【都是NCE4眼熟句子】求分析这几个句子成分和结构

这几天念新4，看着几个句子都觉得读不太通，看附带的翻译也觉得不太对头，请教一下各位强人哈，帮我画一下这几个句子成分结构，谢谢哈。
NCE4  lesson 44 :1 It was necessary to recognize that these institutions which are based on the same premises, let us say the supernatural, must be considered together , our own among the rest.
                             2 There is no social problem it is more incumbent upon us to understand tahn this of the role of custom(it is 里的it指代什么啊？）
                    3 It is only in the study of man himself that the major social sciences have substituted the study of one local variation, that of western civilization.(这里的substitute 后面为什么直接了一个宾语，到底是谁被substituted 了？）
                   4 when one seriously studies  the social orders that have had the opportunity to develop autonomously, the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation.(这一句和后面翻译对不上哈，哪里有提到那个dewey了呢？）



恳请大家给个讨论，恳请达人们给个答案，谢谢

有人来回答一下不？