George Yule《语言研究》（第4版）配套题库【课后练习＋章节题库（含名

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目录                                                                                        封面
内容简介
目录
第一部分　课后练习
　第1章　语言的起源
　第2章　动物与人类语言
　第3章　语　音
　第4章　语言模式
　第5章　构词法
　第6章　形态学
　第7章　语　法
　第8章　句法学
　第9章　语义学
　第10章　语用学
　第11章　话语分析
　第12章　语言与大脑
　第13章　第一语言习得
　第14章　第二语言习得
　第15章　姿态与手势语
　第16章　书写文字
　第17章　语言的历史与变迁
　第18章　语言与地域变体
　第19章　语言与社会变体
　第20章　语言与文化
第二部分　章节题库（含名校考研真题）
　第1章　语言的起源
　第2章　动物与人类语言
　第3章　语　音
　第4章　语音模式
　第5章　构词法
　第6章　形态学
　第7章　语　法
　第8章　句法学
　第9章　语义学
　第10章　语用学
　第11章　话语分析
　第12章　语言与大脑
　第13章　第一语言习得
　第14章　第二语言习得
　第15章　姿态与手势语
　第16章　书写文字
　第17章　语言的历史与变迁
　第18章　语言与地域变体
　第19章　语言与社会变体
　第20章　语言与文化
第三部分　模拟试题
　George Yule《语言研究》（第4版）考研模拟试题及详解（一）
　George Yule《语言研究》（第4版）考研模拟试题及详解（二）
                                                                                                                                                                                                    内容简介                                                                                            
　　我国各大院校一般都把国内外通用的权威教科书作为本科生和研究生学习专业课程的参考教材，这些教材甚至被很多考试（特别是硕士和博士入学考试）和培训项目作为指定参考书。为了帮助读者更好地学习专业课，我们有针对性地编著了一套与国内外教材配套的复习资料，并提供配套的名师讲堂、e书和题库。
　　《语言研究》（George Yule主编，外语教学与研究出版社）一直被用作高等院校英语专业语言学教材，被部分院校指定为英语专业考研必读书和学术研究参考书。为了帮助读者更好地学习这本教材，我们精心编著了它的配套辅导用书（均提供免费下载，免费升级）：
　　1．George Yule《语言研究》（第2版）笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解
　　2．George Yule《语言研究》（第4版）课后习题详解
　　3．George Yule《语言研究》【教材精讲+考研真题解析】讲义与视频课程【30小时高清视频】
　　4．George Yule《语言研究》（第2版）配套题库【课后习题+章节题库（含名校考研真题）+模拟试题】
　　5．George Yule《语言研究》（第4版）配套题库【课后习题+章节题库（含名校考研真题）+模拟试题】
　　本书是George Yule《语言研究》（第4版）的配套题库，主要包括以下内容：
　　第一部分是课后习题。以George Yule《语言研究》（第4版）为主，并参考大量英语语言文化相关资料对George Yule《语言研究》（第4版）的课后习题进行了详细的分析和解答。
　　第二部分是章节题库，严格按照George Yule《语言研究》（第4版）的章目编排，共分为20章，精选与各章内容配套的习题并进行详解；我们还从指定George Yule主编的《语言研究》（第4版）为考研参考书目的名校历年考研真题中挑选有代表性的考研真题，并参考兄弟院校的历年考研真题，对所选考研真题进行了详细的解答。所选试题基本涵盖了每章的考点和难点。
　　第三部分是模拟试题及详解，根据名校历年考研真题的命题规律，精选教材中的重要考点，精心编写了两套模拟试题，并进行了详细的解答。
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内容预览
第一部分　课后练习
第1章　语言的起源
Study questions
1. Why is itdifficult to agree with Psammetichus that Phrygian must have been the originalhuman language?
Key: Psammetichus left theinfant to grow up among goats. This action caused the infant to imitate the soundsthe goats were making. Psammetichus interpreted this sound as an actual word whichwas in reality just a “be”.
2. What is the basic ideabehind the “bow-wow” theory of language origin?
Key: The basic idea behindthe “bow-wow” theory is the natural sounds. Primitive words could have been imitationsof natural sounds which men and women heard around them.
3. Whyare interjections such as Ouch considered to be unlikely sources of humanspeech sounds?
Key: Interjections containsounds that are not otherwise used in ordinary speech production. They are usuallyproduced with sudden intakes of breath, which is the opposite of ordinary talk,produced on exhaled breath.
4. Whereis the pharynx and how did it become an important part of human soundproduction?
Key: The pharynx is abovethe vocal cords (or voice box) which acts a resonator for sound produced via larynx.
5. Why do you think that young deafchildren who become fluent in sign language would be cited in support of theinnateness hypothesis?
Key: If all children, includingborn deaf can acquire language at about the same time they must be born with specialcapacity to do so. The conclusion is that it must be innate is to say geneticallydetermined.
6. With which of the four“sources” would you associate this quotation?
Chewing, licking and sucking are extremelywidespread mammalian activities, which, in terms of casual observation, haveobvious similarities with speech.
Key: a) The divine source:Language came from Saravasti wife of Brahma.
b) The natural sound: language came from imitations of heard sounds.
c) The physicaladaptation source: language came from physical aspects distinct from other creatures.
d) The geneticsource: language came from innateness hypothesis. Babies are sign language usersor gestural. Human are born with a special capacity for language.
Tasks
A. Whatis the connection between the Heimlich maneuver and the development of humanspeech?
Key: The connection betweenthe Heimlich maneuver and the development of human speech is that both movementstry to push air out through the lungs. The former is a mechanical procedure to dislodgeany obstruction in the air passage while the later is a voluntary process of vocalizationrequired for speech involving the vocal chords, the oral cavity, the tongue etc.for speech output.
B. What exactly happened at Babel and why is it used in explanations of language origins?
Key: The Bible says that:"... the whole earth was of one language and of one speech..." after theflood. Communication among men was good. Men could freely express their ideas, designs,plans and notions with one another... and invent ways to implement them.
The indication ofscripture is that God has put man on a 6000 year time schedule. One reason is tolet man learn that he is incapable of governing himself apart from the laws of God.Recent history shows how, with the language barrier less of a problem today thanin centuries past, the communication between peoples, nations and cultures is "bringingthe world back to the time when the whole earth was of one speech".
C. What are the arguments for andagainst a teleological explanation of the origins ofhuman language?
Key: We look at evidence that language is an innate ability of the human brain,an idea linked to Noam Chomsky. But many linguists and psychologists see languageas one facet of cognition rather than as a separate ability. Since Chomsky and Gould have made a number of assertions that language(the communication system unique to human beings), could not have evolved throughnatural selection, and natural selection has long been the prevailing theory inevolutionary biology, the challenge presented by Pinker and Bloom was to developa theory of language origin that was compatible with the mainstream theory of evolution,the theory of natural selection.
D. The idea that“ontogenyrecapitulates phylogeny” wasfirst proposed by Ernst Haeckel in 1866 and is still frequently usedin discussions of language origins. Can you find a simpler or less technicalway to express this idea?
Key: Ontogeny is the course of development of an organism from fertilizedegg to adult; phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. Thephrase "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" means that as an embryo of anadvanced organism grows, it will pass through stages that look very much like theadult phase of less-advanced organisms.
E. In hisanalysis of the beginnings of human language, William Foley comes to the conclusionthat “language as we understand it was born about 200,000 yearsago” (1997: 73). This is substantially earlier than the dates (between 100,000 and 50,000 years ago) that other scholars haveproposed. What kinds of evidence and arguments aretypically presented in order tochoose a particular date “when language was born”?
Key: There is no consensuson the ultimate origin or age of the origin of language in the human species. Scholarswishing to study the origins of language must draw inferences from other kinds ofevidence such as the fossil record or from archaeological evidence, from contemporarylanguage diversity, from studies of language acquisition, and from comparisons betweenhuman language and systems of communication existing among other animals, particularlyother primates. It is generally agreed that the origins of language are closelytied to the origins of modern human behavior, but there is little agreement aboutthe implications and directionality of this connection.
F. What is the connection between the innatenesshypotheses, as described in this chapter, and the idea of a Universal Grammar?
Key: Universal grammar isa topic that has been researched in linguistics since the mid-20th century. Thebasic, fundamental structure of all human languages is very similar, in spite ofthe obvious differences in vocabulary and sound. This basic structure is calledUniversal Grammar. The innateness hypothesis is the idea that this Universal Grammaris present in all healthy human minds as a result of biological inheritance (inother words, grammar is innate).

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