A指出私有化thriving，不符题意，文章指出私有化刚刚起步。选项B中less strength与原文不符。选项C忽视了工会等对政府措施的抵制。故选项D正确。
Questions 41 to 45 arebased on the following passage.
The Universityin transformation, edited by Australian futurists Sohail Inayatullah andJennifer Gidley, presents some 20 highly varied outlooks on tomorrow’suniversities by writers representing both Western and non-Western perspectives.Their essays raise a broad range of issues, questioning nearly every keyassumption we have about higher education today.
The most widelydiscussed alternative to the traditional campus is the Internet University—avoluntary community to scholars and teachers physically scattered throughout acountry or around the world but all linked in cyberspace. A computerizeduniversity could have many advantages, such as easy scheduling, efficientdelivery of lectures to thousands or even millions of students at once, andready access for students everywhere to the resources of all the world’s greatlibraries.
Yet the InternetUniversity poses dangers, too. For example, a line of franchised courseware,produced by a few superstar teachers, marketed under the brand name of a famousinstitution, and heavily advertised, might eventually come to dominate theglobal education market, warns sociology professor Peter Manicas of theUniversity of Hawsii at Manoa. Besides enforcing a rigidly standardizedcurriculum, such a “college education in a box” could unersell the offerings ofmany traditional brick and mortar institutions, effectively driving then out ofbusiness and throwing thousands of career academics out of work, noteAustralian communications professors David Rooney and Greg Hearn.
On the otherhand, while global connectivity seems highly likely to play some significantrole in future higher education, that does not mean greater uniformity incourse content or other dangers will necessarily follow. Counter-movements arealso at work.
Many inacademia, including scholars contributing to this volume, are questioning thefundamental mission of university education. What if, for instance, instead ofreceiving primarily technical training and building their individual careers,university students and professors could focus their learning and researchefforts on existing problems in their local communities and the world? Feministscholar Ivana Milojevic dares to dream what a university might become “if webelieved that child-care workers and teachers in early childhood educationshould be one of the highest (rather than lowest) paid professionals?”
Co-editorJennifer Gidley shows how tomorrow’s university faculty, instead of givinglectures and conducting independent research, may take on three new roles. Somewould act as brokers, assembling customized degree-credit programmes forindividual students by mixing and matching the best course offerings availablefrom, institutions all around the world. A second group, mentors, wouldfunction much like today’s faculty advisers, but are likely to be working withmany more students outside their own academic specialty. This would requirethem to constantly be learning from their students as well as instructing them.
A third new rolefor faculty, and in Gidley’s view the most challenging and rewarding of all,would be as meaning-makers; charismatic sages and practitioners leading groupsof students and colleagues in collaborative efforts to find spiritual as wellas rational and technological solutions to specific real-world problems.
Moreover, thereseems little reason to suppose that any one form of university must necessarilydrive out all other options. Students may be “enrolled” in courses offered atvirtual campuses on the Internet, between or even during sessions at areal-world problem-focused institution.
As co-editorSohail Inayatullah points out in his introduction, no future is inevitable, andthe very act of imagining and thinking through alternative possibilities candirectly affect how thoughtfully, creatively and urgently even a dominanttechnology is adapted and applied. Even in academia, the future belongs tothose who care enough to work their visions into practical, sustainablerealities.
41. When the book reviewer discusses theInternet University, ______.
A. he is infavor of it
B. his view isbalanced
C. he isslightly critical of it
D. he isstrongly critical of it
42. Which of the following is NOT seen as apotential danger of the Internet University?
A.Internet-based courses may be less costly than traditional ones.
B. Teachers intraditional institutions may lose their jobs.
C.Internet-based courseware may lack variety in course content.
D. The InternetUniversity may produce teachers with a lot of publicity.
43. According to the review, what is thefundamental mission of traditional university education?
A. Knowledge learningand career building.
B. Learning howto solve existing social problems.
C. Researchinginto solutions to current world problems.
D. Combiningresearch efforts of teachers and students in learning.
44. Judging from the three new roles envisioned for tomorrow’suniversity faculty, university teachers ______.
A. are requiredto conduct more independent research
B. are requiredto offer more course to their students
C. are supposedto assume more demanding duties
D. are supposedto supervise more students in their specialty
45. Which category of writing does thereview belong to?
A.Narration.
B. Description.
C.persuasion.
D. Exposition.
【答案与解析】
41.B 文章第二段针对Internet University提出了许多advantages，随后的第三段则指出其存在dangers，可见文中对网络大学的利弊都进行了客观评价，观点并不存在倾向性。故选项B正确。
42.A 文章第三段对网络大学的潜在危险做了介绍。A选项“网络课程比传统课程节省费用”并不是潜在危险，是有益处的。故选项A正确。
43.A 第五段首句提到大学教育的根本任务，第二句进一步提到“insteadof receiving...careers ” 可推理得知传统大学的基本功能是knowledge learning and career building.故选项A正确。
44.C 第六段首句指出“instead of givinglectures and conducting independent research”, 将选项A排除。根据第二句推理得出对大学老师要求越来越高，要将各种优秀课程整合之后教给学生，选项C中的demanding符合题意。故选项C正确。
45.D 全文主要是针对一本书的内容进行介绍，应该归为说明文之列。故选项D正确。
Questions 46 to 50 arebased on the following passage.
Joy and sadnessare experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tellwhen other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression ofmany emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign offriendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted byCharles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. Asthe originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universalrecognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example,facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in theabsence of language.
Mostinvestigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotionsin a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotionsmanifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman tookphotographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear,happiness and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate whatemotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from Europeancollege students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guineahighlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almost no contact withWestern culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayedfamiliar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were thecharacters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and hiscolleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures inwhich participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shownby facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotionswere being shown and which emotion was more intense.
Psychologicalresearchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotionalstates. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns ofelectrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedbackhypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions andfacial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to thishypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (“feedback”) are sent back toemotion centers of the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influencethat person’s emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: “The free expression byoutward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression,as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.” Can smilinggive rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?
Psychologicalresearch has given rise to some interesting findings concerning thefacial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, forexample, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons(humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When theyare caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
What are thepossible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal,which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism.Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear,heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads toheightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in braintemperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmitnerve impulses). The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internalemotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-called Duchennesmile, which is characterized by “crow’s feet” wrinkles around the eyes and asubtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves downslightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings .
Ekman’sobservation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff upper lip”as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff” lipsuppresses emotional response as long as the lip is not quivering with fear ortension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense,and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotionalresponse.
46. The word “despondent” in the passage isclosest in meaning to ______.
A.curious
B. unhappy
C.thoughtful
D. uncertain
47. The author mentions “Baring the teethin a hostile way” in order to ______.
A. differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facialexpression from other meanings of it
B. supportDarwin’s theory of evolution
C. provide anexample of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understood
D. contrast afacial expression that is easily understood with other facial expressions
48. The word “concur” in the passage isclosest in meaning to ______..
A.estimate
B. agree
C.expect
D. understand
49. According to paragraph 2, which of thefollowing was true of the Fore people of New Guinea?
A. They did notwant to be shown photographs.
B. They werefamous for their story-telling skills.
C. They knewvery little about Western culture.
D. They did notencourage the expression of emotions.
50. According to the passage, what did Darwin believe would happento human emotions that were not expressed?
A. They wouldbecome less intense.
B. They wouldlast longer than usual.
C. They wouldcause problems later.
D. They wouldbecome more negative.
【答案与解析】
46.B 根据文章第一段首句中joy and sadness可推理出与happy相对应的词，即despondent沮丧的。故选项B正确。
47.C 文章第一段主要讲universal recognition offacial expressions。并以smiling 和 baring the teeth in a hostile way 举例说明面部表情表达情绪的普遍一致性。故选项C正确。
48.B 第二段首句“mostinvestigators concur that...” 提出第二段的论点，即许多调查人员认为在特定人群中，面部表情抒发情感有一致特点。以此推断，estimate“估计”，expect“期望”都不能准确表达“认为”的意思。故选项B正确。
49.C 根据文章第二段关于fore 部落的描述“dwell in the New Guinea highlands ” , “had almost no contact with westernculture”可以得出选项C正确。选项A和选项B文章并没有说明。 “The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions...”说明选项D不符文意。
50.A 根据文章第三段结尾处Darwin 的话“Onthe other hand, the repression, as far as possible,of all outward signs softens our emotions.”此处，repression（抑制，压抑）即感情得不到释放，结果是soften ouremotions.故选项A正确。
Section IV Translation(15points)
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlinedsegments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWERSHEET.
Has a possibleterrorist target in Maine become any less easy to hit?
WISCASSET pridesitself on being “the prettiest village in Maine”. Six miles from the centre oftown, just around a bend in Birch Point Road, the dome of Maine Yankee NuclearPower Station looms into view. Maine Yankee was once a welcome asset. Itcontributed $12m a year to Wiscasset in property taxes alone, cutting everybody else’s bills by 90%. (1) But in 1997 the plant was decommissioned, 11 yearsbefore the projected end of its useful life. Some 3,300 “maintenanceinfractions” were reported, 300 of which were deemed hazardous to publicsafety.
Maine Yankee isnow officially closed, and is being dismantled. More than 900 tons ofradioactive spent fuel, more than at any other decommissioned nuclear powerstation in America, are still stored there. (2)A federal report posted onthe website of the National Council on Radiation Protection estimates that if atenth of 1% of the spent fuel’s radiation were released into the air it wouldproduce lethal doses over 1,000 square miles.The stuff is dangerous for 10,000 years. Much of it is covered only by a metalshed. According to the Department of Energy, it will be removed in 2020, at the earliest. Others say it will not gountil 2038.
The station’sofficials used to say the spent fuel was so safe that armed guards wereunnecessary. (3)After September 11th they stepped up security measures,declaring “a heightened state of alert”. In October, Stanley Lane, fromneighboring Westport Island, decided to put that claim to the test.Unchallenged, he drove his car around thegrounds and past the spent fuel. There are now a few more guards in evidenceand a few road barriers; but it is some way from Fort Knos.
Eric Howes, acompany spokesman, says that Maine Yankee will comply with any new federal regulations and would not opposehaving the National Guard at the site. Ray Shadis, of Friends of the CoastOpposed to Nuclear Pollution, doubts it. (4)He claims that the company askedfor waivers against having to apply stricter security not only before September11th, but afterwards too.
The people ofWiscasset are petitioning the federal government to remove the spent fuel. (5)Ina letter to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Maine’s governor, Angus King,has agreed that cuts in security are “entirely unacceptable”, though he has notcalled in the National Guard.
【参考译文】
（1）但是，缅因州扬基核电站于1997年被撤销，比其原计划使用期限提前了11年。
（2）国家辐射保护委员会网站上发布的一份联邦报告预计：如果0.1%的废弃燃料的辐射泄漏到空气中，那么周边1000多平方英里之内的辐射剂量都足以致命。
（3）“9.11”之后，他们加强了安全措施，宣布进入高度戒备状态。
（4）他声称不仅在“9.11”之前，而且在其之后，这家公司提出弃权，以此逃避实行更严格的安全措施。
（5）尽管缅因州州长安格斯·金还未调入国民警卫队，但在给核能管理委员会的一封信中，他赞成要削弱安全是“完全不能接受的”。
Section V Writing(15points)
Nowadays, thereare two opposite opinions concerning whether parents should give their childrenpocket money. Some people support the idea, arguing that giving children pocketmoney will save parent’s time on shopping for children. Others think that hascaused some problems, such as making children become luxurious. What is youropinion about the pocket money? Please base your writing on the followingoutline:
1. Give adescription of the present situation.
2. Analyze theadvantages and disadvantages of this situation.
3. Talk aboutthe significance of this situation and give your advice on how to solve theproblems.
In youressay, make full use of the information provided in the outline.
【参考范文】
To Give or Not to Give?
Suppose you havea child, will you give him or her pocket money? If the answer is yes, how muchmoney will you offer? What if your child makes bad use of the money? If no isthe answer, are you willing to spend so much time shopping for him or her?Don’t you fear your child have a wrong concept of money? No doubt, this is areally tough decision. Yet it is what parents are facing today.
Every coin hastwo sides. If children are allowed to have pocket money, they can be more independent.They can do their own shopping, for example, buying a pen or a notebook. Theycan form a good habit of managing money. However, they can also becomeluxurious. Sometimes they may be cheated by the vendors. I am sure parents willbe very angry when their child pays 100 yuan for a small transformer. Ifchildren do not have pocket money, they can avoid the bad habit of wastingmoney. However, parents will get a demanding and time-consuming job to shop fortheir children. Children may not have a correct value of money, either.
To give or notto give, that is the question. In my opinion, children should be given pocketmoney. However, there should be certain rules. First and foremost, pocket moneyshould have a limit. Do not give too much. It is dangerous. Personallyspeaking, 10 yuan per week is enough. Second, we should know how they spend themoney in detail, in case they do something wrong. Last but not least, thenumber of pocket money should be flexible. It is offered according to theirperformance. If they do well in a contest, a little more money or a present canbe given as a reward.
In a word,pocket money serves as an important tool and it should be well-managed with thehelp of parents. If your child asks for pocket money, do not hesitate, give himor her. But do remember, there are rules to follow.
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