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2015年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解
2013年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解
2012年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解
2011年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解
2010年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解
2009年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解
2008年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解
2007年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解
2006年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解
2005年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解
2004年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解
2003年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解
2002年华东师范大学考博英语真题
2001年华东师范大学考博英语真题
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2015年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解
Paper One
Part I Vocabularyand Structure (15%)
Directions: There are30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choicesmarked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Thenmark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet Iwith a single line through the centre.
1.Mo Yan is _____ as one of China’s most talented writers.
A. acclaimed
B. claimed
C. blamed
D. studied
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：莫言被称为中国最有才华的作家之一。be claimed as意为“被称为”，符合句意，故选B项。
2. There has been no twentieth-century anthropologist more _____ ormore controversial than Margaret Mead.
A. imaginative
B. hard-working
C. celebrated
D. strong-minded
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：20世纪的人类学家中没有谁比玛格丽特·米德更著名或者说更有争议。备受争议从侧面说明了她比较出名，celebrated“著名的，有名望的”符合句意。故选C项。
3. Communication satellites transmit information more _____ than doordinary shortwave radios.
A. conveniently
B. reliably
C. accessibly
D. concisely
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：通讯卫星比普通的短波无线电通讯传送信息更加可靠。reliably可靠地。conveniently便利地，合宜的。accessibly可接近地，可得到地。concisely简洁地。这里强调的是可靠性，故选B项。
4. _____ evidence indicates that acid rain is damaging historicsites in many parts of this developing country.
A. Many
B. Little
C. Tentative
D. Mounting
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：越来越多的证据表明酸雨正在毁坏这个发展中国家很多地区的历史遗迹。mounting意为“逐渐增加的”符合句意。evidence为不可数名词，故不能用many修饰。little不符合句意。tentative实验性的，暂定的。
5. _____ all living things have some way of getting from here tothere.
A. Certainly
B. Virtually
C. Deplorably
D. Eventually
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：几乎所有的生物都有一些方法从一个地方到达另一个地方。virtually“几乎，事实上”，符合句意。certainly“无疑地”，表述太过绝对。deplorably悲惨地，可叹地。eventually最后，终于。
6. I _____ him that I would help him if he had any difficulty incarrying out the task.
A. ensured
B. assured
C. guaranteed
D. vowed
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：我向他保证，他要是在执行这项任务的过程中有什么困难，我会帮助他。“assure sb. that + 从句”意为使别人对某事感到放心。ensure指的是确保某事发生，其后可直接跟从句。guarantee是对事物的品质或人的行为提出担保。vow发誓，郑重宣告。
7. It is dangerous to walk through a thick forest _____ a winterafternoon without a guide.
A. in
B. at
C. on
D. towards
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：在冬日午后，没有向导的情况下穿过茂密的树林是很危险的。on用来表示具体的某一天或具体某一天的上午、下午或晚上。
8. At the end of the year all department stores _____ prices toencourage sales.
A. promote
B. produce
C. reduce
D. induce
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：年底的时候，所有的商店都降低价格搞促销。因为是促销，所以要降低价格。reduce“减少，降低”符合句意，故选C项。
9.The scholarship is open to all the students _____ race or sex.
A. regardless of
B. with regardto
C. in conformityto
D. according to
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：这项奖学金面向所有的学生，不论种族与性别。regardless of不管，不论。with regard to关于，至于。in conformity to依照，与……一致。according to根据。根据句意，只有A项符合。
10. That company claimed that this new material can _____ water likea sponge.
A. suck
B. absorb
C. squeeze
D. drink
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：该公司宣称这种新材料能像海绵一样吸水。表示海绵吸水使用动词absorb，表示“吸收”。
11. Although a recession is usually characterized by at least twoconsecutive quarters of _____ GDP, this is not a fixed rule.
A. falling
B. declining
C. fluctuating
D. impending
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：尽管经济衰退的标志通常是至少连续两个季度的GDP下滑，但这并不是固定的规则。declining下滑的，衰退的。falling落下的；下降的。fluctuating波动的。impending迫近的。故选B项。
12. Forest fires frequently threaten human lives and cause greatproperty damage to people _____ in southern California.
A. working
B. sleeping
C. dwelling
D. playing
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：森林火灾经常威胁人的生命，给居住在南加州的人们造成巨大的财产损失。因为火灾危及的是那里的居民，dwell“居住”，符合句意，故选C项。
13. Music and paintings can communicate one’s _____ feelings andemotions when words fail to express them.
A. slightest
B. innermost
C. rarest
D. secret
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：音乐和绘画能传达语言所不能表达的人内心的感受和情感。innermost“内心的，最深处的”符合句意，故选B项。slightest极不重要的，最少的。rarest最珍贵的，最稀罕的。secret秘密的。
14. All living creatures have to constantly _____ various changes intheir environment in order to survive.
A. interferewith
B. react to
C. comply with
D. succumb to
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：所有的生物必须不断地针对环境的变化做出改变，以求生存。react to“做出反应”。符合句意。interfere with干扰，妨碍。comply with遵守，依从。succumb to屈服于。
15. Pregnant women are advised to take a _____, balanced, and varieddiet that contains plenty of nutrients from fresh fruits, vegetables, wholegrains, legumes, and fish.
A. wholesome
B. gradual
C. well-cooked
D. delicious
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：建议孕妇的饮食健康均衡而又多样化，应包含大量来自新鲜水果、蔬菜、全麦、豆类和鱼类的营养。wholesome“有益健康的”，符合句意，故选A项。gradual逐渐的。well-cooked精心烹制的。delicious美味的。
16. Our Chinese tradition is quite different _____ we only want todefend our own country, not to invade other countries.
A. because
B. for
C. in that
D. that
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：我们国家的传统非常的与众不同，因为我们只想保卫自己的国家，而不是侵略其它的国家。because、inthat和for均可以表示“因为”，其中because强调客观的、事实的因果关系，for一般表示经过推测、推理的因果关系，而in that主要用来表示主观的看法或者理由。另外in that常用来解释差异或说明有何特别之处。因此本题中in that最为贴切。
17. China hosted the Olympic Games in 2008, thus _____ her dream tobe recognized as one of the greatest nations in the world.
A. havingrealized
B. realizing
C. realized
D. to realize
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：中国在2008年举办了奥运会，因此实现了自己的梦想——被认为是世界上最伟大的国家之一。举办奥运会这一动作发生在过去，其影响已经发生且持续到现在，所以realize要用现在完成时，故选A项。
18. Suddenly the donkey gave a loud bray. Thinking that the donkey_____ eat him, the tiger ran away hurriedly.
A. would
B. was going to
C. was about to
D. was to
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：突然驴大叫一声。老虎以为驴就要把它吃了，赶快逃跑了。be going to表示的是事先经过考虑的打算、计划、意图。will表示的是一种意愿，或客观发生。be about to意为马上做某事，在时间上指最近的将来。be to表示按照计划或正式安排将发生的事，主要指客观安排，必然趋势。故只有C项最符合。
19. Ancient Chang’an was seven times _____ the size of today’s Xi’ancity.
A. /
B. as much as
C. that of
D. of
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：古代的长安城是现在西安的7倍大。倍数的表达法包括“sth. be+倍数+the+计量名词+of sth.”，所以倍数后面直接跟定冠词the+计量名词，故选A项。
20. The reason why he didn’t take the exam was _____ he had anaccident on his way to the school.
A. because
B. because of
C. that
D. due to
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：他没有参加考试的原因是他在上学的路上出了点事故。句中why he didn’t take the exam作定语修饰reason。空格处填入that引导表语从句，故选C项。
21. If it _____ for his help, I wouldn’t be a university studentnow.
A. hasn’t been
B. hadn’t been
C. wasn’t
D. weren’t
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：要不是他的帮助，我现在不会是一名大学生。该题考查的是错综时间虚拟语气。因为从句是对过去情况的假设，所以要用过去完成时，故选B项。
22.According to the weather forecast, it _____ this afternoon.
A. will rain
B. rains
C. is going torain
D. is to rain
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：根据天气预报，今天下午将要下雨。will表示的是客观上将来势必发生的事情，而be going to表示根据主观判断将来会发生的事情，故选A项。
23. Neither John nor his roommates _____ in the dormitory yesterdayevening.
A. was
B. were
C. has been
D. had been
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：John和他的室友昨天晚上都不在宿舍。因为题干是过去的事实，因此用一般过去时。neither…nor…遵循就近原则，roommates为复数形式，所以系动词were符合，故选B项。
24. Malaysian Airlines lost an airplane on March 8 last year, _____whereabouts still remains a mystery.
A. its
B. whose
C. their
D. the
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：马来西亚航空公司在去年的3月8日丢失了一架飞机，其下落仍是一个谜。该句中whose引导非限制性定语从句，为关系代词，表示“……的”。
25. _____ you need any further information, please do not hesitateto let me know.
A. would
B. should
C. will
D. shall
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：如果你需要任何信息，请直言相告。这里使用的是虚拟语气，表示的是对现在情况的假设，所以用should+动词原形。而虚拟语气的倒装是指省略if，将助动词should提到句首，故选B项。
26. Since you have already come, you _____ stay here for a couple ofdays.
A. might well
B. might aswell
C. might haveto
D. might
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：既然你已经来了，倒不如在这呆几天。might as well“倒不如，不妨”，符合句意，故选B项。
27. She told her parents that she had decided to marry him, _____ aprince or a pauper.
A. if he was
B. were he
C. was he
D. be he
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：她告诉父母自己已经决定要嫁给他了，不管他是王子还是穷人。D项中be he等同于no matter he is，符合句意，故选D项。
28. _____ you work hard enough _____ you be able to get a PhD degreein three years.
A. Only if,will
B. If only,would
C. Should, will
D. Unless,would
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：只有当你足够努力，你才能在三年内获得博士学位。only if位于句首，后面的主句需要部分倒装，所以后面的will要提到主语you前。故选A项。
29. Hardly _____ the train _____ when the waiting crowd ran towardsit.
A. did, arrive
B. has, arrived
C. had, arrived
D. was,arriving
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：火车一抵达，等待的人群就向它跑去。hardly…when…表示“一……就……”，一般使用过去完成时，故选C项。
30. The conference _____ next year will be an important event in thehistory of the country.
A. having beenheld
B. being held
C. to be held
D. held
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：在明年举行的会议将是这个国家历史上的一件大事。因为会议将在明年召开，所以应使用被动语态的将来时to be done，故选C项。
Part II Cloze(20%)
Directions: Read thepassage through. Then go back and choose one item of suitable word(s) marked A,B, C, and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of theword(s) you have chosen with a single bar across the bracket on Answer Sheet I.
To say that the childlearns (31) imitation and that the way to teachis to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates every (32)he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to (33)is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some otherexample. Therefore we must turn (34) a moresubtle theory than “Monkey see, monkey do”.
Look at it from the child’s point of view. Here he is in a new situation,lacking a (35) response. He is seeking aresponse which will gain certain (36) . If he lacks aready response for the situation, and cannot reason (37) whatto do, he observes a (38) who seems able to getthe right (39) . The child looks for a/an (40)or expert who can show what to do.
There is a second element at (41) in thissituation. The child may be able to (42) hisimmediate goal only to (43) that his methodbrings criticism (44) people who observe him.When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering amessage, he is (45) emphatically that thisaction is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his sayquietly. Thus, the desire to (46) any objectivesituation is overlaid (47) the desire to solveit properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets moreaffection and (48) when his parents like his response.Then other adults (49) some actions andcriticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his ownself-respect, he must (50) responses his socialgroup approves.
31. A.through B.from C.by D. with
32. A.action B.thing C.situation D. adult
33. A. learn B.set C.imitate D.follow
34. A.from B.to C.for D. into
35. A.ready B.immediate C.good D.reasonable
36. A.ends B.purpose C. intention D. goal
37. A.up B.for C. through D.out
38. A.student B.example C.model D.child
39. A.effect B.reward C.result D.outcome
40. A. professional B.authority C.specialist D. teacher
41. A.working B.work C.the work D. his
42. A.attain B.find C.acquire D. grasp
43. A.tell B.get C.find D. realize
44. A.to B.into C.from D.out of
45. A. informed B.asked C.notified D. told
46. A.solve B.face C. encounter D. avoid
47. A.by B.with C.in D. for
48. A.like B.love C.consent D.approval
49. A.grant B.appraise C.reward D.award
50. A.do B.take C.adopt D.employ
【答案与解析】
31.C 这句话表示的是孩子通过模仿学习，by表示“通过”，符合句意，故应选C项。
32.A 孩子模仿的是动作，而不是人或某个东西，故应选A项。
33.D follow the example意为“模仿，效仿”。
34.B turn to转向，求助于。这里表示的是我们必须求助于一个独特的理论。
35.A 因为孩子面对的是新的情形，所以他无法做出快速的反应。同时根据下文中的a ready response，可知这里应填入ready。aready response快速的反应。
36.A 这里指的是孩子会寻求做出某种反应来实现某种目的。gain one’s ends达到目的，成功。
37.D 这里表达的是孩子面对这种情形缺少做出反应的能力，就不知道该怎么做。reason out“推理出，推断出”，符合句意，故选D项。
38.C 当孩子不知道该怎么做时，他会找一个榜样，观察这个榜样是怎么做的。model榜样，模范。
39.C 这里指的是孩子所找到的榜样，榜样是能够获得好的结果的，故result“结果”，符合句意。
40.B 空格后有or expert，故空格处的词与expert功能相近，都能教孩子做什么。authority“权威”，符合句意。
41.B at work（因素）在起作用，活动着。这句话的意思是“在这种情形下，还有第二种因素在起作用”。
42.A attain one’s goal意为“达到目标”。这里强调的是目标的实现，故应选择A项。
43.C 孩子可能能够实现自己的目标，但是发现自己的方法招来批评。find“发现”，符合句意。
44.C 这里的批评来自于那些观察他的人，所以强调的是来源，故应填入介词from。
45.D 传递消息通过大声喊叫，别人就会告诉他这种行为是令人不愉快的。tell“告诉”，较口语化，符合句意。inform和notify过于正式。ask与句意不符，故选D项。
46.A 这里指的是处理面对的这种情形，且根据该句末尾的动词solve可知，该处也应填入solve，故选A项。
47.B be overlaid with为固定搭配，意为“被……掩盖”。
48.D 句意：当父母喜欢他的做事方法时，他就会获得更多的爱和支持。love与affection同义，故排除。
49.C reward指的是“回报”，award意为“授予，颁发”。这里表示的是对孩子行为的认可和回报，故选C项。
50.C 想要获得别人的支持和自尊，他就必须采用他的群体所支持的方法。adopt“采纳，采用”符合句意，故选C项。
Part III ReadingComprehension (25%)
Directions: There are5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C,and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single bar line through thecenter.
(1)
One of the mostimportant periods in Greek history was the Hellenistic Age which began afterthe death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C., and lasted almost 200 years. Itwas during this time in history that Greek ideas and Greek culture spread toEgypt and throughout the Near East. A Greek state even existed as far west asIndia.
During the HellenisticAge, there were great advances in such areas as philosophy, science, religion,art and social justice. Important discoveries were made in the sciences.Eratosthenes, for instance, made an accurate calculation of the diameter of theearth, while Aristarchus declared that the earth was round. Social reformersattempted to abolish debt and institute a program of land redistribution amongthe poor but met with little success. Women achieved a better social standing andamong the middle class education became widespread.
Peace of mind was thegreat concern of the philosophers of the Hellenistic Age. The Stoics insistedthat happiness could be achieved when man learned to accept the events whichwere beyond his control and, at the same time, did his duty. The Epicureansespoused the idea that moderation in pleasureand the avoidance of pain produced the desired result. The Cynics turnedaway from all desires and pleasures, and advocated a pursuit of virtue. Inreligion, many Greeks turned to the worship of such Egyptian gods as Serapisand Isis.
During the HellenisticAge, the area of Greek influence included such political powers as the Ptolemiesof Egypt, the Seleucids of Syria, the Antigonids of Macedon and the Attalids ofPergamum, and it was their fighting against each other and among themselvesthat paved the way for the aggressive Romans to conquer Greece and most of theHellenistic world in the 100’s B.C. The Romans brought the Hellenistic Age to aclose when they conquered the last major power, Egypt, in 30 B.C.
51. What part did Alexander the Great play in the flowering of Greekculture during the Hellenistic Age?
A. It was his wisdom and powerwhich aided its growth.
B. He helped especially in thearea of science.
C. It was in social reformsthat he contributed most.
D. He had no directinvolvement whatsoever.
52. Which statement about the HellenisticAge is not correct?
A. Land redistribution wasless than successful.
B. The social standing ofwomen improved.
C. Education spread from themiddle to the lower classes.
D. Attempts to abolish debtdid not find great success.
53. According to the passage, whichstatement is most likely?
A. A Cynic would seek a lifeof comfort and ease.
B. A Stoic would try to dowhat was expected of him.
C. An Epicurean would enjoy ahard fight.
D. A Stoic would attempt totriumph over nature.
54. The Roman conquest of the Hellenisticworld was helped greatly by the _____.
A. divisions existing amongits political factions
B. inability of itsphilosophers to work together
C. conflict between itsseveral religious groups
D. lack of agreement on itsnecessary social reforms
55. The word “espouse” in the third paragraph of this passageprobably means _____.
A. propose
B. marry
C. support
D. reject
【答案与解析】
51.D 原文第一段第一句中提到“the Hellenistic Age which began after the death of Alexander theGreat in 323 B.C.”，所以在Alexander the Great去世后，希腊化时代才开始，所以在该时代中希腊文化的传播与Alexander the Great没有直接的关系，故答案为D项。
52.C 原文第二段中最后一句提到“among the middle class education became widespread”，由此可知，在希腊化时代，教育在中层阶级中开始普及，但并没有提到教育从中层阶级传播到下层阶级，故C项错误。
53.B 原文第三段第二句提到“The Stoics insisted that happiness could be achieved when manlearned to accept the events which were beyond his control and, at the sametime, did his duty.”，由此可知斯多噶派认为要接受自己所不能控制的，同时要履行自己的职责。B选项与之意思相近，故为正确答案。
54.A 根据原文第四段第一句“During the Hellenistic Age, the area of Greek influence includedsuch political powers as…it was their fighting against each other and amongthemselves that paved the way for the aggressive Romans to conquer Greece”可知，政治力量的分裂以及他们之间的内部斗争促进了罗马征服希腊，故选A项。
55.C 伊壁鸠鲁派信奉适度的欢乐和逃避痛苦，这是他们支持的观点，故espouse的意思为“支持，信奉”，故选C项。
(2)
Why are so many peopleunhappy in their jobs? There are two primary reasons. First, some people areconvinced that earning a living is wasting time that they could spend enjoying themselvesor uncovering their true talents.
If this is the case withyou, recall your last long vacation. Was it two weeks of complete enjoyment?More likely it was a week and a half of fun in the sun, with another half of“Boy, I can’t wait to get back to work.” While all work and no play is notgood, all play and no work is disastrous. We need to feel we are accomplishingsomething. We also need some form of order in our lives.
The second and perhapsmore prevalent reason for people not to like their work is that they feeltrapped. Once you’ve been at a company for five years and have a spouse,mortgage and child, you often feel you have very little choice about jumpingship if things aren’t turning out as you’d planned. A steady paycheck can bethe biggest manacle of all. People resent having to do something because theyhave no other choice.
If you find yourselfresenting your job because you can’t afford to quit, it may be time to preparewhat one career counselor humorously calls a “cyanide capsule”. He recalls spymovies in which the secret agent has such a capsule hidden somewhere on hisbody. If he’s captured and tortured unbearably, he has an option. And having anoption gives him the strength to hold on a little longer in the hope that thesituation may change.
Rather than cyanide,your option takes the form of an up-to-date resume. Your might also take aweekly glance through the help-wanted section, and make some visits to industryfunctions where low-key networking can take place. You’re not giving up yourcurrent job. Rather, you could jump ship. Being in this position can do wondersfor your attitude. It allows you to enjoy your work since, in reality, you arethere only because you want to be.
At the core of adoptinga positive attitude to your workplace is, above all, assuming responsibilityfor your own situation. More people feel controlled by their environment, butthey really aren’t. They have to learn to manage that environment so they canget from it what they need.
56. What do we most likely want during along vacation, according to the author?
A. To extend their vacation aslong as possible.
B. To gain a balance betweenwork and play.
C. To get back to work as soonas possible.
D. To relax completely, freefrom worry.
57. It is indicated in the passage thatmost people dislike their jobs because _____.
A. going to work is wastingtheir time
B. they can’t feel fulfilledin their jobs
C. they are confined to thejobs tightly
D. pay seldom corresponds withwork
58. When one considers changing job, thebiggest difficulty is _____.
A. leaving a company and agood boss
B. reducing the family burden
C. giving up a stable income
D. drawing up a better planfor the future
59. The author suggests that, by having a“cyanide capsule” at work, one will _____.
A. find a satisfactory jobsoon
B. be as brave as the hero inspy movies
C. be more tolerant with thepresent job
D. have the courage to give upthe unbearable job
60. You will change your attitude towardsyour job when _____.
A. you are provided with thechance to choose
B. you are responsible foryour present job
C. you get ready yourup-to-date resume
D. you get what you need fromyour job
【答案与解析】
56.B 文章第二段后半部分提到不能一直工作，也不能一直玩，由此可知，我们需要平衡工作和娱乐，故B项符合题意。
57.C 根据第三段第一句“The second and perhaps more prevalent reason for people not to liketheir work is that they feel trapped.”可知，大部分人不喜欢他们工作的原因是觉得自己深陷其中。C项与之意思相同，故为正确答案。
58.C 原文第三段倒数第二句提到“A steady paycheck can be the biggest manacle of all.”，由此可知，换工作最大的困难是放弃稳定的收入，故选C项。
59.C 原文第四段第一句话提到“cyanide capsule”，接着对其进行解释，其中第四句提到“And having an option gives him the strength to hold on a littlelonger in the hope that the situation may change.”，其中的“hold on a little longer”与C选项意思相似，故选C项。
60.A 倒数第二段倒数第二句中提到“Being in this position can do wonders for your attitude.”而“Being in this position”指的是上一段提到的“having an option”，也就是说在你有机会做选择的时候，你会改变对工作的态度，故选A项。
(3)
Watch a baby between sixand nine months old, and you will observe the basic concept of geometry beinglearned. Once the baby has mastered the idea that space is three-dimensional,it reaches out and begins grasping various kinds of objects. It is then, fromperhaps nine to fifteen months, that the concepts of sets and numbers areformed. So far, so good. But now an ominous developmenttakes place. The nerve fibers in the brain insulate themselves in such a waythat the baby begins to hear sounds very precisely. Soon it picks up language,and it is then brought into direct communication with adults. From this pointon, it is usually downhill all the way for mathematics, because the child nowbecomes exposed to all the nonsense words and beliefs of the community intowhich it has been so unfortunate as to have been born. Nature, having done verywell by the child to this point, having permitted it the luxury of thinking foritself for eighteen months, now abandons it to the arbitrary conventions andbeliefs of society. But at least the child knows something of geometry andnumbers, and it will always retain some memory of the early halcyon days, nomatter what vicissitudes it may suffer later on. The main reservoir ofmathematical talent in any society is thus possessed by children who are about twoyears old, children who have just learned to speak fluently.
61.What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The impact of language onmathematics
B. Children’s ability to learnlanguages
C. How basic concepts ofphysics are learned
D. Math-learning strategiesfor babies
62. According to the passage, which of the following activitieswould teach a baby about geometry?
A. Picking up a wooden block.
B. Recognizing the number 2.
C. Uttering a nonsense word.
D. Looking at distant objects.
63. According to the author, at what age does a child probably beginto learn about sets and numbers?
A. Six months.
B. Nine months.
C. Fifteenmonths.
D. Eighteenmonths.
64. The use of the word “ominous” showsthat the author believes the child’s _____.
A. linguistic future isthreatened
B. nerves will deteriorate
C. hearing will suffer
D. mathematical ability willdecline
65. The author’s attitude toward early childhood education can bestbe described as somewhat _____.
A. indifferent
B. compromising
C. indulgent
D. cynical
【答案与解析】
61.A 文章一开始就介绍了婴儿从6个月到15个月大的时候数学能力的发展，紧接着提到，随着孩子语言能力的发展，他们的数学能力开始走下坡路，并分析了他们语言的发展对其数学发展的影响，故A选项符合文章大意。
62.A 文章第二句话提到“Once the baby has mastered the idea that space is three-dimensional,it reaches out and begins grasping various kinds of objects.”，所以孩子在懂得空间是三维的时候，开始伸手抓各种物体，从而学到了几何，故答案为A项。
63.B 根据原文第三句话 “It is then, from perhaps nineto fifteen months, that the concepts of sets and numbers are formed.”可知，孩子大概是在九个月的时候，开始形成集合和数字的概念，故答案为B项。
64.D 联系下文，孩子的听觉更加精确，并且开始习得语言，能够和成人交流，但是从这时起，“it is usually downhill all the way for mathematics”，由此可知，孩子的数学能力开始走下坡路。ominous不祥的，坏兆头的；预兆的。故答案为D项。
65.B 通览全文，作者介绍了孩子在不同的时期数学能力的发展，其中既有积极的一面，比如从6个月大到15个月大的时候；也有消极的一面，比如之后语言对数学能力的影响。最后文章提到“But at least the child knows something of geometry and numbers…nomatter what vicissitudes it may suffer later on.”，作者认为不管之后会经历什么，孩子至少已经对几何和数字有所了解。由此可知，作者对孩子的早期教育持妥协的态度。
(4)
Discovered in the early1800s and named nicotianine, the oily essence now called nicotine is the mainactive ingredient of tobacco. Nicotine, however, is only a small component ofcigarette smoke, which contains more than 4,700 chemical compounds, including43 cancer-causing substances. In recent times, scientific research has beenproviding evidence that years of cigarette smoking vastly increases the risk ofdeveloping fatal medical conditions.
In addition to beingresponsible for more than 85 per cent of lung cancers, smoking is associatedwith cancers of, amongst others, the mouth, stomach and kidneys, and is thoughtto cause about 14 per cent of leukemia and cervical cancers. Last year, smokingcaused more than 84,000 deaths, mainly resulting from such problems aspneumonia, bronchitis and influenza. Smoking, it is believed, is responsiblefor 30 per cent of all deaths from cancer and clearly represents the mostimportant preventable cause of cancer today.
Passive smoking, thebreathing in of the side-stream smoke from the burning of tobacco between puffsor of the smoke exhaled by a smoker, also causes a serious health risk. Areport published last month by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)emphasized the health dangers, especially from side-stream smoke. The type ofsmoke contains more, smaller particles and is therefore more likely to bedeposited deep in the lungs. On the basis of this report, the EPA hasclassified environmental tobacco smoke in the highest risk category for causingcancer.
As anillustration of the health risks, in the case of a married couple where onepartner is a smoker and the other a non-smoker, the latter is believed to havea 30 per cent higher risk of death from heart disease because of passivesmoking. The risk of lung cancer also increases over the years of exposure andthe figure jumps to 80 per cent if the spouse has been smoking four packs a dayfor 20 years. It has been calculated that 17 per cent of cases of lung cancercan be attributed to high levels of exposure to second-hand tobacco smokeduring childhood and adolescence.
A more recentstudy by researchers at the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF)has shown that second-hand cigarette smoke does more harm to non-smokers thanto smokers. This report emphasizes that cancer is not caused by a singleelement in cigarette smoke; harmful effects to health are caused by manycomponents. Carbon monoxide, for example, competes with oxygen in red bloodcells and interferes with the blood’s ability to deliver life-giving oxygen tothe heart. Nicotine and other toxins in cigarette smoke activate small bloodcells called platelets, which increases the likelihood of blood clots, therebyaffecting blood circulation throughout the body.
66. According to the passage, leukemia andpneumonia _____.
A. are responsible for 84,000deaths each year
B. are strongly linked tocigarette smoking
C. are strongly linked to lungcancer
D. result in 30 per cent ofdeaths per year
67. According to the passage, intake ofcarbon monoxide _____.
A. inhibits the flow of oxygento the heart
B. increases absorption ofother smoke particles
C. inhibits red blood cellformation
D. promotes nicotineabsorption
68. According to the passage, intake ofnicotine encourages _____.
A. blood circulation throughthe body
B. activity of other toxins inthe blood
C. formation of blood clots
D. an increase of platelets inthe blood
69. It can be inferred from the passagethat _____.
A. we can reduce deaths fromcancer by 30% if no one smokes in the world
B. we can reduce deaths fromlung cancer by 85% if no one smokes in the world
C. a non-smoker can reduce the risk of death from heartdisease by 30% if he or she is able to avoid passive smoking
D. all of the above
70. The word “pneumonia” is a disease thathas to do with _____.
A. the heart
B. the lungs
C. the stomach
D. the kidneys
【答案与解析】
66.B 文章第二段第二句提到“Last year, smoking caused more than 84,000 deaths, mainly resultingfrom such problems as pneumonia, bronchitis and influenza.”，所以白血病和肺炎与吸烟关系紧密，故答案为B项。
67.A 根据文章最后一段第三句“Carbon monoxide…interferes with the blood’s ability to deliver life-givingoxygen to the heart.”可知，一氧化碳会阻碍血液将氧气输送到心脏，故答案为A项。
68.C 文章最后一段最后一句提到“Nicotine…increases the likelihood of blood clots, thereby affectingblood circulation throughout the body.”，由此可知，尼古丁会促进血凝块的形成，故答案为C项。
69.D 文章第二段最后一句提到“Smoking, it is believed, is responsible for 30 per cent of alldeaths from cancer…”，由此可知，30%癌症导致的死亡是吸烟引起的，故A项正确。根据第二段第一句“In addition to being responsible for more than 85 per cent of lungcancers, smoking is…”可知，肺癌有85%是吸烟导致的，故B项正确。文章第四段提到“…a married couple where one partner is a smoker and the other anon-smoker, the latter is believed to have a 30 per cent higher risk of death fromheart disease because of passive smoking.”，由此可知，不吸烟的人避免被动吸烟，其因心脏病而死亡的概率降低30%，故C项正确。因此A、B、C项均正确，答案为D项。
70.B 文章主要讲的是吸烟和吸二手烟与疾病的关系，尤其是肺癌，其中第二段第一句提到肺癌有85%是吸烟导致的，而且根据该句中的mainly“主要地”，可推知，这一疾病应与肺有关，pneumonia“肺炎”，故答案为B项。
(5)
Biology may not bedestiny, but genes apparently have a far greater influence on human behaviorthan is commonly thought. Similarities ranging from phobias to hobbies tobodily gestures are being found in pairs of twins separated at birth.
Professor Bouchard ofthe University of Minnesota reports that so far, exhaustive psychological testsand questionnaires have been completed with approximately 50 pairs of identicaltwins reared apart, 25 pairs of fraternal twins reared apart, and comparisongroups of twins reared together. Studies show that twins tend to have similarmannerisms, gestures, speed and tempo in talking, habits, and jokes.
Many of the twinsdressed in similar fashion. One pair had practically the same items in the toiletcases, including the same brand of cologne and a Swedish brand of toothpaste.
Twins also tend to havesimilar hobbies and interests—a male pair had similar workshops in their basements and a femalepair had strikingly similar kitchen arrangements.
Bouchard doesn’t haveenough information on abnormal behavior or psychopathology to makegeneralizations, but he has found repeated similarities. One pair of women wereboth very superstitious; another pair would burst into tears at the drop of ahat, and questioning revealed that both had done so since childhood.
Overall the emergingfindings of the study constitute a powerful rebuttal to those who maintain thatenvironmental influences are primary shaping forces of personality. Thetextbooks are going to have to be rewritten, Bouchard predicts.
71. According to the passage, twins tend tohave similar behavior _____.
A. because they share the sameexperiences
B. because they have the sameparents
C. if they are not rearedtogether
D. no matter whether they arereared together or not
72.In Bouchard’s research, _____.
A. twins reared apart arestudied but those reared together are not
B. twins reared apart arestudied in comparison with those reared together
C. identical twins rearedapart are studied in comparison with fraternal twins reared apart
D. identical twins rearedapart are studied in comparison with fraternal twins reared together
73. It can be inferred from the passagethat _____.
A. identical twins have thesame parents while fraternal twins do not
B. identical twins are of thesame sex while fraternal twins are not
C. there are a few differencesbetween identical twins and fraternal twins in terms of behavior
D. twins have many similarities between twins inbehavior no matter whether they are identical or fraternal
74. It can be inferred from the passagethat _____.
A. twins have manysimilarities because they inherited them from their parents
B. twins tend to be moresuperstitious than other people
C. twins reared apart tend tohave similar mannerisms because they have the same education
D. twins have manysimilarities because of the genes they inherit from their parents
75. Professor Bouchard seems to beconvinced that _____.
A. the existing theories aboutthe shaping of personality are valid
B. the textbooks should berewritten because they are out of date
C. one’s environment is moreimportant than his genes in the shaping of his personality
D. one’s genes are moreimportant than his environment in the shaping of his personality
【答案与解析】
71.D 文章第二段提到Professor Bouchard的研究，研究中将在一起抚养的双胞胎和不在一起抚养的双胞胎进行了对比，发现“Studies show that twins tend to have similar mannerisms, gestures,speed and tempo in talking, habits, and jokes”，由此可知，无论他们是否在一起抚养，行为都相似，故答案为D项。
72.B 文章第二段介绍的是Professor Bouchard的实验。其中提到“…psychological tests and questionnaires have been completed withapproximately 50 pairs of identical twins reared apart, 25 pairs of fraternal twinsreared apart, and comparison groups of twins reared together.”，由此可知，分开抚养的同卵双胞胎和异卵双胞胎与被一起抚养的对比组的双胞胎（comparison groups of twins reared together）进行对比实验，故答案为B项。
73.D 文章第二段最后一句提到“Studies show that twins tend to have similar mannerisms, gestures,speed and tempo in talking, habits, and jokes.”，而该实验的研究对象既有同卵双胞胎又有异卵双胞胎，由此可知D项表述正确。
74.D 文章第一句话提到“Biology may not be destiny, but genes apparently have a far greaterinfluence on human behavior than is commonly thought.”，同时Professor Bouchard的实验研究发现无论是同卵双胞胎还是异卵双胞胎，无论是分开抚养还是一起抚养，都有着相似的行为举止，由此可推知，是从父母遗传而来的基因在发挥作用，故选D项。
75.D 根据文章最后一段中“Overall the emerging findings of the study constitute a powerfulrebuttal to those who maintain that environmental influences are primaryshaping forces of personality.”可知，这一发现反驳了环境对性格的影响起主要作用的说法，突出了基因的重要性，故答案为D项。
Paper Two
Part IV Translation(25%)
Section A (10%)
Directions: Put the following into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on Answer Sheet II.
There is a theory amongOccidentals that the Chinaman is inscrutable (不可理解的，谜一样的), full of secret thoughts, andimpossible for us to understand. It may be that a greater experience of Chinawould have brought me to share this opinion, but I could see nothing to supportit during the time when I was working in this country.
One of the mostremarkable things about the Chinese is their power of securing the affection offoreigners. Almost all Europeans like China, both those who come as touristsand those who live there for many years. In spite of the Anglo-JapaneseAlliance, I can hardly recall a single Englishman in the Far East who liked theJapanese as well as the Chinese. Those who have lived long among them tend toacquire their outlook and their standards. New arrivals are struck by obviousevils: the beggars, the terrible poverty, the prevalence of disease, theanarchy (无政府状态) andcorruption in politics. Every energetic Westerner feels at first a strongdesire to reform these evils, and of course they ought to be reformed.
摘自: Bertrand Russell:The Chinese Character
【参考译文】
西方人中间有一种论调：中国人像谜一样，满脑子的神秘思想，我们难以理解。如果到中国去长期生活体验一下，可能也会使我抱有这样的观点。但是，依我在那个国家讲学期间的所见所闻，并没有发现有任何迹象可以证明这种论点是正确的。
中国人最博得人们赞赏的品质之一，是他们把握外国人感情的能力。不论是到中国去旅游的，还是多年居住在那儿的，几乎所有的欧洲人都喜爱中国。尽管英日两国结成联盟，但是我想不起哪一个孤身在远东的英国人，会像喜爱中国人那样喜爱日本人。只有那些在他们中间长期生活的人，才能获得自己的看法和标准。初来乍到中国，一定对那里显而易见的弊端感到震惊：乞丐成群、贫穷惊人、疾病横行、社会混乱、政治腐败。每个有正义感的西方人，无不首先强烈地期待中国人能革除这些弊端。中国理所当然地应进行改革。
【解析】
题目中的英文段落摘自Bertrand Russell的“The Chinese Character”（“中国人的性格”）。第一段第一句采用顺译的方法，注意Occidental意思为“西方人”。第一段第二句的前半句a greater experience of China would have brought me to…使用了虚拟语气，因此翻译时分译为一个条件句。文章第二段中的句式结构较为简单，考生在翻译时注意重点词汇的翻译，如“their power of securing the affection of foreigners”翻译为“把握外国人感情的能力”； “Anglo-Japanese Alliance” 翻译为“英日两国结成联盟”等等。
Section B (15%)
Directions: Put the following into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet II.
明朝有一位伟大的地理学家叫徐霞客。徐霞客从小喜欢阅读历史、地理、探险、游记一类书籍，长大以后，他决心毕业从事旅行事业，去探寻祖国美好河山的奥秘。在母亲的支持下，徐霞客22岁那年，踏上了艰苦的探险生活。
徐霞客一生周游考察了十六个省，足迹几乎遍及全国。他认真考察了各地的气候、地形(topographical features)和植物生长的情况(plant life)，留下了中国古代最详细的气象观测(meteorological observation)记录。后来，他的日记手稿后来被整理成了《徐霞客游记》。这不仅是一本自然地理的百科全书和导游指南，还是一部明代末年普通百姓生活的生动的历史实录。
【参考译文】
There was agreat geographer named Xu Xiake in Ming Dynasty. Xu Xiake loved reading suchbooks as history, geography, adventures and travelogue from a young age. Whenhe grew up, he made his mind to devote himself to the traveling cause aftergraduation, and to explore the Arcanum of the beautiful landscapes in hismotherland. With his mother’s support, Xu Xiake began his adventurous life at22.
During his lifetime, Xu Xiake toured and investigated 16 provinces, covering almost the wholeof China. By investigating the local climates, topographical features and theplant life carefully, he left the most detailed meteorological observationrecords in ancient China. Later, his diary manuscripts were sorted into XuXiake's Travels, which is not only an encyclopedia of natural geography anda tourist guidebook, but also a vivid historic record of the common people’slife in the late Ming Dynasty.
【解析】
题目中的段落是关于明朝地理学家徐霞客的一个简单介绍，翻译时注意，关于徐霞客的各种经历，需要使用过去时态。第一段第二句包含的信息较多，因此翻译时注意依照意群断句，同时注意“奥秘”一词可以翻译为“Arcanum”。第二段第一句中，“足迹几乎遍及全国”翻译时使用了非谓语动词covering作伴随状语。第二段倒数第二句中“被整理成了”翻译为“be sorted into”，“《徐霞客游记》”为书名，翻译为“Xu Xiake's Travels”。
Part V Writing(15%)
Directions: Pleasewrite an argumentation based on the following topic and elaborate your point ofview in about 200 words. Remember to write your composition neatly and clearlyon Answer Sheet II.
Some people areworried that globalization is not good because it actually means Americanization.Other people think that we can all benefit from this process. What is your opinion?Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
【参考范文】
Globalization mighthave become one of the catchiest words of the last decade. By overturning the wallsof suspicion and mutual distrust, different countries work together and theworld seems to become a smaller place. However, some concerns are also raised.Seeing the American products everywhere and the popularity of American culturein other countries, they are worried that globalization is only an excuse ofAmericanization. As far as I am concerned, globalization is the irreversibletrend of development and refusing it would only lead to isolation and setbacks.
Globalizationmeans a worldwide market where resources can be allocated more reasonably.Developing countries may provide labors or producing factories while developedcountries may contribute to the technology and finance needed. By takingadvantage of their own strengths, different countries can have a betteropportunity to benefit from the worldwide market. Meanwhile, besides economicprofits, globalization is also making us more socially open and we can now knowdifferent cultures, visit different places or communicate with people in othercountries easily. In other words, our horizons are broadened and our heartsbecome more tolerant towards those who live in the other parts of the world. Wecan even learn from each other and try to work together to solve the globalproblem together.
Globalization symbolizesa developing phrase of humans, which is and will remain the trend of the world.In the process of globalization, we may get hurt or get rewarded, but no matterwhat happened, the best thing we can do is to embrace it, to learn to solveproblems when making progress, instead of being picnicking or simply ignorant.
【解析】
题目要求讨论“全球化”这一问题，并给出相关原因和例子来论证自己的观点。当看到“全球化”这一主题时，考生首先应该确定自己的观点，是支持还是反对，如果支持，那么就要着重写“全球化”带来的好处，如果持反对意见，就应该重点分析其弊端。参考范文在第一段首先对“全球化”这一概念进行了一定的介绍，然后先抑后扬明确了观点“虽然有些人认为全球化是美国化的一个借口，但是全球化是发展的必然趋势，而拒绝全球化只会导致倒退和隔绝”。接着范文在第二段重点进行具体的论证证明自己的观点：一方面全球化使得全球的资源、市场得到更优化的配置；另一方面，全球化促进国际间的交流，人们的思想更加开放。最后一段，总结全文，并提出建议：全球化有利有弊，但是重点是解决“全球化”中的问题，而不是回避问题。
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