南京航空航天大学考博英语历年真题及详解

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2009年南京航空航天大学考博英语真题
2008年春南京航空航天大学考博英语真题
2008年秋南京航空航天大学考博英语真题
2007年春南京航空航天大学考博英语真题及详解
2007年秋南京航空航天大学考博英语真题及详解
2006年春南京航空航天大学考博英语真题及详解
2006年秋南京航空航天大学考博英语真题及详解
2005年南京航空航天大学考博英语真题
2004年南京航空航天大学考博英语真题
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2009年南京航空航天大学考博英语真题








2008年春南京航空航天大学考博英语真题
Part I Reading comprehension(40points)
Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passageis followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there arefour choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and markthe corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Question 1-5 are based onthe following passage.
Disagreements among economists are legendary, but not on theissue of free trade. A recent survey of prominent economists both conservative andliberal concluded that "an economist who argues for free international tradeis almost as common today as a physician who favors leeching." Why the consensus?International free trade, economists agree, makes possible higher standards of livingall over the globe.
The case for free trade rests largely on this principle: aslong as trade is voluntary, both partners benefit; otherwise they wouldn’t trade.The buyer of a shirt, for example, values the shirt more than the money spent, whilethe seller values the money more. Both are better off because of the sale. Moreover,it doesn’t matter whether the shirt salesman is from the United States or Hong  Kong or anywhere else.
The vast majority of American manufactures face internationalcompetition. This competition forces companies to improve quality and cut costs.By contrast, protectionism encourages monopoly, lower quality and higher prices.Americans pay an enormous price for protectionism -- over ‘60 billion a year, or1000 for a family of four. Thanks to protectionism, for example, American consumerspay twice the world price for sugar.
Free trade also makes the world economy more efficient, by allowingnations to capitalize on their strengths. The United States has an advantage infood production, for instance, while Saudi Arabia has an advantage in oil. The Saudiscould undertake massive irrigation to become self-sufficient in food, but it ismore economical for them to sell oil and purchase food from us. Similarly, we couldbecome self-sufficient in petroleum by squeezing more out of oil sale. But it ismuch less costly to buy some of our oil from Saudi Arabia. Trade between our twocountries improves the standard of living in both.
Protectionism is both wasteful and unjust. It taxes most heavilyon the people who can least afford it. Thus, tariffs that raise the price of shoesburden the poor more than the rich. Despite the powerful case for free trade; the  United States and the rest of the world has always been protectionist to somedegree. This is because free trade benefits the general public, while protectionismbenefits special-interest groups, which are better organized, better financed andmore informed. To make matters worse, much of what we hear on this issue is misinformationspread by the special interests themselves.
1.The economists ______.
A. disagree whether to restrict free trade or not
B. agree on free trade
C. agree on the restriction of internal trade
D. hold different arguments because of their different interests
2.The two parties in a free trade ______.
A. do not care at all
B. care for different things
C. care for the things being traded
D. care for the same things
3. What is the author’s attitude toward protectionismdenoted from the passage?
A. Sincere
B. Appreciative
C. Grateful
D. ironic
4. Why has protectionism always been exercised ifit is wasteful and unjust? Because ______.
A. it helps to establish national industry of one’s own
B. it can achieve an independent economy
C. it is favored by general public
D. it benefits some privileged few
5. According to the free trade principle, the authorsuggests that ______.
A. U.S. explore its oil shale
B. Saudi Arabia build its own industry
C. Saudi Arabia import food from U.S.
D. U.S. becomes more self-sufficient in food
Question 6-10 are based onthe following passage.
Because Ireland is an island geographically near the mainlandof the United Kingdom, English rulers have fought since the Middle-English Agesto retain political control over it. Attracted by the lush farmland, English andScottish landowners settled there, and in time of famine or political unrest, thelocal workers suffered, while their landlords were cushioned by their wealth. Thehistory of modern Ireland is, in fact, largely a story of antagonism and resentmentbetween the Irish and their English and Scottish rulers.
Since the 1920’s, Ireland has been divided into two parts: Northern Ireland (Ulster) and the Republic of Ireland (Eire). The north is still part of the United Kingdom and is predominantly Protestant; thesouth is an independent republic and is mainly Catholic. The majority in Ulster accept this political compromise, but the active and mainly Catholic minority are fighting forunion with the independent republic of Southern Ireland. The IRA, the Irish RepublicanArmy, have mounted bombing campaigns in military and civil targets in Ulster and England. They have sent letter-bombs to public figures, they have slot fellow Irishmen whosupport the British or belong to opposing, and now equally militant Protestant groups.As a result of this, the British have stationed an army in Belfast, the IRA hasbeen outlawed, and several of them have spent many years in prison or have diedin support of their cause. Whether this level of violence and repression is justifiable,and whether the violence that could result from political change would be worthwhileare the controversial issues that divide everybody involved.
6. It suggested that the central problem is relationshipbetween ______.
A. Britain and Ireland
B. Ulster and Eire
C. Catholics and Protestants
D. the Irish Republican Army and Ulster.
7. This outline suggests that the central problemis ______.
A. many centuries old
B. about three centuries old
C. about 80 years old
D. a few years old
8.The IRA is ______.
A. part of the Ulster police force
Bo part of American army
C. a group of militant priests
D. a terrorist organization
9.Bomb attacks occur ______.
A. only in England
B. when public figures talk about Ireland
C. only in Northern Ireland
D. in England and Northern Ireland
10. The writer feels that the controversy is about______.
A. freedom
B. political change
C. the use of violence
D. injustice
Questions 11-15 are basedon the following passage.
By far the most common snake in Britain is the adder. In Scotland, in fact, there are no other snakes at all. The adder is also the only British snakewith a poisonous bite. It can be found almost anywhere, but prefers sunny hillsidesand rough open country, including high ground. In Ireland there are no snakes atall.
Most people regard snake bites as a fatal misfortune, but notall bites are serious, and very few are fatal. Sometimes attempts at emergency treatmentturn out to be more dangerous than the bite itself, with amateurs heroically, butmistakenly, trying do-it-yourself surgery and other unnecessary measures.
All snakes have small teeth, so it follows that all snakes canbite, but only the bite of the adder presents any danger. British snakes are shyanimals and are far more frightened of you than you could possibly be of them.
The adder will attack only if it feels threatened, as can behappen if you take it by surprise and step on it accidentally or if you try to catchit or pick it up, which it dislikes intensely. If it hears you coming, it will normallyget out of the way as quickly as it can, but adders cannot move very rapidly andmay attack before moving if you are very close.
The effect of a bite varies considerably. It depends upon severalthings, one of which is the body-weight of the person bitten. The bigger the person,the less harmful the bite is likely to be, which is why children suffer more seriouslyfrom snake bites than adults. A healthy person will also have better resistanceagainst the poison.
Very few people actually die from snake bites in Britain, and though these bites can make some people very ill, there are probably just as manycases of bites having little or no efforts, as there are of serious illness.
11.Adders are most likely to be found ______.
A. in Scotland and nowhere else
B. in wider parts of Britain
C. in shady fields in England
D. on uncultivated land throughout Britain
12.We are told that British snakes are ______.
A. afraid of human beings
B. poisonous including the adder
C. dangerous except the adder
D. friendly towards human beings
13.Which of the followings statements is Not true?
A. The adder is the only poisonous snake in Britain.
B. In Scotland there are no other snakes except the adder.
C. Snake bites seem more dangerous than they actually are.
D. People’s attempts at emergency treatment are utterly unnecessary.
14.When will the adder not attack you?
A. when you try to catch it
B. when you are some distance away from it.
C. when you happen to step on it.
D. when you try to pick it up.
15. If an adder hears you coming, it wills usually______.
A. attack you immediately
B. disappear very quickly
C. want to frighten you
D. move out of the way
Question 16-20 are basedon the following passage.
Culture is the sum total of all the tradition, customs, beliefs,and ways to life of a given group of human being. In this sense, even/group hasa culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us.
To the professional anthropologists, there is no intrinsic superiorityof one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsichierarchy among languages.
People once thought of the languages of backward groups as savage,undeveloped forms of speech, consisted largely of grunts and groans.
While it is possible that language in general began as a seriesof grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward” languagesthat no spoken tongue answers the description today. Most languages of uncivilizedgroups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingeniouspieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind our western languagenot in their sound patterns or grammatical structure, which usually are fully adequatefor all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objectsand activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two thingsare to be noted: 1. All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion,either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them fromother languages and adapting them to their own system. 2. The objects and activitiesrequiring names and distinctions in "backward" languages, while differentfrom ours, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A western language distinguishedmerely between two degrees of remoteness (“this” and “that”); some languages ofthe American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to theperson addressed, or removed from both, or but of sight, or in the past, or in thefuture.
This study of language, in turn casts a new light upon the claimof the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently, and withoutideas of rank or hierarchy.
16. The language of uncivilized groups as comparedto western language is limited in ______.
A. vocabularies
B. grammatical structures
C. sound patterns
D. both A and B
17. The statement that "every group has a culture"grows out of the author’s ______.
A. definition of culture
B. philosophy
C. feeling about human beings
D. bias in regard to civilized human
18. According to the author, anthropologists wouldhave all culture viewed ______.
A. comparatively
B. independently
C. intrinsically
D. hierarchically
19. According to the author, language whether"civilized or not" have ______.
A. the potential for expanding vocabulary
B. the potential for increasing sound patterns
C. the same way to transfer ideas
D. the same grammatical structures
20.Implied but not stated: ______.
A. the study of language is the same as the study of anthropology
B. the study of language has reinforced anthropologists in theirview that there is no hierarchy cultures
C. the study of languages discredited the anthropological studies
D. the study of language casts a new light upon the claims ofanthropologists
Part II Translation (40 points)
Directions: There are 10 sentences in this part .Translate sentence 21---25from English into Chinese and sentence 26---30 from Chinese into English.
21. The ice does not become a glacier until it movesunder its own weight, and it cannot move significantly until it reaches a criticalthickness—the point at which the weight of the piled-up layers overcomes the internalstrength of the ice and the friction between the ice and the ground.
22. It is impossible to know today just what ourStone Age ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of pre-industrialsocieties that still exist, a detailed learning of plants and their properties mustbe extremely ancient.
23. Because a solid-fuel rocket can be kept readyfor a long time, most military missiles employ solid fuels, but human-piloted spaceflight needs the fine adjustments that can only be provided by liquid fuels.
24. But it used also to be widely believed that effectiverewards, at least in the early stages of the infancy, had to be directly relatedto such basic physiological "drives" as thirst or hunger.
25. The expert concluded that it was not primarilythe sight of the lights which pleased the babies; it was the success they were achievingin solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamentalhuman urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
26．在加强不同的民族和国家之间的联系方面，电视也许还从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中那样起过如此大的作用。
27．在欧洲就像在其他地方一样多媒体集团越来越成功了，这些集团把相互关系密切的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社组合到了一起。
28．仅这一点就表明在电视行业里生存不那么容易，这个事实通过统计数字也是一目了然，统计表明在80家欧洲电视网中1989年出现亏损的不下50％.
29．事实上，不发达地区大都拥有丰富的资源，发展潜力很大。
30．应付一个如此规模的挑战过程中，我们可以毫不夸张地说，团结，我们就会站起来；分裂，我们就会倒下去。
Part III Writing (20 points)
Directions: For this part, you should write a composition on the titleThe economic development and environmental protection according to the followingOUTLINE given in Chinese. You should write no less than 150 words.
1．经济发展与环境保护的关系
2．经济发展与环境保护的现状
3．我们应该怎样做

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