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目录
第一部分 历年真题及详解
2016年全国职称英语等级考试（理工类A级）真题及详解
2015年全国职称英语等级考试（理工类A级）真题及详解
2014年全国职称英语等级考试（理工类A级）真题及详解
2013年全国职称英语等级考试（理工类A级）真题及详解
2012年全国职称英语等级考试（理工类A级）真题及详解
2011年全国职称英语等级考试（理工类A级）真题及详解
2010年全国职称英语等级考试（理工类A级）真题及详解
2009年全国职称英语等级考试（理工类A级）真题及详解
2008年全国职称英语等级考试（理工类A级）真题及详解
2007年全国职称英语等级考试（理工类A级）真题及详解
2006年全国职称英语等级考试（理工类A级）真题及详解
2005年全国职称英语等级考试（理工类A级）真题及详解
第二部分 模拟试题及详解
全国职称英语等级考试（理工类A级）模拟试题及详解（一）
全国职称英语等级考试（理工类A级）模拟试题及详解（二）
全国职称英语等级考试（理工类A级）模拟试题及详解（三）
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第一部分 历年真题及详解
2016年全国职称英语等级考试（理工类A级）真题及详解
第1部分：词汇选项（第l～15题，每题l分，共15分）
下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线,请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项.
1. The revelation of his past led tohis resignation.
A. imagination
B. confirmation
C. recall
D. disclosure
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：对他过去的揭露导致了他的辞职。revelation揭发，暴露。 disclosure泄露，揭露。二者意思相近，此处可互相替换，因此选D项。imagination想像，想像力。confirmation证实；证明； 确认。recall召回，唤回；回想。
2. Jensen is a dangerous man, and can bevery brutal.
A. careless
B. cruel
C. strong
D. hard
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：Jensen是个危险人物，他可能会很残忍。brutal残忍的；野蛮的；无情的。cruel残酷的，残忍的；无情的。二者意思相近，此处可互相替换，因此选B项。careless粗心的；无忧无虑的；漫不经心的。strong强壮的；强烈的。hard困难的；硬的。
3. You’ll have to sprint if you wantto catch the train.
A. jump
B. escape
C. run
D. prepare
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：如果想赶上火车，你必须快点跑。sprint冲刺，全速短跑。run奔跑。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选C项。jump跳；跳过。escape逃跑。prepare准备。
4. We are worried about this fluidsituation filled with uncertainty.
A. changeable
B. stable
C. suitable
D. adaptable
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：对于这个充满不确定的不稳定的情况，我们感到担忧。fluid易变的，不固定的；流动的。changeable易变的；可变的。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选A项。stable稳定的。suitable合适的，适当的。adaptable可适应的；有适应能力的。
5. The new garment fits herperfectly.
A. haircut
B. purse
C. clothes
D. necklace
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：新衣服很合适她。garment衣服，服装。clothes衣服，衣物。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选C项。haircut理发；发型；发式。purse钱包。necklace项链。
6. The phobia may have its root in achildhood trauma.
A. fear
B. joy
C. hurt
D. memory
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：恐惧症可能根源于童年受到的精神创伤。trauma创伤（由心理创伤造成精神上的异常）；损伤；痛苦经历。hurt“伤害；痛苦”，可指感情上的伤心或痛苦。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选C项。fear害怕。joy喜悦，快乐。memory记忆，记忆力。
7. They have to build canals to irrigatethe desert.
A. decorate
B. water
C. change
D. visit
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：他们必须修建沟渠灌溉沙漠。irrigate灌溉。water给……浇水。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选B项。decorate装饰。change改变。visit访问；参观。
8. Her overall language proficiency remainsthat of a toddler.
A. disabled
B. pupil
C. teenager
D. baby
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：她整体的语言能力还停留在初学的幼儿水平。toddler学步的幼儿。baby婴儿。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选D项。disabled残废的，有缺陷的。pupil学生。teenager青少年。
9. The coastal area has very mildwinter, but the central plains remain extremely cold.
A. warm
B. severe
C. hard
D. dry
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：沿海地区冬天气温温暖，但是中部平原地区却极度寒冷。mild温暖的；温柔的。warm温暖的。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选A项。severe严峻的，严厉的。hard困难的，硬的。dry干的。
10.The details of the costume were totally authentic.
A. real
B. outstanding
C. creative
D. false
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：这件古装的每个小地方都完全真实。authentic真的，真正的。real真的；真实的。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选A项。outstanding杰出的；显著的。creative创造性的，有创造力的。false虚伪的；非法的；假造的。
11.We are aware of the potential problems.
A. global
B. possible
C. ongoing
D. central
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：我们意识到了潜在的问题。potential潜在的，有可能的。possible可能的。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选B项。global全球的。ongoing不间断的，进行的。central中央的，中心的。
12.The idea was quite brilliant.
A. positive
B. clever
C. key
D. original
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：这个主意相当巧妙。brilliant聪明的；杰出的。clever 聪明的，灵巧的。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选B项。positive积极的；确实的。key关键的。original原始的；最初的。
13. Stock market price tumbled after rumor of a rise ininterest rate.
A. regulated
B. increased
C. fell
D. maintained
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：谣传利率上升之后，股票市场价格猛跌。tumble暴跌；倒塌；跌倒。fall下降，落下；倒下。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选C项。regulate调整；管理；控制。increase增加。maintain维持；维修。
14. The course gives you basic instructions in carmaintenance.
A. coaching
B. idea
C. term
D. aspect
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：该课程在汽车维修方面给了我基本的指导。instruction指导，说明。coaching训练，辅导。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选A项。idea主意，想法。term学期；术语。aspect方面。
15. All houses within 100 metres of the seas are at risk offlooding.
A. in danger
B. out ofcontrol
C. betweenequals
D. inparticular
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：距海100米内的所有房屋都有遭受洪水泛滥的危险。at the risk of处于风险中，冒着……的危险。in danger of处于危险中，有……的危险。二者意思相近，此处可相互替换，因此选A项。outof control失去控制。inparticular尤其，特别。
第2部分：阅读判断（第16～22题，每题l分，共7分）
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
The Greatest of Victorian Engineers
In the hundredyears up to 1860, the work of a small group of construction engineers carriedforward the enormous social and economic change that we associate with theIndustrial Revolution in Britain. The most important of these engineers wasIsambard Kingdom Brunel, whose work in shipping, bridge-building, and railwayconstruction, to name just three fields, both challenged and motivated hiscolleagues. He was the driving force behind a number of the hugely ambitiousprojects, some of which resulted in works which are still in use today.
The son of anengineer, Brunel apprenticed with his father at an early age on the building ofthe Thames Tunnel. At the age of just twenty, hebecame engineer in charge of the project. This impressive plan to bore underthe Thames twice suffered two major disasters when the river broke through intothe tunnel when the second breach(决口) occurred in1872, Brunel was seriously injured during rescue operation and further work washalted.
While recoveringfrom his injuries, Brunel entered a design competition for a new bridge overthe Avon Gorge near Clifton. The original judge of the competition was ThomasTelford, a leading civil engineer of his day, who rejected all entries to thecompetition in favor of his own design. After considerable scandal, a secondcontest was held and Brunel's design was accepted. For reasons of funding,however, exacerbated (加剧) by social unrest in Bristol, the project was abandoned in 1843with only the towers completed. After Brunel’s death, it was decided to beginwork on it again, partly so that the bridge could form a fitting memorial tothe great engineer. The entire structure was finally completed in 1864. Today,the well-known Clifton Suspension Bridge is a symbol of Bristol, just as theOpera House is of Sydney. Originally intended only for horse-drawn traffic, thebridge now bears over four million motor vehicles a year.
16. Brunel was an important airplaneengineer in Britain during the Industrial Revolution.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Notmentioned
17. Brunel was involved less in railwayconstruction than in other engineering fields.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Notmentioned
18. Brunel worked only on shipping,bridge-building and railway construction.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Notmentioned
19. Brunel work was largely ignored by hiscolleagues.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Notmentioned
20. Some projects Brunel contributed to arestill in use today.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Notmentioned
21. Brunel became an apprentice with hisfather when he was very young.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Notmentioned
22. The Thames Tunnel project was more difficult than any previousprojects undertaken in Britain.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Notmentioned
【答案与解析】
16.C 点睛文章第一段对Brunel进行了简单的介绍，第一段第二句提到了“Isambard Kingdom Brunel, whose work in shipping, bridge-building,and railway construction”但是并没有提及他是否是飞机领域的工程师，因此选C项。
17.C 点睛第一段第二句提到了Brunel是铁道建筑方面的工程师，但是并没有进行各领域之间的对比，因此选C项。
18.B 定位根据关键词shipping、bridge-building 和railway construction定位到第一段第二句。
点睛根据第一段第二句中的“to name just three fields”可知，除了文章所列举出来的，Brunel应该还涉及其他工程领域，因此本题选B项。
19.B 点睛根据第一段第二句“Isambard Kingdom Brunel, whose work…both challenged and motivatedhis colleagues”可知，题干与原文表述不符，因此选B项。
20.A 定位根据关键词in use today定位至第一段最后一句。
点睛根据第一段最后一句“He was the driving force behind a numberof the hugely ambitious projects, some of which resulted in works are still inuse today.”可知，Brunel推动了许多项目的进行，而且有一些工程建筑仍然在使用，因此本题选A项。
21.A 定位根据关键词an apprentice和his father定位到第二段第一句。
点睛根据第二段第一句中的“Brunel apprenticed with his father at anearly age”可知，Brunel年轻时候就师从自己的父亲学习工程，因此选A项。
22.C 点睛文章第二段提到了Thames Tunnel工程。文章中并未涉及Thames Tunnel工程与其他工程项目的对比，因此本题选C项。
【全文翻译】
维多利亚时期最伟大的工程师
1860年之前的几百年里，一小部分建筑工程师的工作推进了英国工业革命时期的社会和经济的巨变，而其中最重要的一位工程师是Isambard Kingdom Brunel。在船舶、桥梁、铁路建设领域（这里只列举这三个领域），Brunel挑战并激励着他的同行。他是许多大型的雄心勃勃的项目背后的驱动力，其中一些项目的成果今天仍在使用。
Brunel年轻的时候就在工程师父亲下面当学徒，建造泰晤士河隧道。仅仅20岁时，他成为了负责这个项目的工程师。1872年，泰晤士河再次发生决口，河水冲进隧道，在泰晤士河下面钻孔这一了不起的计划因此两度遭受巨大灾难。Brunel在抢救行动中受伤严重，该项目的下一步工作中止。
当从伤病中恢复，Brunel参加了一项设计比赛，在克利夫顿附近的埃文峡谷上修建一座新的桥梁。一开始，比赛的评委是当时占领导地位的土木工程师Thomas Telford，他拒绝了所有的参赛作品，只支持自己的设计。在巨大的丑闻发生之后，举行了第二次比赛，这一次Brunel的设计被接受。但是由于资金问题，再加上布里斯托尔的社会动荡，1843该项目被放弃，仅仅完成了塔的修建工作。Brunel去世后，该项目重新启动，其中部分原因在于以该桥梁的形式纪念这位伟大的工程师。整个建筑于1864终于完成。今天，著名的克利夫顿悬索桥大桥是布里斯托尔的象征，正如悉尼歌剧院是悉尼的象征一样。该桥原本只是为了让马车通行，而今天，该桥每年通行的汽车超过四百万辆。
第3部分：概括大意和完成句子（第23～30题，每题l分，共8分）
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选择1个最佳标题；（2）第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。
Geothermal (地热) Energy
1. Since heatnaturally moves from hotter regions to cooler ones, the heat from the earth'scenter flows outwards towards the surface. In this way, it transfers to thenext layer of rock. If the temperature is high enough, some of this rock meltsand forms magma (岩浆).The magma ascends in its turn towards the earth's surface. It often remainswell below the earth's surface, creating vast areas of hot rock. In suchregions, there are deep cracks, which allow rainwater to descend underground.Some of the heated rainwater travels back up to the earth's surface where itwill appear as a hot spring. However, if this ascending hot water reaches alayer of impermeable (不可渗透的) rock, it remains trapped, forming a geothermal reservoir. Ifgeothermal reservoirs are close enough to the surface, they can be reached bydrilling wells. Hot water and steam shoot up the wells naturally, and can beused to produce electricity in geothermal power plants.
2. A fewgeothermal power plants depend on dry-steam reservoirs which produce steam butlittle or no water. In these cases, the steam is piped up directly to providethe power to spin a turbine generator. The first geothermal power plant,constructed at Lardarello in Italy, was of this type, and is still producingelectricity today.
3. Mostcurrently operating geothermal power plants are either "flash" steam plants or binary (双重的) plants. Flash plantsproduce mainly hot water ranging in temperature from 300° to 700° Fahrenheit.This water is passed through one or two separators where released from thepressure of the underground reservoir, it “flashes” or boils into steam. Again,the force of this steam provides the energy to spin the turbine and produceelectricity. The geothermal water and steam are then reinjected directly backdown into the earth to maintain the volume and pressure of the reservoir.Gradually they will be reheated and can then be used again.
4. A reservoirwith temperatures below 300° Fahrenheit is not hot enough to flash steam but itcan still be used to generate electricity in a binary fluid. The steam fromthis is used to power the turbines. As in the flash steam plant, the geothermalwater is recycled back into the reservoir.
| A. Recyclable water and steam B. Binary plants C. Flash steam plants D. Generation of electricity E. Origin of geothermal energy F. Dry steam plants |
23.Paragraph 1 _____
24.Paragraph 2 _____
25.Paragraph 3 _____
26.Paragraph 4 _____
27. A geothermal reservoir is formed whenhot water is trapped under _____.
28. A dry-steam reservoir produces steamwith _____.
29. Flash plants produce hot water through_____.
30. In a binary plant, the heat of thegeothermal water can be converted into _____.
| A. hot springs B. impermeable rock C. little or no water D. turbine operator E. one or two separators F. the energy to turn a turbine |
【答案与解析】
23.E 本段主要介绍地热能的产生过程，是由雨水流到地下，遇地热变成热水无法喷出而形成的。E项“地热能的起源”与本段意思相符，故选E项。
24.F 本段主要介绍利用干蒸汽发电的工厂。F项“干蒸汽发电厂”与本段意思相符，故选F项。
25.C 本段主要介绍注水蒸汽发电站，现今最常见的就是注水发电和双循环发电。C项“注水蒸汽发电站”与本段意思相符，故选C项。
26.B 本段主要介绍低于300华氏度的水库如何通过双循环发电站来发电。B项“双循环发电站”能很好地概括本段内容，故选B项。
27.B 定位根据关键词trapped可定位至第一段倒数第三句。
点睛文章第一段倒数第三句提到，如果向上的热水碰到不可渗透的岩石，就会被困住，形成地热水库。B项impermeable rock“不可渗透的岩石”与该句意思相符，故选B项。
28.C 定位根据题干定位至第二段第一句。
点睛文章第二段第一句提到，干蒸汽水库产生的水量很少甚至没有。C项little or no water“很少或没有水”与该句意思相符，故选C项。
29.E 定位根据题干定位至第三段第三句。
点睛文章第三段第三句提到，产生的水会通过一到两个分离器。E项one or two separators“一到两个分离器”与该句意思相符，故选E项。
30.F 定位根据关键词binary可定位至第四段第一、二句话。
点睛文章第四段第一句提到，温度不够的水可以用在双循环液体中，第二句话提到，这样产生的蒸汽可以推动涡轮。F项the energy to turn a turbine“推动涡轮的能量”与该句意思相符，故选F项。
【全文翻译】
地热能
1.因为热量自发地从热的区域向凉爽的区域移动，所以地球中心的热量向外朝着地表流动。像这样，热量沿着一层一层岩石传递。如果温度足够高，有些岩石会熔化而形成岩浆。岩浆开始向上朝着地表移动。最后通常会停留在地表以下，形成大面积的热岩石。在一些地区，地面裂缝很深，雨水可以顺着流到地下。有些经过热岩石加热的雨水会流回到地表形成温泉。然而若这些雨水碰到不可渗透的岩石，就会被困住，形成地热水库。若这些水库离地表足够近，人们可以通过钻井达到。热水和热蒸汽自然喷出，可被用作地热能发电站发电。
2．有些地热发电厂依靠干蒸汽水库发电，干蒸汽水库里面的蒸汽带着少量的水甚至没有水。在这样的情况下，蒸汽直接由管道输送来供给能量推动涡旋发动机。第一所地热发电厂，建于意大利的拉尔代雷洛，就是这种类型，直到今天仍在发电。
3．现在，大多数运转的地热发电站都是注水发电和双循环发电。注水发电会产生温度在300到700华氏度之间的热水。这些水由于地下水库的压力而释放，经过一两道分离器，并且会“在一瞬间”沸腾形成蒸汽。然后，这些蒸汽提供能量来旋转涡轮发电。这些地热水和蒸汽重新注入地壳岩石，维持水库的水量和压力。慢慢地它们会被重新加热，再次被利用。
4．水库水温低于300华氏度不够热，无法“在一瞬间”产生蒸汽，但仍可以以两相流的形式被用于发电。由此产生的蒸汽用于驱动涡轮。像注水发电站一样，地热水会循环回到水库。
第4部分：阅读理解（第31～45题，每题3分，共45分）
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定l个最佳选项。
第一篇Sports Star Yao Ming
If Yao Ming isnot the biggest sports star in the world, he is almost certainly the tallest. At2.26m, he is the tallest player in the National Basketball Association (NBA) andholds the record as the most towering Olympianever to compete in the Game.
But what reallystands out about the giant center is his celebrity (名气). Few, if any, Chineseathletes are as well-known as Yao Ming around the world. People across theglobe are fascinated with Yao, not only for his basketball prowess (杰出的才能) but also for being asymbol of international commerce.
When Yao joinedthe Houston Rockets as the No. 1 pick in the 2002 NBA draft he was the firstinternational player ever to be selected first. His assets on the court areclear enough—no NBAplayer of his size has ever possessed his mobility, so he is a handful (难对付的人) for opponents on eitherend of the court. But what makes Yao invaluable to the Rockets organization ishis role as a global citizen and as a bridge to millions of potentialbasketball fans in China.
When it wasannounced in February that Yao would miss the rest of the NBA season and possiblythe Olympics with a stress fracture (骨折) in his left foot, a collective shudder spread across China. Afterconsiderable debate and discussion, Yao opted to get his foot surgicallytreated in an operation that placed several tiny screws across the bone, tooffer his overburdened foot more support. The surgery was a success, and thoughthe estimated four-month recovery period will leave him little time to preparewith Team China,Yao has vowed to be ready for the Beijing Olympics.
Yao wrapped up a10-day trip to China, where he underwent a series of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) treatments, hoping to accelerate his recovery process. Western expertsare generally skeptical of TCM’s benefits, although new research from theUniversity of Rochester suggests that a certain compound derived from shellfishmay indeed stimulate bone repair.
“There is noreason to dismiss TCM,” Yao told a press conference in Beijing. “It’s been usedin our country for thousands of years. I don’t think that it’s short onscience.”
31. The word “towering” in Paragraph 1means _____.
A. large
B. fat
C. tall
D. great
32. Opponents find it very difficult tocontrol Yao Ming because of his _____.
A. assault
B. mobility
C. defense
D. celebrity
33. Yao Ming had to undergo a series of TCMtreatments because _____.
A. he wanted tomake a more rapid recovery
B. his rightfoot had been hurting
C. the surgicaloperation had been a failure
D. he couldn'tafford all the medical expenses
34. Which statement about Yao Ming is NOTtrue?
A. He is an NBAplayer.
B. He fracturedhis left foot.
C. He missedthe Athens Olympics.
D. He is aninternational figure.
35. In general, the Western experts’attitude towards TCM is _____.
A. indifferent
B. positive
C. doubtful
D. negative
【答案与解析】
| 31. The word “towering” in Paragraph 1 means _____. | 31. 第一段中“towering”一词的意思是____。 | | A. large B. fat C. tall D. great | A. 大的 B. 胖的 C. 高的 D. 伟大的 |
31.C 点睛文章第一段第一句提到了姚明是最高的。因此第二句中“towering”应该继续指姚明在身高方面的记录，因此本题选C项。towering耸立的；高大的。
| 32. Opponents find it very difficult to control Yao Ming because of his _____. | 32. 对手发现很难控制姚明，因为他的____。 | | A. assault B. mobility C. defense D. celebrity | A. 攻击 B. 移动性 C. 防御 D. 名气 |
32.B 定位根据关键词opponents和difficult to control定位到第三段第二句。
点睛根据第三段第二句中的“no NBA player of his size has everpossessed his mobility”，可知，由于姚明身材高大且移动迅速，他很难对付。因此本题选B项。
避错文章第二段提到了姚明的名气，但是这并不是他很难对付的原因，因此D项不符合题意。A项和C项文中没有提及，因此排除。
| 33. Yao Ming had to undergo a series of TCM treatments because _____. | 33. 姚明必须经受一系列的中医药治疗，因为____。 | | A. he wanted to make a more rapid recovery B. his right foot had been hurting C. the surgical operation had been a failure D. he couldn't afford all the medical expenses | A. 他想更快地恢复 B. 他的右脚已经受伤 C. 手术失败 D. 他不能支付医药费 |
33.A 定位根据关键词a series of TCM treatment定位到最后两段。
点睛根据倒数第二段第一句中的“hoping to accelerate his recoveryprocess”可知，姚明之所以接受中医药治疗是为了快速恢复，因此本题选A项。
避错文章第四段只提到了他的左脚受伤，并且提到了手术成功了，因此B项和C项明显错误。D项文中没有提及，因此排除。
| 34. Which statement about Yao Ming is NOT true? | 34. 关于姚明，哪项表述不正确？ | | A. He is an NBA player. B. He fractured his left foot. C. He missed the Athens Olympics. D. He is an international figure. | A. 他是一名NBA球员。 B. 他的左脚骨折。 C. 他错过了雅典奥运会。 D. 他是一名国际人物。 |
34.C 点睛文章第一段第二句就介绍了姚明是NBA中最高的一名球员，因此A项表述正确。根据文章第二段可知，姚明名气大，是国际商务的一个象征，因此D项与原文表述相符。文章第四段第一句提到了姚明左脚骨折，因此B项表述正确。第四段只提到姚明有可能错过奥运会，并且根据第四段最后一句可知，这里指的是北京奥运会，因此C项表述明显错误。因此本题选C项。
| 35. In general, the Western experts’ attitude towards TCM is _____. | 35. 总体上而言，西方专家对中医药的态度是____。 | | A. indifferent B. positive C. doubtful D. negative | A. 冷漠的 B. 积极的 C. 怀疑的 D. 消极的 |
35.C 定位根据关键词western experts’ attitude和TCM定位到最后两段。
点睛根据倒数第二段最后一句可知，“Western experts are generallyskeptical of TCM’s benefits”，skeptical意思为“怀疑的”，因此本题选C项。
【全文翻译】
体育明星姚明
如果姚明不是世界上最大的体育明星，那他几乎肯定是最高的。身高2.26米，他是美国国家篮球协会（NBA）最高的球员，并且是参加奥林匹克比赛的选手中最高身高的记录保持者。
但是这位巨人真正突出的是他的名气。很少有中国运动员，如果有的话，和姚明一样在全世界有名。全球的人们都对姚明着迷，不仅是因为他的篮球技术杰出，也因为他是国际商务的一个象征。
当姚明在2002年NBA选秀中作为状元加入休斯敦火箭队时，他是第一个被选为状元的国际球员。他在场上的价值显而易见——没有NBA球员像他一样身材高大却移动迅速，所以整个篮球场上攻防两端他都是一个难以对付的对手。但是姚明对火箭队不可估量的作用在于他作为全球公民的角色，以及他成为一座桥梁，连接着数百万的潜在中国篮球迷和一座连接着数百万潜在的中国篮球迷的桥梁的角色。
在2月份，当宣布姚明由于左脚压力骨折而将错过NBA剩下的赛季，而且还有可能错过奥林匹克时，整个中国无不震惊。在大量的辩论和讨论后，姚明选择在脚上动一个手术，放置几个小螺丝穿过骨头，从而给他不堪重负的脚更多的支撑。手术是成功的，虽然预计的四个月的恢复期给他留下不多的时间来与中国队磨合，姚明已经誓言要为北京奥运会做好准备。
姚明结束了一个为期10天的中国之行，在那里他接受了一系列的中医药治疗，希望能加速他的康复过程。西方专家普遍对中药的益处表示怀疑，尽管罗切斯特大学的新研究表明，某些来自贝壳类的化合物确实能刺激骨修复。
“没有理由不用中医药，”姚明在北京的一个新闻发布会上说。“在我们国家中医药已经有几千年的历史了。我认为它并不缺乏科学。”
第二篇Deforestation and Desertification (沙漠化)
The Sahel zonelies between the Sahara desert and the fertile savannahs (热带大草原) of northern Nigeria andSouth Sudan. The word sahel comes from Arabic and means marginal ortransitional, and this is a good description of these semi-arid (半干旱) lands, which occupy much ofthe Western African countries of Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Chad.
Unfortunately,over the last century the Sahara desert has steadily crept southwards eatinginto once productive Sahel lands. United Nations surveys show that over 70percent of the dry land in agriculture use in Africa has deteriorated over the last 30 years. Droughts havebecome more severe, the most recent lasting over twenty years in parts of theSahel region. The same process of desertification is taking place acrosssouthern Africa as the Kalahari desert advances into Botswana and parts ofSouth Africa.
One of the majorcauses of this desert advance is poor agricultural land use, driven by thepressures of increasing population. Overgrazing—keeping too many farm animals on the land—means that grasses and other plantscannot recover, and scarce water supplies are exhausted. Over cultivation—trying to grow too many cropson poor land—resultsin the soil becoming even less fertile and drier, and beginning to break up.Soil erosion (侵蚀)follows, and the land turns into desert.
Another cause ofdesertification is loss of tree cover. Trees are cut down for use as fuel andto clear land for agricultural use. Tree roots help to bind the soil together,to conserve moisture, and to provide a habitat for other plants and animals.When trees are cut down, the soil begins to dry and loosen, wind and rainerosion increase, other plant species die, and eventually the fertile top soilmay be almost entirely lost, leaving only bare rock and dust.
The effects ofloss of topsoil and increased drought are irreversible. They are, however,preventable. Careful conservation of tree cover and sustainable agriculturalland use have been shown to halt deterioration of soils and lessen the effectsof shortage of rainfall. One project in Kita in south-west Mali funded by UNDPhas involved local communities in sustainable management of forest, while atthe same time providing a viable (有活力的) agricultural economy. This may be a model for similar projects inother West African countries.
36.The Sahel zone is an area which ___.
A. is coveredwith sand and grass
B. has a longhistory
C. occupiesmuch of South Nigeria
D. belongs toSudan
37. What is the situation about thedesertification in Africa?
A. The desertsare replaced with grasslands.
B. The desertsare expanding.
C. The desertsare moving northwards.
D. The desertsare being deserted.
38. The word “deteriorated” in paragraph 2means _____.
A. deepened
B. suffered
C. slipped
D. worsened
39. What is the root cause ofdesertification?
A. Poorfarming.
B.Overpopulation.
C. Radicalclimate change.
D.Disappearance of rare plant species.
40. In order to prevent desertification,the author proposes ___.
A. making gooduse of international aids
B. developing asustainable agricultural economy
C. gaininginternational support
D. convertingagricultural land into forest
【答案与解析】
| 36. The Sahel zone is an area which ___. | 36. 萨赫勒地区____。 | | A. is covered with sand and grass B. has a long history C. occupies much of South Nigeria D. belongs to Sudan | A. 覆盖有沙子和草地 B. 历史悠久 C. 占据了尼日利亚南部大部分地区 D. 属于苏丹 |
36.A 点睛根据第一段可知，萨赫勒地区位于撒哈拉沙漠和肥沃的热带大草原之间，为半干旱的土地，由此可知，该地区既有沙漠也有草原，属于沙漠和草原过度的地带。
避错根据第一段第一句可知，萨赫勒地区位于尼日利亚及苏丹之间，C项和D项错误。B项文中没有提及，因此排除。
| 37. What is the situation about the desertification in Africa? | 37. 非洲的沙漠化情况怎么样？ | | A. The deserts are replaced with grasslands. B. The deserts are expanding. C. the deserts are moving northwards. D. the deserts are being deserted. | A. 沙漠被草地替代。 B. 沙漠在扩张。 C. 沙漠在向北蔓延。 D. 沙漠被抛弃。 |
37.B 点睛文章第二段的第一句就提到了撒哈拉沙漠在向南扩张（the Sahara desert has steadily crept southwards eating into…），由此可知，B项正确。
避错文章提到撒哈拉沙漠在向南扩张，因此A、C项错误。D项没有提及，因此排除。
| 38. The word “deteriorated” in paragraph 2 means _____. | 38. 第二段“deteriorated”一词的意思是___。 | | A. deepened B. suffered C. slipped D. worsened | A. 加深 B. 受苦 C. 滑倒 D. 恶化 |
38.D 点睛第二段第一句首先提到了撒哈拉沙漠在向南扩张，由此可知，第二句中应该是指农业用地恶化，因此本题选择D项。
| 39. What is the root cause of desertification? | 39. 沙漠化的根本原因是什么？ | | A. Poor farming. B. Overpopulation. C. Radical climate change. D. Disappearance of rare plant species. | A. 耕种不当。 B. 人口过多。 C. 极端的气候变化。 D. 稀有植物种类的消失。 |
39.A 点睛第三段第一句指出“One of the major causes of this desert advance is poor agriculturalland use”，由此可知，A项正确。
避错文章第三段第一句提到了“poor agricultural land use, driven bythe pressures of increasing population”，由此可知，人口过多是沙漠化的间接原因，因此B项不符合题意。C项和D项文中没有提及，因此排除。
| 40. In order to prevent desertification, the author proposes ___. | 40. 为了预防沙漠化，作者建议____。 | | A. making good use of international aids B. developing a sustainable agricultural economy C. gaining international support D. converting agricultural land into forest | A. 合理利用国际援助 B. 发展可持续的农业经济 C. 获得国际支持 D. 退耕还林 |
40.B 定位根据关键词prvent desertification定位到最后一段。
点睛根据最后一段第三句可知，小心保护树木、可持续地使用农业用地已被证明能阻止土壤恶化、减缓降雨缺少的影响。因此本题选B项。
避错文章最后一段提到了联合国开发计划署的资助项目，但是这并不是作者提倡的阻止沙漠化的方法，而是给出一个具体的例证，因此A项和C项不符合题意。D项文中没有提及，因此排除。
【全文翻译】
森林砍伐和沙漠化
萨赫勒地区位于撒哈拉沙漠和北尼日利亚及南苏丹肥沃的热带大草原之间。“萨赫勒”一词来自阿拉伯语，意思是边际的或过渡的，很好地描述了这些半干旱的土地，其占据了西非国家马里、毛里塔尼亚、尼日尔和乍得的大部分土地。
不幸的是，在上个世纪撒哈拉沙漠却稳步向南蚕食曾经多产的萨赫勒地区。联合国的调查显示，过去30年中，非洲超过70%的用于农业生产的干燥的土地已经恶化。干旱越来越严重，在萨赫勒地区有些地方，最近的一次干旱持续了二十多年。在南部非洲，随着喀拉哈里沙漠推进到博茨瓦纳和南非部分地区，同样的沙漠化过程也在进行着。
沙漠扩张的主要原因之一是在人口增长的压力下农业用地不当。过度放牧——土地上喂养过多的农场动物——使得草地和其它植物不能恢复、稀缺的水源枯竭。过度种植——在贫瘠的土地上种植过多的作物——使得土壤越来越贫瘠、干燥，并开始干裂。接着土壤被侵蚀，土地变成沙漠。
沙漠化的另一个原因是树木覆盖的损失。树木被砍伐用作燃料，砍伐后的土地用于农业生产。树根有助于土壤的结合，从而留住水分，并为其他动植物提供栖息地。当树木被砍伐，土壤开始变干、松散，雨水的侵蚀增加，其他植物种类死亡，最终肥沃的表层土壤可能会完全失去，只留下裸露的岩石和尘土。
表层土壤丧失、干旱增加，其影响是不可逆的。然而，他们是可以预防的。小心保护树木、可持续地使用农业用地已被证明能阻止土壤恶化、减缓降雨缺少的影响。在马里西南部由联合国开发计划署在基塔资助的一个项目，把当地社区纳入森林可持续管理，同时提供了一个有活力的农业经济。这可能是其他西非国家开展类似项目的模型。
第三篇Older Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanoes weremore destructive in ancient history, not because they were bigger, but becausethe carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) they released wiped out life with greater ease.
Paul Wignallfrom the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcaniceruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off largenumbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over the past 300 million yearscoincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older themassive volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do. Hecalculated the “killing efficiency” for these volcanoes by comparing theproportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava (熔岩) that they produced. He foundthat size for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective atwiping out life as their more recent rivals.
The Permian (二叠纪) extinction, for example,which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock inSiberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoesare thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatonnes (十亿吨) of carbon as carbondioxide. The global warming that followed wiped out 80 percent of all marinegenera (种类) at thetime, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover. Yet 60 millionyears ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and globalwarming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returnedto normal within tens of thousands of years. “The most recent ones hardly havean effect at all,” Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out thedinosaurs (恐龙) 65million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused bythe impact of an asteroid (小行星). He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power becausemore recent lifeforms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels ofCO2.
VincentCourtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France, says thatWignall’s idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do thesesorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcaniceruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whetherthe huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years. He also adds that itis difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and thatlava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.
41. Older volcanic eruptions did moredamage than more recent ones because _____.
A. oldervolcanoes were brighter
B. carbondioxide made the earth much warmer
C. oldervolcanoes were hotter
D. carbondioxide killed off life more easily
42. Wignall calculated the killing power ofthose older volcanic eruptions by _____.
A. estimatinghow long they lasted
B. counting thedinosaurs they killed
C. comparingthe proportion of life killed with the volume of lava produced
D. studying thechemical composition of lava
43.When did dinosaurs become extinct?
A. 300 millionyears ago.
B. 250 millionyears ago.
C. 65 millionyears ago.
D. 60 millionyears ago.
44. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3that the cause of dinosaur extinction is _____.
A. a politicalissue
B. self-evident
C. quite certain
D.controversial
45.What is the main thesis of the article?
A. Volcaniceruptions are not always deadly.
B. Carbondioxide emissions often give rise to global warming.
C. Oldervolcanic eruptions are more destructive.
D. It is noteasy to calculate the killing power of a volcanic eruption.
【答案与解析】
| 41. Older volcanic eruptions did more damage than more recent ones because _____. | 41. 远古的火山喷发比近期造成的破坏更大，因为____。 | | A. older volcanoes were brighter B. carbon dioxide made the earth much warmer C. older volcanoes were hotter D. carbon dioxide killed off life more easily | A. 远古的火山更加亮 B. 二氧化碳让地球更热 C. 远古的火山更加热 D. 二氧化碳更容易造成生物死亡 |
41.D 点睛根据第一段“Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, …because thecarbon dioxide (二氧化碳) they released wiped out life with greater ease.”可知，远古火山更具毁灭性是由于其放出的二氧化碳更容易毁灭生命。因此本题选D项。
| 42. Wignall calculated the killing power of those older volcanic eruptions by _____. | 42. Wignall通过____计算哪些远古火山喷发的杀伤力。 | | A. estimating how long they lasted B. counting the dinosaurs they killed C. comparing the proportion of life killed with the volume of lava produced D. studying the chemical composition of lava | A. 估计它们持续的时长 B. 计算它们杀死的恐龙数量 C. 把产生的火山岩体积与杀死的生物比例进行比较 D. 研究火山岩的化学成分 |
42.C 定位根据关键词Wignall和calculate the killing power定位到第二段最后两句。
点睛第二段倒数第二句提到，他通过比较火山产生的熔岩的体积与杀死生命的比例计算这些火山的杀伤效力。根据上下文可知，这里的他指的就是Wignall。因此本题选C项。
避错A项为第五段中Vincent Courtillot提到的观点，不符合题意，排除。第三段倒数第二句提到了恐龙灭绝，B项是对原文的曲解，排除。D项文中没有提及，排除。
| 43. When did dinosaurs become extinct? | 43. 恐龙是什么时候灭绝的？ | | A. 300 million years ago. B. 250 million years ago. C. 65 million years ago. D. 60 million years ago. | A. 3亿年前。 B. 2.5亿年前。 C. 6500万年前。 D. 6000万年前。 |
43.C 定位根据dinosaurs定位到第三段倒数第二句。
点睛第三段倒数第二句提到“the extinction which wiped out thedinosaurs (恐龙) 65million years ago”，由此可知，C项正确。
| 44. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that the cause of dinosaur extinction is _____. | 44. 从第三段可推测恐龙灭绝的原因是____。 | | A. a political issue B. self-evident C. quite certain D. controversial | A. 一个政治问题 B. 不言而喻的 C. 相当确定的 D. 具有争议的 |
44.D 定位根据题干定位到第三段倒数第二句。
点睛第三段倒数第二句提到“many scientists believe it was primarilycaused by the impact of an asteroid (小行星)”，这里的it指的就是前面提到的恐龙灭绝。由于只是“manyscientists”认为的原因，可知，还有一部分科学家持有其他观点，也就是说恐龙灭绝的原因存在争议，因此本题选D项。
| 45. What is the main thesis of the article? | 45. 本文的主题是什么？ | | A. Volcanic eruptions are not always deadly. B. Carbon dioxide emissions often give rise to global warming. C. Older volcanic eruptions are more destructive. D. It is not easy to calculate the killing power of a volcanic eruption. | A. 火山喷发不总是致命的。 B. 二氧化碳释放常常导致全球变暖。 C. 远古的火山喷发更具毁灭性。 D. 难以计算火山喷发的杀伤力。 |
45.C 点睛根据文章标题及第一段主题句可知，本文主要是介绍远古火山喷发更具有毁灭性这一观点。其中第二、三段通过Paul Wignall的研究和发现对这一观点进行了具体的介绍，第四段是针对这一观点其他科学家提出的质疑。综合全文内容可知，C项符合全文主题，其他选项只是文中提到的细节，因此本题选C项。
【全文翻译】
远古火山喷发
古代的火山更具破坏力，不是因为它们更大，而是因为它们释放出的二氧化碳更容易毁灭生命。
来自里兹大学的Paul Wignall正在调查火山爆发和大规模物种灭绝之间的联系。不是所有的火山爆发都会造成大量动物死亡。但在过去的三亿年间，巨大的火山岩石的形成都伴随着大规模种族灭绝。让他惊奇的是，越是远古的火山爆发似乎造成的破坏越大。他通过比较火山产生的熔岩的体积与杀死生命的比例计算这些火山的杀伤效力。他发现，体积相同的情况下，老火山的爆发杀伤力至少是近期火山的十倍。
例如，发生在两亿五千年前的二叠纪物种灭绝就与西伯利亚的火山爆发发生在同一时期。当时的火山岩大约覆盖了西欧那么大的面积。当时火山释放出了大约100亿吨二氧化碳形态的碳，随之而来的全球变暖杀死了80％的海洋生物。500万年以后，地球才恢复到原来的状态。然而，6000万年前，火山大规模爆发，以及而后的全球变暖并没有造成大规模种族灭绝。一些动物确实消失了，但几万年以后，地球又恢复到以前的水平。“最近的一次火山爆发基本上没带来什么影响。”Wignall称。他并没有将6500万年前的恐龙灭绝计算在内，因为大部分的科学家认为那是由小行星撞击地球所引起的。他认为，远古火山之所以杀伤力更大是因为更多近期的生物能够更好地适应二氧化碳含量上升。
法国巴黎地理研究所的所长Vincent Courtillot称Wignall的观点很具争议性，但是他也说到要做出这样的计算非常难。他指出火山爆发的杀伤力是由其持续时长所决定的。并且很难知道大规模爆发是否会持续上千年或上百万年。他补充道，很难计算远古火山喷发多少火山岩，并且火山岩的体积也不一定和二氧化碳释放量相一致。
第5部分：补全短文（第46~50题，每题2分，共10分）
下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。
Researchers Discover Why Human Began WalkingUpright
Most of us walkand carry items in our hands every day. These are seemingly simple activitiesthat the majority of us don’t question. (46) Theteam of researchers from the U.S., England, Japan and Portugal investigated thebehavior of modern-day chimpanzees as they competed for food resources, in aneffort to understand what ecological settings would lead a large ape—one that resembles the 6million-year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees—to walk on two legs.
“Thesechimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions under which ourearliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs,” said Dr. Richmond.
The researchfindings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of fourin situations where they need to monopolize a resource. (47)Over time, intense bursts of bipedal activity may have led toanatomical changes that in turn became the subject of natural selection wherecompetition for food or other resources was strong.
Two studies wereconducted by the team in Guinea. The first study was conducted by the team inKyoto University’s “outdoor laboratory” in a natural clearing in Bossou Forest. (48) The chimpanzees’ behavior was monitored inthree situations: (a) when only oil palm nuts were available, (b) when a smallnumber of coula nuts were available, and (c) when coula nuts were the majorityavailable resource.
When the rarecoula nuts were available only in small numbers, the chimpanzees transportedmore at one time. Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, thechimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether. (49)
In suchhigh-competition settings, the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzeesstarted moving on two legs increased by a factor of four. Not only was itobvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this preciousresource, but also that they were actively trying to move as much as they couldin one go by using everything available—even their mouths.
The secondstudy, by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University, was a 14-month studyof Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, a situation in which they have to competefor rare and unpredictable Resources. (50)
A. Standing on two legs allows them to carry much more at one timebecause it frees up their hands.
B. But an international team of researchers, including Dr. Richmondfrom GW's Columbian College of Arts and Sciences，have discovered that human walking upright, mayhave originated millions of years ago as an adaptation to carrying scarce,high-quality resources.
C. Here, 35 percent of the chimpanzees activity involved some sortof bipedal movement, and once again, this behavior appeared to be linked to aclear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time.
D. Chimpanzees are in the same process ofevolution as our ancestors were and they are similar to humans in manybehaviors.
E. Researchers allowed the wild chimpanzees access to differentcombinations of two different types of nut—the oil palm nut, which is naturally widely available, and the coulanut, which is not.
F. The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prizedresource and competed for them more intensely.
【答案与解析】
46.B 空格前面提到人类直立行走的现象和理所当然的态度。空格后面提到有研究团队试图了解导致直立行走的生态环境，二者之间存在转折。由此可知，空格部分应该填入一个表示转折的句子连接上下文。B项中使用了连接词but，同时提到了人类直立行走的原因，与空格后面的内容相呼应，B项填在此处符合语境，因此选B项。
47.A 空格前面提到黑猩猩为了独占资源而直立行走。空格后面分析了直立行走行为随着时间推移而引起的解剖学上的变化，A项“由于直立行走可以解放它们的双手，这使得它们能搬更多的东西。”解释了为什么黑猩猩在这种情况下直立行走的原因，符合上下文逻辑关系，且符合语境，因此本题选A项。
48.E 空格前面提到了京都大学的一项研究，后面应该是对这项研究的介绍。E项中不仅介绍了研究人员的具体研究方法，而且其中的关键词“the oil palm nut”和“the coula nut”与空格后面的内容相呼应，因此本题选E项。
49.F 该段继续介绍京都大学关于黑猩猩搬运坚果的实验结果，空格前面提到黑猩猩更加青睐“the coula nut”，F项“黑猩猩认为可乐果才是珍贵的资源，并为得到可乐果激烈竞争。”是对这一实验结果的解释说明，符合语境，因此选F项。
50.C 该段空格前面接着提到了第二项研究，即关于黑猩猩抢劫粮食的实验，C项介绍了具体的实验结果，并且给出了分析，而“again”一词与前面一段提到的第一项研究成果相呼应，符合语境，因此选C项。
【全文翻译】
研究人员发现人类开始直立行走的原因
我们大多数人每天都走路而且手里搬着东西。这样的活动似乎很简单，大多数人没有疑问。但是一个国际研究者团队，其中包括乔治·华盛顿大学哥伦比亚艺术与科学学院的Richmond博士，已经发现了人类直立行走可能源于数百万年以前适应搬运稀有的、高质量的资源。这些来自美国、英国、日本和葡萄牙的研究者研究了当代黑猩猩争抢食物时的行为特征，试图解释是什么样的生态环境导致大猿直立行走。我们和现存的黑猩猩600万年前的共同的祖先与大猿类似。
“这些黑猩猩居住的生态环境和我们最早的祖先开始直立行走时是相同的，”Richmond博士说。
研究结果显示，当黑猩猩需要独占一种资源时，它们就从四肢行走转换为直立行走。由于直立行走可以解放它们的双手，这使得它们能搬更多的东西。久而久之，双足活动的强烈爆发可能导致了解剖学上的变化，因此，这种变化也就成为自然选择的主题，在那种情况下，对食物或其他资源的争夺是十分激烈的。
有两项研究是在几内亚的团队完成的。第一项研究是在京都大学博苏森林的一块天然空地——“室外实验室”进行的。研究者们允许森林里的黑猩猩能得到两种不同的坚果，一种叫油棕榈坚果，自然界随处可见，一种叫可乐果，自然环境中不常见。人们监控黑猩猩在下列三种情形下的行为：(a)只有油棕榈坚果；(b)只有少量的可乐果，大多数是油棕榈坚果；(c)大多数是可乐果，少数是油棕榈坚果。
当稀有的可乐果数量很少时，黑猩猩一次就会拿得多。同样，当大部分是可乐果时，黑猩猩对油棕榈坚果根本视而不见。黑猩猩认为可乐果才是珍贵的资源，并为得到可乐果激烈竞争。处于这种激烈竞争的环境中，黑猩猩直立行走的频率增加了4倍。很显然，双足行走可以使它们拿走更多的稀有资源，而且，为了尽可能地一口气多拿，它们积极利用可用到的任何方法，甚至嘴巴。
第二项研究是在牛津布鲁克斯大学的Kimberley Hockings进行的。该研究历时14个月，主题是博苏的黑猩猩抢劫粮食，场景是它们不得不为稀有和不可预知的资源竞争。在这项研究中，黑猩猩35％的活动是直立行走。而这一次研究再一次证实了黑猩猩的直立行走与它们试图一次搬走尽可能多的东西有关。
第6部分：完形填空（第51~65题，每题1分，共15分）
下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定一个最佳选项。
Cell Phone Lets Your Secrets Out
Your cell phoneholds secrets about you. Besides the names and numbers that you’ve programmedinto it, (51) of your DNA linger (遗留) on the device according to anew study.
DNA is genetic (遗传的) material (52)appears in every cell. Like your fingerprint, your DNA is (53)to you——unlessyou have an identical twin. Scientists today analyze DNA in blood, saliva (唾液), or hair left (54)at the scene of a crime. The results often help detectives identify (55)and their victims. Your cellphone can reveal more about you (56)you might think.
Meghan J.McFadden, a scientist at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, heard abouta crime in which the suspect bled onto a cell phone and later dropped the (57). This made her wonder whether traces of DNA lingered on cell phones—even when no blood was (58). She and colleague Margaret Wallace of the City University of New Yorkanalyzed the flip-open phones (翻盖手机) of 10 volunteers. They used swabs (药签) to collect (59) tracesof the users from two parts of the phone: the outside, where the user (60)it, and the speaker which is placed at the user’s ear.
The scientistscleaned the phones using a solution made mostly (61) alcohol.The aim of washing was to remove all detectable traces of DNA. The owners gottheir phones back for another week. Then the researchers (62)the phones and cleaned each phone once more.
The scientistsdiscovered DNA that (63) to the phone's speakeron each of the phones. Better samples were collected from the outside of eachphone, but those swabs also picked up DNA that belonged to other people who hadapparently also (64) the phone.
Surprisingly,DNA showed up even in swabs that were taken immediately after the phones werescrubbed. That suggests that washing won't remove all traces of (65)from a criminal’s device. So cell phones can now be added to the listof clues that can clinch (确定) a crime-scene investigation.
51. A. name B.pictures C. shapes D.traces
52. A. that B.while C.as D.what
53. A. common B.good C.helpful D.unique
54. A. behind B.away C.aside D.over
55. A. visitors B.travelers C. scientists D.criminals
56. A. until B.before C.unless D.than
57. A. paper B.document C. device D.file
58. A. checked B.involved C. tested D.gathered
59. A. invisible B.emotional C. poisonous D.magical
60. A. holds B.watches C. drops D.covers
61. A. with B.by C.for D.of
62. A. collected B.answered C. returned D.used
63. A. moved B.changed C.belonged D. turned
64. A. bought B.repaired C. seen D.handed
65. A. smell B.evidence C. sound D.color
【答案与解析】
51.D 词义辨析题。句意：你的DNA的痕迹还遗留在手机上。下文中反复提到traces of DNA一次，因此可知，此处填入D项。trace痕迹，踪迹。
52.A 语法结构题。分析句中结构可知，空格处需要填入关系词引导定语从句修饰material。因此此处填入that，选A项。
53.D 词义辨析题。句意：像指纹一样，你的DNA是独一无二的。unique独一无二的，独特的，符合题意。因此选D项。common普通的。helpful有益的。
54.A 固定搭配题。句意：今天科学家可以通过犯罪现场遗留下来的血液、唾液、毛发分析出DNA。leavebehind遗留，留下。因此本题选A项。
55.D 语意理解题。句意：分析结果经常能帮助侦探识别罪犯和受害者。犯罪现场通常是为了识别criminal(罪犯)和victim（受害者），因此本题选D项。
56.D 语法结构题。通过句子中的more可知，此处应该使用more…than…的比较句型，因此本题选D项。
57.C 词义辨析题。句意：嫌疑人的血流到了手机上，之后手机被丢弃。空格处应该填入表示手机的名词，因此使用device，意思为“装置，设备”。document公文；文档。file文件夹。
58.B 语意理解题。上文中提到血流到了手机上，这里指即使手机上没有血，是否也会留下DNA痕迹。involve包含；使参与，牵涉。符合题意，因此选B项。check检查。test检测。gather收集。
59.A 词义辨析题。句意：他们使用药签采集到了肉眼看不到的手机使用者的DNA痕迹。invisible看不见的；不易为视线所见的。emotional表现强烈情感的；令人动情的。poisonous有毒的；有害的。magical神奇的；魔力的，不可思议的。A项符合句意，因此选A项。
60.A 语意辨析题。分析句子结构，空格处所在句子部分为定语从句修饰the outside，从句中的it指代的是手机，因此空格处在从句中作谓语，应该填入A项holds，指的是“使用者握手机的外壳”。因此本题选A项。
61.D 固定搭配题。句意：科学家们使用一种主要由酒精构成的溶液来擦洗手机。be made of由……构成，由……制成。因此本题选D项。
62.A 语意理解题。句意：接着，研究者收回手机，并再次擦洗每部手机遗留的DNA痕迹。上文讲到手机机主已经拿回了手机，因此这里应该指研究人员再次从手机机主那儿收回手机，因此本题选A项。
63.C 语意理解题。句意：科学家们在每部手机的喇叭部分都发现了DNA。这里指发现的DNA属于手机的喇叭，因此选C项。
64.D 语意理解题。句意：但取样的药签还收集到了其他曾摆弄过该手机的人的DNA。根据上下文可知，只有拿过手机的人才有可能把自己的DNA遗留在手机上，因此本题选D项。
65.B 语意理解题。句意：这意味着擦洗不会完全去掉罪犯手机上的证据痕迹。手机上取样的DNA痕迹可以作为指认罪犯的证据，因此本题选B项。evidence证据；迹象。
【全文翻译】
手机泄露了你的秘密
你的手机承载着关于你的秘密。根据一项新的研究，手机除了保存有你输入的名字和号码外，还遗留有你的DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)的痕迹。
DNA是遗传物质，出现在每个细胞里。像指纹一样，你的DNA是独一无二的——除非你有一个同卵双胞胎的姐妹或者兄弟。今天科学家可以通过犯罪现场遗留下来的血液、唾液、毛发分析出DNA。分析结果经常能帮助侦探识别罪犯和受害者。而你的手机可以透露的关于你的信息可能比你想的要多得多。
安大略省汉密尔顿麦克马斯特大学的一位科学家Meghan J. McFadden听说在一起犯罪中，嫌疑人的血流到了手机上，之后手机被丢弃。这让她想到，即使手机上没有血，手机上是否也会遗留有犯罪嫌疑人的DNA痕迹。所以，她和纽约城市大学的同事Margaret Wallace分析了10名志愿者的翻盖手机。他们使用药签在手机的两个部份，即使用者握手机的外壳和靠近使用者耳部的喇叭，采集到了肉眼看不到的手机使用者的DNA痕迹。
科学家们使用一种主要由酒精构成的溶液来擦洗手机，其目的是移除所有易被发觉的DNA痕迹。然后，机主拿回手机使用一周。接着，研究者收回手机，并再次擦洗每部手机遗留的DNA痕迹。
科学家们在每部手机的喇叭部分都发现了DNA，并且从手机外壳收集了更加明显的取样，但取样的药签还收集到了其他曾摆弄过该手机的人的DNA。
令人称奇的是，即使手机被擦洗后立即取样，DNA仍然出现在药签上。这意味着擦洗不会完全去掉罪犯手机上的证据痕迹。所以，手机现在可作为线索帮助确定犯罪现场调查。
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