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2015年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解
2014年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解
2013年北京师范大学考博英语真题（回忆版）
2012年北京师范大学考博英语真题（回忆版）
2008年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解
2007年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解
2005年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解
2004年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解
2003年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解
2002年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解
2001年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解
内容简介
考博真题是每个考生复习备考必不可少的资料，而拥有一份权威、正确的参考答案尤为重要，通过研究历年真题能洞悉考试出题难度和题型，了解常考章节与重要考点，能有效指明复习方向。
《北京师范大学考博英语历年真题及详解》收录了2001～2005年、2007～2008年、2012～2015年的11套考博真题，其中2012年、2013年为试题回忆版，并提供部分试题的参考答案及详解。本书中的解题思路清晰、答案翔实，帮助广大考生在熟练掌握知识点的同时，能够熟练运用各种题型的答题技巧，以提高应试技巧，把握答题节奏，增强自信心，提高考试分数。
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2015年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解
Part I ReadingComprehension (45%)
Directions: Readthe following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the fourchoices marked A, B, C and D by marking the corresponding letter on the ANSWERSHEET with a single line through the center.
1
The Pacific Northwest coast of north America is temperate rain forest, where treeslike the red cedar grow straight trunks more than two meters thick at the baseand sixty meters high. Western red cedar is often called the canoe cedarbecause it supplied the native people of the region with the raw material fortheir seagoing dugout canoes. These extraordinary crafts, as much as twentymeters in length, were fashioned from a single tree trunk and carried as manyas forty on fishing and whaling expeditions into the open ocean.
TheHaida people from the Queen Charlottes Islands off British Columbia were notedfor their skill in canoe building. After felling a giant tree with controlledburning, the canoe makers split the log into lengthwise sections with stonewedges. They burned away some of the heartwood, leaving a rough but strongcedar shell. They then carvedaway wood from the inside, keeping the sections below the waterline thickestand heaviest to help keep the canoe upright in stormy seas. To furtherenhance the canoe’s stability, they filled the hull with water and heated it toboiling by dropping in hot stones. This rendered the wood temporarily flexible,so the sides of the hull could be forced apart and held with sturdy woodenthwarts, which served as both cross braces and seats. The canoes were often painted with elaborate designs ofcultural significance to the tribe.
TheHaida raised canoe buildingto a high art, designing boats of such beauty and utility that neighboring tribes were willing toexchange quantities of hides, meats, and oils for a Haida canoe. Thesegraceful vessels became the tribe’s chief item of export. In their swift and staunchcanoes,the first people of the Northwest were able to take full advantage of theriches provided by the sea. With harpoons of yew wood, baited hooks of redcedar, and lines of twisted and braided bark fibers, they fished for cod,sturgeon, and halibut, and hunted whales, seals, and sea otters.
1.Why did the canoe makers keep the sections of the canoe below the waterlinethickest and heaviest?
A.To prevent the canoe from overturning in rough water.
B.To shorten the work of carving wood from the inside.
C.To avoid having to paint the bottom of the canoe.
D.To make the canoe strong enough to hold forty people.
2.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph two?
A.Carving changed the texture and strength of the wood.
B.It took the canoe makers several months to build a canoe.
C.The wood was beaten with stone tools to make it flexible.
D.Canoes were important cultural artifacts of the Haida.
3.The word staunch in paragraph three is close in meaning to _____.
A.silent
B.strong
C.scented
D.severe
4. Itcan be inferred from paragraph three that _____.
A.canoes were the Haida’s only known art form
B.the Haida dominated trade among local tribes
C.the people used up all of the natural resources
D.trees provided essential tools for obtaining food
5. Whichof the following statements can be inferred from the passage?
A.The western red cedar thrives in a variety of climates.
B.The skill of the Haida canoe makers has never been copied.
C.Haida canoes were of great value in the regional economy.
D.People no longer use cedar canoes for fishing and whaling.
【答案与解析】
1.A 细节理解题。根据题干可定位至第二段。该段第四句提到“They then carved away wood fromthe inside, keeping the sections below the waterline thickest and heaviest tohelp keep the canoe upright in stormy seas.”，由此可知，海达人将水平面以下的独木舟部分造得最厚最重，是为了让船只能够在波涛汹涌的海上平稳前行，不被海浪掀翻。A项表述与此相符。故选A项。
2.D 推理判断题。第二段最后一句提到“The canoes were often painted withelaborate designs of cultural significance to the tribe.”，由此可知，海达人在独木舟上面绘制对本部落具有文化意义的精巧图案，因此独木舟也是海达人重要的文化产品。故D项正确。雕刻并不会改变木头的纹理和受压情况，故A项错误；B项文中没有提及；文中提到往船身灌水并通过丢热石头将水加热至沸腾，并不是用石头敲打，故C项错误。
3.B 语义判断题。第三段第三句提到“In their swift and staunch canoes”，此处staunch和swift都用于形容独木舟的特征，第二段介绍独木舟的制作方法时强调了独木舟的结实，浏览四个选项，B项strong（结实的）符合原文意思，故B项正确。其余三项均不符合文章意思。
4.D 推理判断题。文章最后一句提到“With harpoons of yew wood, baited hooksof red cedar, and lines of twisted and braided bark fibers, they fished forcod, sturgeon, and halibut, and hunted whales, seals, and sea otters.”，由此可知，木材为海达人提供了重要的捕食工具，故D项正确。A项过于绝对；B、C两项文中没有提及。
5.C 推理判断题。文章最后一段第一句提到“...neighboring tribes were willing toexchange quantities of hides, meats, and oils for a Haida canoe.”，由此可知，周围的部落都愿意用许多兽皮、肉和油来交换海达独木舟，因此海达人的独木舟对当地经济起着重要作用。故C项正确。
2
Nothingin the history of modern astronomy has excited as much speculation as theobject, or event, known as a black hole. Black holes have provided endless imaginative fodder for science fiction writers and endless theoreticalfodder for astrophysicists. They are one of the more exoticmanifestations of the theory of general relativity, and their fascinations liesin the way their tremendous gravity affects nearby space and time.
Ablack hole is very simple in structure: it has surface—the event horizon—and acenter—the singularity. Everything else is gravity. The standard model for theformation of a black hole involves the collapse of a large star. The imaginaryspherical surfacesurrounding the collapsed star is the event horizon—an artificial boundary inspace that marks a point of no return. Outside the event horizon, gravity isstrong but finite, and it is possible for objects to break free of its pull.However, once within the event horizon, an object would need to travel fasterthan light to escape.
Forextremely massive stars, theexclusion principle—the resistance between the molecular particles within thestar as they are compressed—will not be strong enough to offset the gravitygenerated by the star’s own mass. The star’s increasing density will overwhelmthe exclusion principle. What follows is runaway gravitational collapse. Withno internal force to stop it, the star will simply continue to collapse in onitself. Once a collapsing star has contracted through its event horizon,nothing can stop it from collapsing further until its entire mass is crusheddown to a single point—a point of infinite density and zero volume—the singularity.
The star now disappears from theperceivable universe, like a cartoon character that jumps into a hole and pullsthe hole in after him. What this process leaves behind is adifferent kind of hole—a profound disturbance in space-time, a region wheregravity is so intense that nothing can escape from it. Any object fallingwithin the boundary of a black hole has no choice but to move inward toward thesingularity and disappear from our universe forever. Moreover, a black hole cannever be plugged up or filled in with matter, the more matter that is pouredinto a black hole, the bigger it gets.
Whatwould happen to objects, such as astronauts, as they vanished into a blackhole? Physicists have been amusing themselves with this question for years, andmost believe that the intense gravitationalforces would rip apart the astronauts long before they were crushed at the singularity.Theoretically, any astronauts who managed to survive the passage wouldencounter some very strange things. For instance, they would experience acute time distortion, which wouldenable them to know, in a few brief seconds, the entire future of the universe.
Insidea black hole, space and time are so warped that the distance from the eventhorizon to the singularity is not a distance in time. The time it takes toreach the singularity from the event horizon—as measured by someone falling in—isproportional to the mass of the black hole.
Theonly way that astronauts would know whether they had crossed the event horizonwould be if they tried to halt their fall and climb out again by firing theirengines enough to push themselves back from the center of the hole. However,because of the time warp, if the astronauts tried to do this, they would reachthe singularity faster than if they had left their engines off. Moreover, since they could get no farther oncethey had reached the singularity, this point wouldmark the end of time itself.
6.The word fodder in paragraph one is closest in meaning to _____.
A.material
B.stories
C.support
D.problems
7. The opposing force between themolecular particles inside a star is called _____.
A.general relativity
B.the exclusion principle
C.infinite density
D.the singularity
8.Why does the author mention a cartoon character in paragraph four?
A.To illustrate the complete disappearance of a collapsing star.
B.To warn of the danger of being sucked into a black hole.
C.To point out a humorous phenomenon in astrophysics.
D.To announce the creation of a cartoon about black holes.
9.Astronauts who fell into a black hole would probably experience all of thefollowing EXCEPT ______.
A.distortion of space and time
B.travelling faster than light
C.knowledge of the universe
D.strong gravitational forces
10.The phrase this point in paragraph seven refers to _____.
A.The event horizon
B.Firing their engines
C.The time warp
D.The singularity
【答案与解析】
6.A 语义判断题。文章首段第二句提到“Black holes have provided endlessimaginative fodder for science fiction writers and endless theoreticalfodder for astrophysicists.”，由此可以推断，黑洞丰富了科幻小说作家的科幻小说以及天体物理学家的理论，为其提供了创作的源泉，故fodder（饲料，草料；弹药）在此处表示“素材，材料”，因此A项正确。
7.B 细节理解题。文章第三段第一句提到“...the exclusion principle—theresistance between the molecular particles within the star as they arecompressed”，由此可知，相斥理论表示星体内部分子颗粒之间的斥力，故B项正确。
8.A 推理判断题。第四段第一句提到“The star now disappears from theperceivable universe, like a cartoon character that jumps into a hole and pullsthe hole in after him.”，作者将星体的消失比作卡通人物的消失，以此来更加形象地阐述星体的消失。故A项正确。
9.B 细节理解题。由题干可定位至倒数第三段。由该段最后一句“they would experience acute timedistortion, which would enable them to know, in a few brief seconds, the entirefuture of the universe.”可知，在黑洞中人们会经历时间的扭曲，而时间的扭曲会让他们在简短的几秒钟之内知道宇宙的未来，故A、C项正确；由该段第二句“mostbelieve that the intense gravitational forces would rip apart the astronauts”可知，在黑洞中人们会受到重力影响，故D项正确。只有B项与黑洞无关，故选B。
10.D 细节理解题。文章最后一句提到“sincethey could get no farther once they had reached the singularity,this point would mark the end of time itself.（由于他们在到达奇点之后便无法继续前行，奇点也意味着时间的结束）”，由此可以推断，this point指的是奇点。故D项正确。
3
Thegeology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties ofwater. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water isexceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports, and precipitates manychemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth.
Evaporatedfrom the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transportedby wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds providesthe essential agent of continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground,the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting whatis called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels thewater toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire stepin the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by runningfrom high altitudes toward the reference point that is sea level.
Therate at which a molecule of water passes through the cycle is not random but isa measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we defineresidence time as the average time for a water molecule to pass through one ofthe three reservoirs—atmosphere, continent, and ocean—we see that the times arevery different. A water molecule stays, on an average, eleven days in theatmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in theocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principalreservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity ofwater transport on the continents.
Avast chemical separation process takes place during the flow of water over thecontinents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium,potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ionssuch as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin,fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils aredestroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of thecontinents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes,chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions andefficiency depend on different factors.
11.The word “which” in line 4 refers to _____.
A.clouds
B.oceans
C.continents
D.compounds
12.According to the passage, clouds are primarily formed by water ______.
A.precipitating onto the ground
B.changing from a solid to a liquid state
C.evaporating from the oceans
D.being carried by wind
13.The passage suggests that the purpose of the “hydrographic network” is to______.
A.determine the size of molecules of water
B.prevent soil erosion caused by flooding
C.move water from the Earth's surface to the oceans
D.regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers
14. What determines the rate at which amolecule of water moves through the cycle, as discussed in the thirdparagraph?
A.The potential energy contained in water.
B.The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical compounds.
C.The amounts of rainfall that fall on the continents.
D.The relative size of the water storage areas.
15.The word “rapidity” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _____.
A. significance
B. method
C.swiftness
D.reliability
【答案与解析】
11.A 语义判断题。第二段第一句提到“Evaporated fromthe oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by windover the continents.”，其中someof which为非限制性定语从句，修饰clouds，故which指代的内容应为clouds。因此A项正确。
12.C细节理解题。根据关键词clouds可定位至第二段。由该段第一句中的“Evaporatedfrom the oceans, water vapor forms clouds”可知，从海洋蒸发的水蒸气形成云。因此答案为C项。
13.C细节理解题。根据关键词hydrographicnetwork定位至第二段。由该段倒数第二句中的“This…network channels the water toward asingle receptacle: an ocean”可知，水纹网是为了将水汇集到大海。因此答案为C项。
14.D细节理解题。根据题干定位至第三段。由该段第一句中的“the rate at which... is a measure of therelative size of the various reservoirs”可知，水分子穿越的速度是由不同水库的相对大小决定的。因此答案为D项。
15.C 语义判断题。rapidity词根为形容词rapid，表示“迅速的，快速的”，rapidity为名词，表示“迅速，快速”，与swiftness（速度，迅速）意思相近，故C项正确。
4
Ourculture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language isuniversal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do notrealize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one's side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger tooneself is a sign of farewell.
Thoseprivate citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after WorldWar II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find outthat “Gift” means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves asfriendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm's length away fromothers. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makesAmericans uncomfortable.
Ourlinguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take noticeof the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business andrespect in the world.
Evenhere in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreignvisitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our publicbuildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual guide tours. Very fewrestaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks andpolicemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only andoften we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.
Whenwe go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English isspoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by thosenatives—usually the richer—who speak English. Our business dealings, as well asthe nation's diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.
Formany years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness andlinguistic ignorance. After all of America was the most powerful country of thefree world, the distributor of needed funds and goods.
Butall that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realizethat our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reportedthat 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant rolein world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the nextcentury, even though it may not always be the upper hand.
16. It can beinferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners wouldmost probably ____.
A.stand still
B.jump aside
C.step forward
D.draw back
17. Theauthor gives many examples to criticize Americans for their ____.
A.cultural self-centeredness
B.casual manners
C.indifference towards foreign visitors
D.arrogance towards other countries
18. Incountries other than their own most Americans ____.
A.are isolated by the local people
B.are not well informed due to the language barrier
C.tend to get along well with the natives
D.need interpreters in hotels and restaurants
19. Accordingto the author, Americans' cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance will ____.
A.affect their image in the new era
B.cut themselves off from the outside world
C.limit their role in world affairs
D.weaken the position of the US dollar
20. Theauthor's intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that____.
A.it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friends
B.it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairs
C.it is necessary to use several languages in public places
D.it is time to get acquainted with other cultures
【答案与解析】
16.D语义推理题。根据关键词MiddleEasterners可定位至文章第二段。由该段最后一句“Latinsand Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americansuncomfortable”可知，中东人喜欢靠得很近甚至会有接触，美国人会觉得这样令人不舒服。不舒服的话可能会下意识地后退，drawback表示“后退”，因此答案为D项。standstill站着不动。jump aside快速侧身。step forward向前走。
17.A主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章在批评美国忽视他国的语言文化。第一、二段提出问题并举例表明一些不同国家与美国之间不同的行为习惯；第三段说美国人对他国语言和文化的无视以及散漫的态度，导致“…arelosing us friends, business and respect in the world”，也就是说，美国人正在失去这个世界上的友谊、商务机会和尊重；第四、五段描述了一系列具体的例子，比如美国的餐馆中菜单很少有翻译，服务员只会英语，而美国人出国后也多选择住进可以说英语的酒店等等；第六段说之前美国是强国，因此可以无视文化和语言差异；最后一段回到现在，提醒美国不要太自我，唯有兼容并包才能巩固美国的地位。因此答案为A项。
18.B语义推理题。根据题干可定位至第五段。该段第一句说美国人在国外倾向于扎堆在可以说英语的酒店和饭馆；第二句说美国人在国外得到的态度和信息取决于讲英语的本地人。容易被本地人误导。因此答案为B项。
19.C推理判断题。结合文章第三段中提到的“…arelosing us friends, business and respect in the world”和最后一段中提到的“we are slowly beginning torealize that our proper role in the world is changing”可知，美国人在文化和语言上的茫然和无知会限制美国在国际事务中的作用。因此答案为C项。
20.D主旨大意题。根据对全文的分析，可知作者希望美国人能重视对其他文化的了解。因此答案为D项。
5
Historianshave only recently begun to note the increase in demand of luxury goods andservices that took place in eighteenth-century England. McKendrick has exploredthe Wedgwood firm’s remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery; Plumb haswritten about the proliferation of provincial theaters, musical festivals, andchildren’s toys and books. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardlyin doubt, three key questions remain: Who were the consumers? What were theirmotives? And what were the effects of the new demand for luxuries?
Ananswer to the first of these has been difficult to obtain. Although it has beenpossible to infer from the goods and services actually produced whatmanufactures and serving trades thought their customers wanted, only a study ofrelevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precisepicture of who wanted what. We still need to know how large this consumermarket was and how far down the social scale the consumer demand for luxurygoods penetrated. With regard to this last question, we might note in passingthat Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage ofeighteenth-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition ofthese people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general; for example,laboring people in eighteenth-century England readily shifted from home-brewedbeer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urbanbreweries.
Toanswer the question of why consumers became so eager to buy, some historianshave pointed to the ability of manufacturers to advertise in relativelyuncensored press. This, however, hardly seems a sufficient answer. McKendrick favors a Veblen model ofconspicuous consumption stimulated by competition for status. The “middlingsort” bought goods and services because they wanted to follow fashions set bythe rich. Again, we may wonder whether this explanation is sufficient. Do notpeople enjoy buying things as a form of self-gratification? If so, consumerismcould be seen as a product of the rise of new concepts of individualism andmaterialism, but not necessarily of the frenzy for conspicuous competition.
Finally,what were the consequences of this consumer demand for luxuries? McKendrickclaims that it goes a long way toward explaining the coming of the IndustrialRevolution. But does it? What, for example, does the production of high qualitypottery and toys have to do with the development of iron manufacture or textilemills? It is perfectly possible to have the psychology and reality of aconsumer society without a heavy industrial sector.
Thatfuture exploration of these key questions is undoubtedly necessary should not,however, diminish the force of the conclusion of recent studies: the insatiabledemand in eighteenth-century England for frivolous as well as useful goods andservices foreshadows our own world.
21.In the first paragraph, the author mentions McKendrick and Plumb most probablyin order to_____.
A.contrast their views on the subject of luxury consumerism in eighteenth-century England
B.indicate the inadequacy of approaches to eighteenth-century Englishhistory
C. give examples of historians who havehelped to establish the fact of growing consumerism in eighteenth-century England
D. support the contention that keyquestions about eighteenth-century consumerism remain to be answered
22. According to Thompson what kind of attitudedid laboring people in eighteenth-century England have toward capitalistconsumerism?
A.Enthusiasm.
B.Curiosity.
C.Stubbornness.
D.Hostility.
23.In the third paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with_____.
A.contrasting two theses and offering a compromise
B.questioning two explanations and proposing a possible alternative to them
C.paraphrasing the work of two historians and questioning their assumptions
D.raising several questions but implying that they cannot be answered
24. According to the passage, a Veblenmodel of conspicuous consumption has been used to _____.
A.explain the motivation of eighteenth-century consumers to buy luxury goods
B.classify the kinds of luxury goods desired by eighteenth-century consumers
C. investigate the extent of the demandfor luxury goods among social classes in eighteenth-century England
D. compare luxury consumerism ineighteenth-century England with such consumerism in the 20th century
25. According to the author,eighteenth-century England and the contemporary world of the passage’s readersare_____.
A.dissimilar in the extent to which luxury consumerism could be said to bewidespread among the social classes
B.dissimilar in their definitions of luxury goods and services
C. dissimilar in the extent to whichluxury goods could be said to be stimulant of industrial development
D.similar in their strong demand for a variety of goods and services
【答案与解析】
21.C 推理判断题。根据关键词McKendrick and Plumb定位至第一段。该段第二句举例是为了说明第一句话“Historians haveonly recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods andservices that took place in eighteenth-century England”，即历史学家发现十八世纪的英格兰对奢侈商品和服务的需求增加。因此答案为C项。
22.D细节理解题。根据关键词Thompson可定位至第二段。由该段中间部分的“Thompson…hasprobably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads ofcapitalist consumerism in general”可知，Thompson可能夸大了劳工对资本主义消费侵略的敌对情绪。enthusiasm热情。curiosity好奇。stubbornness倔强。hostility敌对。因此答案为D项。
23.B 段落大意题。第三段的第一、二句将消费者们的强烈的购买归因于商家做广告的能力，但这种解释不充分。第三、四、五句是对此问题的另一种解释，即：theywanted to follow fashions set by the rich（他们想跟随那些富人的潮流），但作者仍然质疑这种解释的充分性。第六、七句是作者本人针对前面两个解释所提出的另外一种解释，即：Donot people enjoy buying things as a form of self-gratification?（人们是不是为了获得自我满足而爱上购物”。因此本段主要针对购买欲现存的两个理论提出质疑，并提出新的理论，故答案为B。
24.A 细节理解题。由关键词“Veblen model”可定位至倒数第三段。该段第三句提到“McKendrickfavors a Veblen model ofconspicuous consumption stimulated by competition for status.”，由此可以推断，凡勃伦模型可用来解释社会地位竞争所激发的明显消费增长，也就是说，可以解释18世纪消费者购买奢侈品的动机。故A项正确。
25.D细节理解题。根据关键词the contemporaryworld of the text readers可定位至最后一段。由该段中的“demand in eighteenth-century Englandfor…goods and services…foreshadows our own world”可知，十八世纪英格兰对奢侈商品的需求也预示出了当今社会的状况。因此答案为D项。
6
Pitythose who aspire to put the initials PhD after their names. After 16 years ofclosely supervised education, prospective doctors of philosophy are left moreor less alone to write the equivalent of a large book. Most social-sciencepostgraduates have still not completed their theses by the time their grantruns out after three years. Theymust then get a job and finish in their spare time, which can often take afurther three years. By then, most new doctors are sick to death of thenarrowly defined subject which has blighted their holidays and ruined theirevenings.
TheEconomic and Social Research Council, which gives grants to postgraduate socialscientists, wants to get better value for money by cutting short this agony. Itwould like to see faster completion rates: until recently, only about 25% of PhDcandidates were finishing within four years. The ESRC’s response has been tostop PhD grants to all institutions where the proportion taking less than fouryears is below 10%; in the first year of this policy the national average shotup to 39%. The ESRC feels vindicated in its toughness, and will progressivelyraise the threshold to 40% in two years. Unless completion rates improvefurther, this would exclude 55 out of 73 universities andpolytechnics—including Oxford University, the London School of Economics andthe London Business School.
Predictably,howls of protest have come from the universities, who view the blacklisting ofwhole institutions as arbitrary and negative. They point outthat many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply theirresearch skills, but consequently take longer to finish their theses.Polytechnics with as few as two PhD candidates complain that they are penalizedby random fluctuations in student performance. The colleges say there is nohard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greaterefficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topics.
TheESRC thinks it might not be a bad thing if PhD students were more modest intheir aims. It would prefer to see more systematic teaching of research skillsand fewer unrealistic expectations placed on young men and women who areundertaking their first piece of serious research. So in future its grants willbe given only where it is convinced that students are being trained asresearchers, rather than carrying out purely knowledge-based studies.
TheESRC cannot dictate the standard of thesis required by external examiners, orforce departments to give graduates more teaching time. The most it can do isto try to persuade universities to change their ways. Recalcitrant professorsshould note that students want more research training and a less elaboratestyle of thesis, too.
26.By the time new doctors get a job and try to finish their theses in spare time ＿＿＿.
A.most of them died of some sickness
B.their holidays and evenings have been ruined by their jobs
C.most of them are completely tired of the narrowly defined subject
D.most of their grants run out
27. Oxford University would be excludedout of those universities that receive PhD grants from ESRC, because thecompletion rate of its PhD students’ theses within four years is lower than ＿＿＿.
A.25%
B.40%
C.39%
D.10%
28.All the following statements are the arguments against ESRC’s policy except ＿＿＿.
A.all the institutions on the blacklist are arbitrary and negative
B. there is no hard evidence to provethat faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rather than lowerstandards or less ambitious doctoral topics
C. many of the best students go quicklyinto jobs where they can apply their research skills, but consequently takelonger to finish their theses
D.some polytechnics are penalized by random fluctuations in studentperformance
29.The ESRC would prefer ＿＿＿.
A. that the students were carrying outpurely knowledge-based studies rather than being trained as researchers
B.to see higher standards of PhD students’ theses and more ambitious doctoraltopics
C. more systematic teaching of researchskills to fewer unrealistic expectations placed on inexperienced young PhDstudents.
D.that PhD students were less modest in their aims
30.What the ESRC can do isto ＿＿＿.
A.force departments to give graduates more teaching time
B.try to persuade universities to change their ways
C.dictate the standard of thesis required by external examiners
D.note that students want more research training and less elaborate style ofthesis
【答案与解析】
26.C细节理解题。根据题干可定位至文章第一段。本段最后提到“They must then get a job and finish intheir spare time, which can often take a further three years. By then, most newdoctors are sick to death of the narrowly defined subject...”，由此可知，当他们找到工作后决定在空余时间完成论文时，他们已经觉得那些狭隘的论文乏味至极，因此答案为C项。
27.B细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后两句可知，ESRC在两年内将进一步把博士如期毕业率的门槛上升到40%，如果学校不提高博士按时毕业的比率的话，包括牛津大学在内的许多学校将被排除在资助名单外。因此本题选B项。
28.A 细节理解题。第三段第一句话提到“Predictably,howls of protest have come from the universities, who view the blacklisting ofwhole institutions as arbitrary and negative”，由此可知，大学认为将这些学校列入黑名单的独断行为具有消极意义，并不是说黑名单上的学校独断消极，因此A项错误，故选A。第三段最后一句话表明B项正确；第三段第二句话表明C项正确；第三段第三句话表明D项正确。
29.C 细节理解题。第四段第二句话提到“It would preferto see more systematic teaching of research skills and fewer unrealisticexpectations placed on young men and women who are undertaking their firstpiece of serious research”，由此可知，ESRC希望学校能给予博士生更加系统的研究技巧，少对他们抱有不切实际的期望。故C项正确。A和B与文章的意思不符；D与文章的意思相反。
30.B 细节理解题。最后一段第二句话提到“Themost it can do is to try to persuade universities to change their ways”， 由此可知，ESRC所能做的就是说服学校改变博士生培养方式，故B项正确。由最后一段第一句可排除A和C；根据最后一句可知D项是持反对意见的教授应该注意的点。
Part Ⅱ Translation (40%)
A. Translate thefollowing paragraphs into Chinese.
1
TheEnglish, in fact, are strongly gifted with the rural feeling. They possess aquick sensibility to the beauties of nature, and a keen relish for thepleasures and employments of the country. This passion seems inherent in them. Even the inhabitants of cities,bornand brought up among brick walls and bustling streets, enter withfacility into rural habits, and evince a tact for rural occupation. Themerchant has his snug retreat in the vicinity of the metropolis, where he oftendisplays as much pride and zeal in the cultivation of his flower garden, andthe maturing of his fruits, as he does in the conduct of his business, and thesuccess of a commercial enterprise. Even those less fortunate individuals who aredoomed to pass their lives inthe midst of din and traffic, contrive to have something that shall remindthem of the green aspect of nature.
【参考译文】
事实上，英国人对乡村有着与生俱来的深厚感情。他们能迅速捕捉自然之美，并深深喜爱着乡村之乐和劳作。此种激情仿佛天生就有。甚至是出生并成长于砖墙和闹市中的城市居民，亦能很快熟悉乡村习俗，对乡下的活儿显得颇为老练。商人在城市附近拥有舒适的休养场地，常在此打理花园，培育果树，他们骄傲满足，热情四溢，与经商买卖、获取成功的感受别无二致。那些并非如此幸运的人们——那些注定要在拥挤的闹市中度过一生的人们——也极力拥有点什么，以便能够经常想起自然的鲜绿色彩。
【解析】
第一句的be gifted with与第三句的inherent意思相近，均表示“与生俱来的”，翻译时需注意使用不同的表达，避免重复和语言单调。除此，翻译时还需注意词性的转化，quicksensibility可译为“迅速捕捉”，keenrelish可译为“深深喜爱着”。employment原指“雇佣”，此处指乡村的活计，可译为“劳作”。另外，还可对原文加以合并，适当调整语序，使译文更加紧凑。如在翻译Eventhe inhabitants of cities, born and brought up among brick walls and bustlingstreets时，可将后置定语提前，修饰inhabitantsof cities，译作“甚至是出生并成长于砖墙和闹市中的城市居民”。snugretreat可译为“舒适的休养场地”；zeal表示“热情”；in the midst of din and traffic可译为“闹市之中”；contrive表示“设法，谋划”。
2
Classicalscience will have to thrive in order for the third culture to thrive, sincetechnology is so derivativeof the scientific process. The question I would like to posit is: If theculture of technology should dominate our era, how do we pay attention toscience? For although science may feed technology, technology is steadilychanging how we do science, howwe think of science, and what it means to be a scientist. It isself-evident that the culture of science, so long in the shadow of the cultureof art, has another orientationto contend with, one grown from its own rib.
【参考译文】
为了让第三文化发扬光大，古典科学必须发扬光大，因为技术在很大程度上是科学的衍生之物。我要提出的问题是：如果技术文化会主导我们所生活的时代，我们要如何关注科学？因为尽管科学可能哺育着技术，但是技术正逐渐改变我们研究科学、思考科学的方式以及科学家身份的意义所在。不言而喻的一点是：长期处于艺术文化阴影之下的科学文化，还有另一方面需要应对，而这一方面正是从科学的肋骨中发展而出。
【解析】
本文为科技说明文，翻译时应注意逻辑关系，做到条理清晰，言简意赅。首先，在翻译的过程中应注意调整语序，例如，第一句前半部分可译为“为了让第三文化发扬光大，古典科学必须发扬光大”。另外，还可对原文内容适当整合，使译文更加紧凑流畅。howwe do science, how we think of science可译为“研究科学、思考科学的方式”。self-evident表示“不言而喻”。该句后半部分中，derivative表示“派生的，衍生的”，so表示强调意义，可译为“在很大程度上是……的衍生之物”。
B. Translate the following into English.
硅谷犹如一块磁铁，把许多天资聪颖的工程师、科学家、企业家从世界各地聚集到这里投身于技术革命的大潮。其影响于人类必将远远超过具有划时代意义的欧洲文艺复兴和工业革命。
许多国家已经或正在着手建设自己的“硅谷”，但至今似无一威胁到美国硅谷的领先地位。美国硅谷与众不同的秘诀何在？
首先，硅谷有着世界最大最密集的优秀计算机专家群体、最佳的后援服务体系、与之紧密联系着的斯坦福大学等世界一流的研究机构，而后者正源源不断地培育科学技术赖以发展的明日天才。若缺少这些有利条件，硅谷的面貌便会大不一样。
【参考译文】
Silicon Valleyis a magnet to which numerous talented engineers, scientists and entrepreneursfrom overseas flock to participate in a technological revolution whose impacton mankind will surely surpass the epoch-making European Renaissance and IndustrialRevolution of the bygone age.
Manycountries have, or are in the process of creating their own “Silicon Valley”.So far, none has as yet threatened the leading role of the US prototype. What makes Silicon Valley such a unique entity?
Firstand foremost, it has the largest concentration of brilliant computerprofessionals and the best supporting services in the world, and easy access toworld-class research institutions, like Stanford University, which continuallynurtures prospective geniuses whom the industry needs in order to move forward.Without these advantages, the Valley would be so much different.
【解析】
本文为科技说明文，翻译时语言应简练有力，逻辑应清晰分明。在翻译的过程中，应注意整合相邻句子的内容，理清其逻辑关系，并使用特殊句型或关联词将其合并。比如在翻译前两句时，后半部分的内容是对“磁铁”的补充说明，翻译时可用定语从句将两者连接起来，“投身于技术革命的大潮”为目的状语，“其影响”指的是“技术革命的影响”，可用whose引导的定语从句将后面的内容与“技术革命的大潮”连接起来。“聚集”可用“flockto”来表示；“划时代意义”可译为“epoch-making”；“领先地位”可译为“leading role”；“紧密联系着的”强调硅谷可以轻松与高级学府取得联系，可译为“easyaccess to”。
Part Ⅲ Writing (15%)
Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then write asummary of it in about 250 words.
Inthe early 20th century Henry Ford combined moving assembly lines with masslabor to make building cars much cheaper and quicker—thus turning theautomobile from a rich man’s toy into transport for the masses. Today a growinggroup of entrepreneurs is striving to do the same to services, bringingtogether computer power with freelance workers to supply luxuries that wereonce reserved for the wealthy.
Yet thison-demand economy goes much wider than the occasional luxury. Click onMedicast’s app, and a doctor will be knocking on your door within two hours.Want a lawyer or a consultant? Axiom will supply the former, Eden McCallum thelatter.
The on-demandeconomy is small, but it is growing quickly. Uber, founded in San Francisco in2009, now operates in 53 countries, had sales exceeding $1 billion in 2014 anda valuation of $40 billion. Like the moving assembly line, the idea ofconnecting people with freelances to solve their problems sounds simple. But,like mass production, it has profound implications for everything from theorganization of work to the nature of the social contract in a capitalistsociety.
Some of theforces behind the on-demand economy have been around for decades. Ever sincethe 1970s the economy that Henry Ford helped create, with big firms and bigtrade unions, has withered. Manufacturing jobs have been automated out ofexistence or outsourced abroad, while big companies have abandoned lifetimeemployment. Some 53m American workers already work as freelances.
But two powerfulforces are speeding this up and pushing it into ever more parts of the economy.The first is technology. Cheap computing power means a lone thespian with anApple Mac can create videos that rival those of Hollywood studios. Complextasks, such as programming a computer or writing a legal brief, can now bedivided into their component parts—and subcontracted to specialists around theworld. The on-demand economy allows society to tap into its under-usedresources: thus Uber gets people to rent their own cars, and InnoCentive letsthem rent their spare brain capacity.
The other greatforce is changing social habits. Karl Marx said that the world would be dividedinto people who owned the means of production and people who worked for them.In fact it is increasingly being divided between people who have money but notime and people who have time but no money. The on-demand economy provides away for these two groups to trade with each other.
This will pushservice companies to follow manufacturers and focus on their core competencies.The “transaction cost” of using an outsider to fix something is falling. Ratherthan controlling fixed resources, on-demand companies are middlemen, arrangingconnections and overseeing quality. They don’t employ full-time lawyers andaccountants with guaranteed pay and benefits. Uber drivers get paid only whenthey work and are responsible for their own pensions and health care. Risksborne by companies are being pushed back on to individuals and that hasconsequences for everybody.
Theon-demand economy is already provoking political debate, with Uber at the centerof much of it. Many cities, states and countries have banned the ride-sharingcompany on safety or regulatory grounds. Taxi drivers have staged protestsagainst it. Uber drivers have gone on strike, demanding better benefits.Techno-optimists dismiss all this as teething trouble: the on-demand economygives consumers greater choice, they argue, while letting people work wheneverthey want. Society gains because idle resources are put to use. Most of Uber’scars would otherwise be parked in the garage.
Thetruth is more nuanced. Consumers are clear winners; so are Western workers whovalue flexibility over security, such as women who want to combine work withchild-rearing. Taxpayers stand to gain if on-demand labor is used to improveefficiency in the provision of public services. But workers who value securityover flexibility, including a lot of middle-aged lawyers, doctors and taxidrivers, feel justifiably threatened. And the on-demand economy certainlyproduces unfairnesses: taxpayers will also end up supporting many contractworkers who have never built up pensions.
Thissense of nuance should inform policymaking. Governments that outlaw on-demandfirms are simply handicapping the rest of their economies. But that does notmean they should sit on their hands. The ways governments measure employmentand wages will have to change. Many European tax systems treat freelances assecond-class citizens, while American states have different rules for “contractworkers” that could be tidied up. Too much of the welfare state is deliveredthrough employers, especially pensions and health care: both should be tied tothe individual and made portable, one area where Obamacare was a big stepforward.
Buteven if governments adjust their policies to a more individualistic age, theon-demand economy clearly imposes more risk on individuals. People will have tomaster multiple skills if they are to survive in such a world and keep thoseskills up to date. Professional sorts in big service firms will have to takemore responsibility for educating themselves. People will also have to learnhow to sell themselves, through personal networking and social media or, ifthey are really ambitious, turning themselves into brands. In a more fluidworld, everybody will need to learn how to manage You Inc.
【参考范文】
Thispassage is mainly concerned with the on-demand economy today, and through someexamples and detailed statistics, it introduces the current development andachievement of the on-demand economy, the driving forces behind and thepolitical debate and risks provoked.
On-demandeconomy connects people with freelances to solve their problems and is usuallyinvolved with small businesses. However, it grows rapidly and serves a widearea. It has a great impact on everything from the organization of work to thenature of the social contract in a capitalist society.
Withautomation in manufacturing, about 53 million American workers becomefreelances. The powerful forces that push the on-demand economy further forwardinclude technology and changing social habits. Cheap computing power enablescompanies like Uber and InnoCentive to rent their under-used resources. Also,the on-demand economy offers a trading platform for the increasingly twogroups, people with money but no time and people with time but no money.
Theon-demand companies in the on-demand economy serve as middlemen, and they don’thire full-time service-providers, which in result pushes the risks borne bycompanies back on to the individuals, and then has consequences for all of us.The on-demand economy has caused political debate, and Uber is at the center ofthe debate. Different groups have different attitudes and interests, whichshould have some influence on policymakers. On the other hand, the on-demandeconomy poses more risks on individuals and they should master and update theirskills in order to survive. In the on-demand economic world, everyone wouldneed to learn to manage themselves.
【解析】
题目中的文章从20世纪早期亨利·福特引入生产流水线入手，引出当今的网络应需型经济，然后对该经济类型进行具体的阐述。题目要求写250字的总结。首先应该对文章的主要内容进行概述，然后再逐步归纳每段或者某几段的段落大意。通过阅读文章可知，第一、二、三段主要是引出网络应需型经济，介绍其发展状况及成就。第四、五、六段主要介绍了网络应需型经济出现和发展的动力。第七段介绍了网络应需型公司的运营情况，而接下来的三段又对网络应需型经济引发的政治讨论进行了具体的分析。最后一段，文章从个人入手，指出人们在这一经济模式下面临的挑战。
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