财政部财政科学研究所考博英语历年真题及详解

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2010年财政部财政科学研究所考博英语真题及详解
2009年财政部财政科学研究所考博英语真题及详解
2008年财政部财政科学研究所考博英语真题及详解
2007年财政部财政科学研究所考博英语真题及详解
2006年财政部财政科学研究所考博英语真题及详解
2005年财政部财政科学研究所考博英语真题及详解
2004年财政部财政科学研究所考博英语真题及详解
2003年财政部财政科学研究所考博英语真题及详解
2002年财政部财政科学研究所考博英语真题及详解
2001年财政部财政科学研究所考博英语真题及详解
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考博真题是每个考生复习备考必不可少的资料，而拥有一份权威、正确的参考答案尤为重要，通过研究历年真题能洞悉考试出题难度和题型，了解常考章节与重要考点，能有效指明复习方向。
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2010年财政部财政科学研究所考博英语真题及详解
Part One: Vocabulary andStructure (15 points):
Directions:For each underlined word or phrase or the left blank in thefollowing sentences, choose a word or phrase which is closest in meaning fromthe four choices given, then fill your answer on the Answering Sheet.
1. I know it is difficult to pick her out insuch a crowd, but if you ______ happen to see her, give her this note.
A. could
B. would
C. should
D. might
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：我知道在人群中找到她很难。但万一你看见她，请把这张纸条给她。本题考查虚拟语句。would不能由if引导表示虚拟，might此处不表示虚拟，可以排除。和could相比，should表虚拟含有惊讶的意味，表明不太可能的事发生了。
2. When visiting a foreign country, I sometimesfind it difficult ______.
A. to make myself understood
B. to make others understand myself
C. to make myself understand
C. making others understand me
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：在国外参观旅行时，我发现有时要让别人明白自己的意图很困难。make myself understood是常见搭配，被动态表示“被别人理解”。
3. It was quite by accident that Harrydiscovered that a man ______ was living near his office.
A. with whom he had been friendly as a student
B. whom he been friendly with when a student
C. who he had been friendly with when a student
D. whom he had been friendly as a student
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：哈利偶然发现他学生时代的一个好友正住在他的办公室附近。B和D的句法不对，可以排除。A项的as有误，它使句意成为“作为一个学生”，因此排除。
4. ______ , it will have an effect on thedrinker.
A. However mild the wine seems
B. Even though mild the wine seems
C. Provided that mild the wine seems
D. Unless mild the wine seems
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：无论酒性如何温和，它或多或少都会对驾驶者产生影响。however后加形容词表明无论何种程度。even though在这个语境中转折的意思太强了，使后面的句子过于绝对化。provided that表明要有…条件。unless除非。
5. As for the missing funds, the companymanager, when demanded to give an explanation, could not even come up with a______ one.
A. plaintive
B. pervasive
C. perpetual
D. plausible
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：当公司经理被要求就那笔不翼而飞的资金做出解释时，他甚至不能提供一个貌似真实可信的答案。plausible貌似真实的，貌似有理的。plaintive哀伤的；悲哀的。pervasive普遍的；到处渗透的。perpetual永久的，无限期的。
6. Should we request that the manager ______ oursuggestion again?
A. consider
B. considers
C. should consider
D. must consider
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：我们是否应该要求经理再次考虑我们的提议？request后面的同位语应该用should，但有时should可省略，接动词原形。本句把should提前，成为疑问句，后面还是动词原形。
7. ______ , the guest speaker was ushered intothe auditorium hall to give the lecture.
A. Being shown around the campus
B. Having shown to the campus
C. After been shown around the campus
D. Having been shown around the campus
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：在被引领着参观了校园之后，嘉宾又被引进了播放厅给观众做演讲。本句很明显要用被动态，B、C项的语法错误，因此排除。having been shown around是现在完成时的分词形式，在句子中表示动作的完成。being shown around是伴随状态，表明动作正在进行中，和句意冲突，因此排除。
8. ______ , he did become annoyed with her attimes.
A. Much as he liked her
B. As he liked her much
C. Although much he liked her
D. Much although he liked her
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：虽然他很喜欢她，但有时他也会冲她发火。当as引导状语时，副词提前可加强转折。although则没有这种用法。
9. In spite of the wide range of readingmaterial specially designed or ______ , for language learning purposes, thereis yet no effective and systematic program for the reading skills.
A. appointed
B. assembled
C. acknowledged
D. adapted
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：尽管现在有许多特别设计或改编的阅读材料，就学习语言这个目的而言，并没有系统有效地提高阅读技能的方法。adapt适应；改编。assemble装备；聚集。acknowledge承认。
10. Any time ______ , any period of waiting isbecause you haven't come and received the message.
A. error
B. cut
C. lack
D. lag
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：任何时间上的滞差或等待都是因为你没有收到通知。time lag时间间隔；时间滞差。其他的搭配都不正确。
11. ______ ever so humble, there’s no place likehome.
A. It be
B. Be it
C. It was
D. Was it
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：无论多么平凡，世上都没有像家一样的地方。系动词提前在句首可表示转折。
12. Practitioners of law and medicine areesteemed in many countries which seem to indicate that ______ depends onprofession or title.
A. prestige
B. superiority
C. privilege
D. merit
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：在许多国家，从事医疗或法律的人总是收人尊敬，这似乎表明，一个人的声望取决于他的职业或头衔。prestige威望，声望。superiority优势，优越。privilege特权。merit优点。
13. Some one has said that a man’s historybegins about one hundred and fifty years before his birth, or words ______.
A. in any case
B. to that effect
C. in a sense
D. to the contrary
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：有个人曾经说过，一个人的历史早在他出生前的一百五十年就开始了，或者那句话的大意是这样。to that effect是那个意思的……；大意。in any case无论如何。in a sense在某种程度上。to the contrary恰恰相反。
14.The difference is so small as to be ______.
A. neglectful
B. neglecting
C. negligent
D. negligible
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：差别如此微小以致微不足道。negligible微不足道的，可以忽略的。neglectful疏忽的；不小心的。 neglecting是分词形式。negligent疏忽的；粗心大意的。
15. If at some point they do importChristianity, it is ______ that it will be absorbed and adapted ______.strengthenthe continuing core of Chinese culture.
A. more than likely...in such a manner as to
B. more likely than ...in such a manner so as to
C. likely more than ...in a manner so as to
D. more likely ... to such a manner as
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：如果在某段时期，他们真的引进了基督教精神。那它很有可能被吸收和重组以更好地加强中国的文化核心。C和D的语法不对，可以排除。more than likely很有可能，很容易。morelikely than 比……更可能，B项比较的对象不对，句意不通。
Part Two: ReadingComprehension (20 Points)
Directions:There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followedby some questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C andD. You should select the best choice and fill your answer on the AnsweringSheet.
Passage 1 (5 points)
The devil, as the old saying goes, is in the details. Or,in the case of the new Estonian law setting up a national genetic data bank,there is reason for concern that the devil may get involved in the actualworkings of that country’s Human Gene Research Act.
The authors of the 34-section act have made a seriouseffort to prevent misuse of the data and to protect gene donors’ rights andprivacy. Participation in the project is strictly voluntary, on the basis ofinformed consent. It will be illegal to ask anyone if he or she isparticipating in the free program. People won't be paid for providing a tissuesample, medical, and family history to the Estonian Gene Bank. That informationis immediately given “a unique code consisting of at least 16 randomcharacters.” Genetic and medical data become and remain the property of the EstonianGene Bank—except that individual donors have the right, “at any time,” torequest “destruction of the data which enables decoding.” They can also havetheir sample materials destroyed if their identity has been unlawfullydisclosed.
Donors are entitled to their own genetic data, at nocharge, as are their designated physicians. No one else has lawful access tothis information. Indeed, it is unlawful to ask—and the act contains specificparagraphs that forbid employers and insurance companies to gather suchinformation, or to treat “people with different genetic risks” differently asemployees or insurance clients. Genetic information may be released toresearchers “only in coded form, as a set of data and on the condition thattissue samples or data concerning at least five gene donors are issued at atime.”
Supporters of the project expect that the Estonian GeneBank will become a favorite source of information for researchers associatedwith biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies that are expected to payhandsomely for access to the decoded (and anonymous) information. Some firmsare expected to set up shop in Estonia, presumably in or near the UniversityCity of Tartu where most Estonian geneticists live and work. The project isexpected to “put Estonia on the map” and lead to an economic bonanza for anewly independent country with few natural resources.
Not everybody shares that view. Regardless of the favorablepoll results, a number of objections have been published in Estonian-languagenewspapers. These range from the simplistic “If it’s such a great idea, howcome the French and Germans aren’t doing it already?” to arguments that thestart-up money could be spent on better things. Some commentators are alsoconcerned about privacy. Information in the data bank could be used forblackmail—and is there a data bank in the world that is truly secure fromhackers? And what about leaks? Allegations of corruption are a fact of publiclife in post-Soviet independent states. Estonia’s scandals have been less luridthan those of other states, but there have been enough to engender considerablecynicism, not just about leaked data, but also about payoffs where lucrativecontracts are involved.
1. The saying “The devil is in the details” isused to imply that ______.
A. Estonia’s new genetic data bank has immoral implications
B. while the overall idea is good, the details of thegenetic bank’s workings are flawed
C. despite theirefforts, the new laws may not prevent misuse of genetic data
D. it is inherently wrong to collect genetic data
2. Under Estonian law, donors may request tohave their tissue samples destroyed ______.
A. at any time
B. if their secret code has been decoded
C. if their identity has been revealed illegally
D. with their physician’s approval
3. The phrase “put Estonia on the map” (para.4)most likely means ______.
A. gain international fame for the Estonian government
B. confirm Estonia’s post-Soviet independence
C. garner respect for genetics research conducted in Estonia
D. bring global recognition to this little-known country
4. From the last paragraph we can infer that, inregard to the new genetic data bank ______.
A. public polling was most likely corrupt
B. most Estonians approve of it
C. only less educated citizens are objecting to the newlaws
D. Estonians are sharply divided on the issue
5.The author’s attitude towards Estonia’s new laws governing the genetic data bank seems to be ______.
A. ambivalence
B. caution
C. approval
D.skepticism
【答案与解析】
1.C 文章首段末句提到，the devil mayget involved in the actual workings of that country’s Human Gene Research Act。这表明，百密也有一疏，具体操作过程并不能尽如人意。对此事态作者并没有给出褒贬的观点，因此A、B、D都不正确。
2.C 文章第二段最后一句提到，they canalso have their sample materials destroyed if their identity has beenunlawfully disclosed。C项的表述和此一致。
3.D 文章第三段最后一句提到，此举令许多公司在爱沙尼亚建造实验室，也会带来经济效益。由此可知，此举可令爱沙尼亚名声大噪。B项不正确，因此它已经独立了。C项的respect不对，因为此举存在争议。D项说它是little-known country，表述不正确。
4.B 文章第四段说，regardless ofthe favorable poll results还是有 a number of objections。由此可知B项可选。A和C的表述错误，作者并没有这么说。只是一部分人反对，所以D项也不正确。
5.B 作者在最后一段的评论中指出，腐败其实可能存在。所以对此还是要保持警惕。ambivalence矛盾情绪；正反感情并存。skepticism怀疑的态度。
Passage 2 (5 points)
We assumed ethics needed the seal of certainty, else it wasnon-rational. And certainty was to be produced by a deductive model: thecorrect actions were derivable from classical first principles or ahierarchically ranked pantheon of principles. This model, though, is bankrupt.
I suggest we think of ethics as analogous to languageusage. There are no univocal rules of grammar and style which uniquelydetermine the best sentence for a particular situation. Nor is language usageuniversalizable. Although a sentence or phrase is warranted in one case, itdoes not mean it is automatically appropriate in like circumstances.Nonetheless, language usage is not subjective.
This should not surprise us in the least. All intellectualpursuits are relativistic in just these senses. Political science, psychology,chemistry, and physics are not certain, but they are not subjective either. AsI see it, ethical inquiry proceeds like this: we are taught moral principles byparents, teachers, and society at large. As we grow older we become exposed tocompeting views. These may lead us to reevaluate presently held beliefs. Or wemay find ourselves inexplicably making certain valuations, possibly because ofinherited altruistic tendencies. We may “learn the hard way” that some actionsgenerate unacceptable consequences. Or we may reflect upon our own and others’“theories” or patterns of behavior and decide they are inconsistent. Theresulting views are “tested”; we act as we think we should and evaluate theconsequences of those actions on ourselves and on others. We thereby correctour mistakes in light of the test of time.
Of course people make different moral judgments; of coursewe cannot resolve these differences by using some algorithm which is itselfbeyond judgment. We have no vantage point outside human experience where we canjudge right and wrong, good and bad. But then we don’t have a vantage pointfrom where we can philosophical relativists either.
We are left within the real world, trying to cope withourselves, with each other, with the world, and with our own fallibility. We donot have all the moral answers; nor do we have an algorithm to discern thoseanswers. Neither do we possess an algorithm for determining correct languageusage but that does not make us throw up our hands in despair because we can nolonger communicate.
If we understand ethics in this way, we can. see, I think,the real value of ethical theory. Some people talk as if ethical theories giveus moral prescriptions. They think we should apply ethical principles as wewould a poultice: after diagnosing the aliment, we apply the appropriatedressing. But that is a mistake. No theory provides a set of abstract solutionsto apply straightforwardly. Ethical theories are important not because theysolve all moral dilemmas but because they help us notice salient features ofmoral problems and help us understand those problems in conpassage.
6. Ethical principles are generally thought tobe ______.
A. explicitly clear
B. implicitly vague
C. certain but non-rational
D. relative but not subjective
7. In what way is ethics similar to languageuse?
A. Both have rules to determine the optimal choice under acircumstance.
B. Both vary according to the conpassage they areapplicable to.
C. Both are objective, not subjective, entities.
D. Similar sets of roles can be applied in quite differentsituations.
8. What does the author mean by saying that wemay learn moral principles “the hard way”?
A. We reevaluate our previously held beliefs as we growolder.
B. We refute some moral principles only after we find theminconsistent.
C. We acquire a sense of right and wrong from real lifelessons.
D. We act by ignoring our inherited altruistic tendencies.
9. It is implied in the text that a relativisticview of ethnics ______.
A. can only be acquired after real life lessons
B. often generate unacceptable consequences
C. is more mature and rational
D. is too abstract to be of any practical value
10. The author asserts that the true value ofethical theory lies in ______.
A. its prescriptive power
B. its diagnostic function
C. its effectiveness in resolving moral dilemmas
D. its relevance to the situation
【答案与解析】
6.A 文章首先指出了一种谬论，即道德需要确定性，而这种确定来自principle。这种大多数人的观点是错误的。由此可知，答案为A。
7.B 文章作者认为两者的相似性在于，它们都随具体情况而变化，there are no univocal rules。由此可知答案为B。
8.C 由第二段的语境可知，the hard way主要是指在实践中不断修正自己的观点，文中列举了一系列的实例进行说明。
9.A 文章第三段说，这种相对性导致了我们行为的不确定性，we do not have all the moral answers。而我们只能在实际生活中摸索。这也是道德理论的价值所在。
10.D 文章最后一段明确提到，Some peopletalk as if ethical theories give us moral prescriptions，butthat is a mistake。由此可知，A、B可以排除。而由最后一句可知，ethical theories are important not because theysolve all moral dilemmas，所以C也可以排除。
Passage 3 (5 points)
Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting toapply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfullyalters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticismof Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction byovertly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Blackidentity which it propounds.
Although fiction assuredly springs from politicalcircumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other thanideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments ofideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.
Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities andconnections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies haveoverlooked or ignored.
Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however,presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all,is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity to the authors, togroup together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction makeitself distinct from other modem fiction with which it is largelycontemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinctbody of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Lookingat novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurringconcerns and designs independent of chronology.
These structures arc thematic, and they spring, notsurprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novelsexist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that cultureor rebel against it.
Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open.Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity, he evenexplicitly states that it is not his .intention to judge the merit of thevarious works, yet his reluctance seems misplaced. especially since an attemptto appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of thenovels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authorsworking out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition,the style of some Black novels, like Jean Tommer’s Cane, verges onexpressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to theprevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, atheme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?
In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include inhis discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveysa wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process somefascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography ofan Ex-colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright,lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.
11. The author of the passage objects tocriticism of Black fiction like that by Addison Gayle because it ______.
A. emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fiction
B. misinterprets the ideological content of such fiction
C. misunderstands the notions of Black identity containedin such fiction
D. substitutespolitical for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction
12. The author of the passage is primarilyconcerned with ______.
A. evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism
B. comparing various critical approaches to a subject
C. discussing the limitations of a particular kind ofcriticism
D. summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism
13. The author of the passage believes thatBlack Fiction would have been improved, had Rosenblatt ______.
A. evaluatedmore carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction
B. attempted to be more objective in his approach to novelsand stories by Black authors
C. explored in greater detail the recurrent thematicconcerns of Black fiction throughout its history
D. assessed therelative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically
14. The author’s discussion of Black Fiction canbe best described as ______.
A. pedantic and contentious
B. critical but admiring
C. ironic and deprecating
D. argumentative but unfocused
15. It can be inferred that the author of thepassage would be LEAST likely to approve of which of the following?
A. An analysis of the influence of political events on thepersonal ideology of Black writers.
B. A critical study that applies sociopoliticalcriteria to autobiographies by Black authors.
C. A literary study of Black poetry thatappraises the merits of poems according to the political acceptability of theirthemes.
D. An examination of the growth of a distinctBlack literary tradition within the context of Black history.
【答案与解析】
11.D 文章第一段说，Addison Gayle’srecent work judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards，由此可知，答案为D。
12.A 文章第四段提到，writingacceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactoryanswers to a number of questions，由此可知，作者在讨论一篇好的文学评论要达到的标准。
13.D 文章第六段提到，he evenexplicitly states that it is not his .intention to judge the merit of thevarious works, yet his reluctance seems misplaced，由此可知，作者认为Rosenblatt只关注主题，而对形式的评论不足。
14.B 作者在肯定Black Fiction的同时，也指出它可以改进的地方。由此可知，作者对此的态度是有褒有贬，最后还是肯定的。
15.C 作者在文章中的观点是作家们在创作时会受到社会经济的影响，从而通过作品中的意识形态表现出来，但只关注政治和历史的影响而忽视其文学性也是不正确的。C项中，根据主题的政治性来评价作品肯定是不适合的。
Passage 4 (5 points)
Present-day philosophers usually envision their disciplineas an endeavor that has been, since antiquity, distinct from and superior toany particular intellectual discipline, such as theology or science. Suchphilosophical concerns as the mind-body problem, or, more generally, the natureof human knowledge, they believe, are basic human questions whose tentativephilosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which allother intellectual speculation has rested.
The basis for this view, however, lies in a serousmisinterpretation of the past, a projection of modern concerns onto pastevents. The idea of an autonomous discipline called “philosophy”, distinct fromand sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science, turns out, onclose examination, to be of quite recent origin. When, in the seventeenthcentury， Descartes and Hobbs rejected medievalphilosophy, they did not think of themselves, as modem philosophers do, asproposing a new and better philosophy, but rather as furthering “the warfarebetween science and theology”. They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to openthe intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual fie fromecclesiastical philosophy, and envisioned their work as contributing to thegrowth, not of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and physics. Thislink between philosophical interests and scientific practice persisted untilthe nineteenth century, when decline in ecclesiastical power over scholarshipand changes in the nature of science provoked the final separation ofphilosophy from both.
The demarcation of philosophy from science was facilitatedby the development in the early nineteenth century of a new notion, thatphilosophy’s core interest should be epistemology, the general explanation ofwhat it means to know something. Modern philosophers now trace that notion backat less to Descartes and Spinoza, but it was not explicitly articulated untilthe late eighteenth century, by Kant, and did not become build into thestructure of academic institutions and the standard self-descriptions ofphilosophy professors until the late nineteenth century. Without the idea ofepistemology, the survival of philosophy in an age of modem science is hard toimagine. Metaphysics philosophy’s traditional core—considered as the mostgeneral description of how the heavens and the earth are put together—had beenrendered almost completely meaningless by the spectacular progress of physics.Kant, however, by focusing philosophy on the problem of knowledge, managed toreplace metaphysics with epistemology, and thus to transform the notion ofphilosophy as “queen of sciences” into the new notion of philosophy as aseparate, foundational discipline”: Philosophy became “primary” no longer inthe sense of “highest”: but in the sense of “underlying”. After Kant,philosophers were able to reinterpret seventeenth- and eighteenth-centurythinkers as attempting to discover “How is our knowledge possible?” and toproject this question back even on the ancients.
16. According to the author, philosophy became, distinct fromscience and theology during the ______.
A. ancient time
B. medieval period
C. seventeenth century
D. nineteenth century
17. The author suggests that Descartes’ supportfor the new science of the seventeenth century can be characterized as ______.
A. pragmatic and hypocritical
B. cautious and inconsistent
C. daring and opportunistic
D. strong but prudent
18. The author of the passage implies which ofthe following in discussing the development of philosophy during the nineteenthcentury?
A. Nineteenth century philosophy took science asits model for understanding the bases of knowledge.
B. The role of academic institutions in shapingmetaphysical philosophy grew enormously during the nineteenth century.
C. Nineteenth century philosophers carried out aprogram of investigation explicitly laid out by Descartes and Spinoza.
D. Kant had an overwhelming impact on thedirection of nineteen century philosophy.
19. With which of the following statementsconcerning the writing of history would the author of the passage be mostlikely to agree?
A. History should not emphasize the role played by ideasover the role played by individuals.
B. History should not be distorted by attributing presentday consciousness to historical figures.
C. History should not be focused primarily on those pastevents most relevant to the present.
D. History should be concerned with describing thoseaspects of the past that differ most from those of the present.
20. The primary function of the passage as awhole is to ______.
A. compare two competing models
B. analyze a difficult theory
C. present new evidence for a theory
D. correct an erroneous belief by describing its origins
【答案与解析】
16.D 文章第二段提到，this linkbetween philosophical interests and scientific practice persisted until the nineteenthcentury changes，而后面又说， the nature of science provoked the finalseparation of philosophy from both，由此可知，最后的分离到19世纪才出现。
17.B 第二段说，笛卡尔发展“新科学”的目的是把科学从神学中解放出来，而哲学这门“新科学”并不是他的根本目的，由此可知，答案为B。
18.D 文章最后一段提到，科学的发展使哲学中的某些方面变得不可信，而Kant的贡献在于，philosophy became “primary” no longer in thesense of “highest”: but in the sense of “underlying”，因此答案为D。
19.D 因为文中作者论证了关于哲学的另一种观念，并追溯了历史渊源，由此可知，作者的历史观可能是纠正现在和历史不符之处。
20.D 通观全篇可知，作者论述了哲学同科学和神学分家的起源，从而纠正了一种错误的观点。
Part Three: Translatingthe underlined sentences into Chinese and write your answer on the AnsweringSheet (20 points)
(1) For many, the global financial and economic crisis hasconfirmed existing anti-globalization sentiments and is being reflected inopposition to more liberalized trade. Under the dislocation caused by thefinancial crisis, many countries are attempting to curtail imports or imposeother restrictions on trade. Atboth the G-20 Leaders’ Summit and the meetings of finance ministers and centralbank governors, participants agreed to fight all forms of protectionism andmaintain open trade. However, in March 2009, World Trade OrganizationDirector-General Pascal Lamy stated that members of the WTO were showing a“worrying tendency toward increased trade protectionism as a result of thedeepening global economic crisis.”
(2) The overt forms of protectionism or beggar-thy-neighborpolicies are limited by rules countries have agreed to as members of the WTO.However, there is ample scope for increases in trade barriers that areconsistent with WTO rules and obligations, including increases in appliedtariffs to higher bound levels.If all WTO members raised their currently applied tariffs to today’s WTO boundrates, tariffs worldwide would double. The WTO has said that such increases intrade barriers could cause world trade to shrink by up to 8% and reduce globalwelfare by up to $350 billion.
Almost any government intervention into economic activityaffects international trade and capital flows. Since government interventiongenerally is influenced by political considerations and may involve taxdollars, it usually favors domestic constituencies at the expense of foreignconstituencies. (3) A danger in the process of recovering from the globalfinancial crisis is that countries may try to capture a larger share of adeclining volume of international trade rather than attempt to induce recoveryin trade flows by helping their macro-economies return to health. In the UnitedStates, the “Buy American” provision in the February 2009 stimulus package hasbeen characterized by some as a step down the slippery slope leading toprotectionism and a sign, worrying to many, that the United States may not be aleader of the free-trade initiatives in the years ahead. The European Unionhas raised questions about whether its provisions are compatible with U.S. international trade commitments even though the provision applies only to steel, iron, andmanufactured goods used in construction projects and language was included thatthe provision “shall be applied in a manner consistent with United States obligations under international agreements.” (4) The criticism from othernations of this provision appears to be based on both its presumed effects andthe fear that even a relatively small “Buy American” provision at this timecould set a precedent that could open the floodgates and provide the excuse fora cycle of “creeping protectionism” by other nations.
【答案与解析】
1．对许多人来说，这次全球性的金融和经济危机无疑强化了业已存在的反全球化的情绪，这在反对自由贸易的观点中也有所体现。在金融危机所造成的动荡下，许多国家正试图限制进口或对贸易进行严格的控制。
【解析】本题翻译的难度在于一些词汇翻译的灵活度比较大。例如，confirm和reflect在这里都属于特殊用法，翻译时可使用意译。curtail是减少、限制的意思。impose...on把…加于…之上。
2．公开的贸易保护或“以邻为壑”政策受到了WTO条款的限制，这些准则是成为WTO成员国的必要条件。然而，即使在不违背WTO准则和义务的前提下，实行贸易壁垒也有很大的增长余地，这包括，把应用关税提高到约束税率的上限。
【解析】本段的句式结构有些复杂。翻译之前应对句子的成分进行疏理。例如，第一句中，as members of the WTO修饰的是countries，agreed to修饰的是rules。第二句中，be consistent with是与…一致的意思，ample scope足够的余地而applied tariffs 和higher boundlevels都是专业术语。
3．在从全球经济危机复苏的过程中，一个风险在于，许多国家可能在国际贸易总体下降的情势下试图去获取更大的贸易份额，而不是尝试通过帮助宏观经济体恢复健康从而引导贸易流动正常化。在美国，2009年二月制定的刺激计划中的“购买美国产品”条款被一些人认为是倾向贸易保护主义的典型性的一步。许多人担心，这个迹象将表明，在未来的几年，美国不会再成为自由贸易的倡导者。
【解析】本题中一些短语的翻译比较复杂，对专业术语也要了解背景知识。在理清句子构成的基础上，可使用翻译技巧转化一些成分，避免翻译太冗长。
4．来自其他国家的针对这一条款的批评则似乎是关于它将产生的影响的假设和担忧。他们害怕，在当前的形势下，即使是一小部分这样的条款都会塑造一个先例，它将开启一个闸门，使得其他国家可以为施行“隐蔽的贸易保护主义”找借口。
【解析】本题是一个长句，翻译是可通过增加主语和代词的方法，将其化为短句，使句子简化。译文中就对许多的定语从句进行了拆分，比如为the fear添加主语等。
Part Four: Translatingthe following sentences into English on the Answering Sheet (20 points)
1．地球快速变暖到了非常严峻的程度，而世界上最贫穷的国家成了极端气候的最大受害者。未来的气候变化可能带来更频繁和更严重的洪涝、旱灾和其他极端气候事件，发展中国家至今还没有良好的能力对付它们。
答：Global warming has come to a most severe degree,and the most impoverished countries have become the victim of the extremeclimate. Climate changes in the future will bring more frequent and devastatingfloods, draughts and other extreme climate disasters, but until now thedeveloping countries are still unable to deal with them.
【解析】本题的翻译难度不是很大，关键是掌握一些重点词汇。例如，“非常严峻的程度”可以翻译成to a most severe degree，最贫穷的可以选用impoverished，这样的语体比较正式。
2．即使现在，地球上最贫穷的十亿人口所产生的排放只占全球排放的3％，而最富有的十亿人口占了全球排放的50％。全球还有16亿人口无法获得现代能源，没有能源，国家就不能繁荣。富国只有采取强有力的行动以腾出一些大气层的“污染空间”，当低收入国家在将来开始更多排放时，才可能使全球排放达到重新平衡。
答：Right now, the pollution produced by the poorestone billion people only accounts for 3% of the global emission but the richestten billion people share 50% of the whole. In the world, there are 1.6 billionpeople who have no access to modern energy. We all know a country can’t prosperwithout those resources. Only if the wealthy countries take powerful andeffective actions to save some “pollution room” for the low-income country whenthey have the ability to emit more pollution, can the global emission restoreto balance.
【解析】本题句子较多，翻译也较复杂，翻译时要注意一些数词的用法。restore to balance达到重新平衡。
3．未来十年发生的事情将深刻影响可供我们后代进行的选择。延迟或不采取行动的代价是非常高的，我们必须现在就行动，必须用全人类的聪明才智和合作精神，来对付气候危机。
答：What happens in the next decade will have aprofound influence on the available choices for our next generation. Any delayof the action or inaction will cost us a lot of price. We must take immediateactions and initiate our whole wisdom and cooperation spirit to cope with theclimate crisis.
【解析】本题的翻译难度适中，在保持原意的基础上可适当进行润色，例如，“未来十年”可翻译成in the next decade。
4．虽然越来越多的人都知道气候变暖，相信需要采取行动，但很少有人把它放在首位，太多的人在机会面前并没有采取行动。所以，最大的挑战在于改变行为方式和制度，尤其是富国。
答：Though more and more people have become aware of this emergency andbelieve that an immediate action is indispensible, few of them are ready to putit on the first agenda. Most of them take no action before an opportunity. Soour biggest challenge is to change our behavior pattern and the system,especially those of the developed countries.
【解析】本题句式比较简单，理解也并不困难。put something on the agenda是把……放入议程。behavior pattern行为方式。
Part Five Writing(25 points)
Directions:
Write an essay with no less than 200 words with the titleof “My Understanding of the Mission(使命) ofChinese Young Generation in the New Decade” on the Answering Sheet.
【参考范文】
My Understanding of the Mission(使命) of Chinese Young Generationin the New Decade
In this rapidly changing world, the new decade is ofcrucial importance to China’s development. To live in such a great age is aprivilege but also a challenge, for we have to shoulder great missions. As China’s young generation, it is no exaggeration to say that China’s future lies in us. So, whatexactly is our mission? Faced with such a mission, what should we do to be aqualified successor?
In my opinion, at this moment our most urgent mission is tobuild a well-off society. Despite the fact that China’s economy is developingat a tremendous speed, we are still far behind from letting every Chinese enjoythose social progresses. Many people in the rural areas are still strugglingbeneath the poverty line. In the new decade, our most primary goal is to makesure under the context of social development, every citizen in China is accessible to enjoy social welfares, such as unemployment insurance, medical careand retirement pension. What the current government has done to achieve thatgoal is a promising start, but in the future, the daunting task will lie in ourhand.
To undertake that task, we should equip ourselves withprofound knowledge and proficient skills. Most important of all, we must bebrave enough to take that responsibility and fulfill that task.
【段落解析】
题目要求就新时期青少年肩负的使命谈谈自己的看法。这一要求即结合了实际，立意又比较高远，因此有一定难度，需要考生有一定的政治素养和人文关怀。
例文中，作者认为青少年现在首要的任务是让社会公民都能享受社会发展的成果。作者开篇先从时代发展的角度引入题目，指出当前面临的机遇和挑战。第二段阐述了为什么这是当前最紧迫的任务以及这一目标具体的成果是什么。在文章最后一段，作者指出为实现这一目标青少年需要有怎样的素养。这样的安排使文章的结构浑然一体。
【文海拾贝】
1.tremendous 极大的，巨大的；惊人的
He said despite the tremendous efforts of those twocountries, the situation for the refugees is still deplorable.
他说，虽然这两个国家做出了巨大的努力，但是难民们的情况仍然很凄惨。
2.daunting 艰巨的，令人畏怯的
I often remind myself to "enjoy the fun of failure”and tackle some daunting goals.
我经常提醒自己“要享受失败的乐趣”，于是去攻克某个艰巨的目标。


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