李传伟考研阅读听课笔记

李传伟考研阅读听课笔记之一


在“考研阅读的最高境界——（一）五层递进学习法”等文章中我说明了应该如何把握阅读文章与试题：1． 把握中心思想层
2． 概括段落大意层
3． 深入剖析文章层
4． 摘录背诵佳句层
5． 换位思考命题层
       现在以历年真题为例说明如何实施上述的五层递进学习法。在每篇文章的后面，“文章结构与内容”对应上述学习法的1与2，“核心词汇”、“难句分析”与“参考译文”对应上述学习法的3，“佳句摘录”对应上述学习法的4，而“试题详解”对应上述学习法的5。关于“五层递进学习法”的具体内容，请阅读本人博客中的同名文章。
Passage 1
The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.
The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources(private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
1. In Line 7, Para. 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means .
［A］ Americans are never satisfied with their incomes
［B］ Americans tend to overstate their incomes
［C］ Americans want to have their incomes increased
［D］ Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes
2. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that .
［A］ producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production
［B］ consumers can express their demands through producers
［C］ producers decide the prices of products
［D］ supply and demand regulate prices
3. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by .
［A］ private property and rights concerned
［B］ manpower and natural resources control
［C］ ownership of productive resources
［D］ free contracts and prices
4. The passage is mainly about .
［A］ how American goods are produced
［B］ how American consumers buy their goods
［C］ how American economic system works
［D］ how American businessmen make their profits
文章结构与内容
文章结构：花开两朵型。作者在文章开始提出两个核心概念：private-enterprise（私人企业）和market-oriented （以市场为导向的），随后分段论述。这种文章的重点是两个概念的定义，以及它们之间的联系和区别。本文介绍了美国经济体系的主要特点：以市场为导向（其中供求关系决定价格），以私人企业为基础（其中私有财产包含生产资料和某些权利）。
核心词汇（标记*下的词汇为课文后的问题与选项中的词汇，其他课文同此）
1. private-enterprise 私人企业
2. market-oriented 以市场为导向的（orient 以…为方向（或目的），重视；为…定位（或方向））
3. strive 争取，奋斗
4. under pressure 面临压力，在压力之下
5. motive目的，动机（同根词motivate驱使---mot运动）
6. coupled with 与…相结合（=combined with。couple 结合，连接）
7. maximize 使…最大化（maximum 最大的；n. 最大值）
8. determine 决定，确定；决心
9. factor 因素，要素（同义词element）
10. resources 资源，财力；应付办法，谋略
11. mechanism 机制，机理；方法
12. respond to对…作出反应（文中的be resonded to是被动形式）
13. in response to 作为对…的反应
14. in short supply 供应不足（in ample supply供应充足）
15. relative to 与…相比；有关，按照…比例（relative 相对的，比较的； n. 亲戚）
16. bid up抬高（价格）（bid 报价，投标；命令；n. 出价，投标）
17. eliminate 淘汰，使出局（名词elimination）
18. commodity 商品（commerce商业）
19. result in 导致（=give rise to）
20. regulate 调节，管制（形容词regulatory）
21. property 财产，资产；性质，特性
22. gain control over 取得对…的控制
23. for sale （用于）出售
24. at a profit 赢利的（at a loss亏损的）
25. embrace 包括；接受，信奉；拥抱（= em（进入）+brace（手臂），本义是“拥抱”，引申为“包括”等意思）
26. ownership 所有（权），所有制
*           *             *
27. overstate 把…讲得过分，夸大（名词overstatement。state说明，陈述）
28. purchase 购买
29. be characterized by 特征是，以…为特征（characterize以…为特征，描绘…的特性，用法与之类似的词有mark，如be marked by的意思也是“以…为特征”）
难句分析
1．The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.
[结构分析] 本句是一个复合句，主干为 The American economic system is organized around a ... economy，其中economy后面的which引导一个定语从句 in which consumers largely determine, 修饰economy；这个定语从句的主语是consumers，谓语是determine，后面的宾语从句what shall be produced是determine的宾语；what shall be produced后面的分词结构by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most作状语，说明消费者决定应该生产什么产品的方式；句末的定语从句that they want most修饰goods and services。注意：本句的意思围绕主干中的表语economy展开，所以阅读时要先抓主干，再理枝叶，层层分析，直到完全理解。
[参考译文] 美国的经济体系是围绕一个以私有企业和市场导向为主体的经济组织的。在这一体系中，消费者主要通过在市场上花钱购买那些他们最想要的产品和服务来决定厂家应该生产什么样的东西。
2．Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
［结构分析］ 本句是一个强调句，主干是It is ... that...，被强调的部分有三个：the demand of individual consumers，the desire of businessmen to maximize profits和the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes，其中coupled with 和and 起连接作用。在that 引导的部分中，determine作谓语，后面的两个从句what shall be produced 和 how resources are used to produce it都是determine的宾语。
[参考译文] 因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求，加上商人追求利润最大化的欲望和消费者个人对收入最大化的欲望，一起决定了厂家应该生产什么和如何利用资源来进行生产。
3．An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.
［结构分析］本句是一个复合句，其中by之前的部分为主干，by之后的部分是一个定语从句，是理解的难点所在，因为中国人一般不习惯阅读带介词的动词词组的被动形式，遇到这类问题时的解决办法是将被动结构（responded to by producers）转换为主动结构（producers respond to consumer needs），就是说在responded to by producers中，作出反应的是producers，反应所针对的对象是consumer demands。
[参考译文] 在以市场为导向的经济中，很重要的一个因素就是用来表达消费者需求并使生产商能对消费者需求作出反应的机制。
4．In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers.
［结构分析］本句的主干是this mechanism is provided by a price system，后面的a process是a price system的同位语，而process后面的which引导的是一个定语从句，说明a price system的具体内容；定语从句的主干是prices rise and fall，后面的介词结构in response to…作状语，修饰rise and fall，而in response to后面带两个宾语：relative demands of consumers和supplies offered by seller-producers。
[参考译文] 在美国经济中，这一机制是由价格体系来提供的。价格体系是一个过程，在这一过程中，价格随着消费者的相对需求和销售-生产商提供的供给而涨落。
5．If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.
［结构分析］本句是一个复合句，开始是if引导的一个条件从句，主语是动名词短语producing more of a commodity，谓语是results in，宾语是reducing its cost；主句的主干是this will tend to increase the supply…，supply 后面的分词结构offered by seller-producers后置作supply的定语，而句末的which引导一个非限定性定语从句，其中which指的是它前面的整个主句的内容。
[参考译文] 另一方面，如果大量生产某种商品使其成本降低，这就会使销售-生产商提供的供给增加，从而使价格下降，并使更多的消费者能够购买该产品。
6．In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
［结构分析］ 本句的主干为the concept embraces not only ... but also...，其中but also certain rights后面的部分including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual修饰certain rights，补充说明其范围。
[参考译文] 在美国经济中，私有财产这一概念不仅包含生产资料的所有权，还包含某些权力，比如产品价格的决定权，以及和其他个人自由签订合同的权利。
试题详解
1．词义题。做好本题的关键是对于问题中maximize一词的理解。maximize their incomes的字面意思是“个人收入最大化”，A选项与C选项的意思与之接近。但是，词义题中包含词汇表面意思的选项是干扰选项，这里的A选项和C选项正是这种情况，所以它们是干扰选项。根据问题返回一段末，问题所涉及的内容处于一个并列结构中：coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize  profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes（加上商人想以最少的投入取得最大的利润…），由此可知问题中的内容“个人收入最大化”的意思应该是“以现有收入买到更多更好的商品”，D选项（美国人想提高他们的收入购买力）说的正是这一意思，为正确答案。
2．句子理解题。第二段的前两句话概括了本段的主题：价格机制（price mechanism）取决于供求关系。D选项“供求关系决定价格”符合此义，为正确答案。
3．事实细节题。三段的第一句话指出：以私有企业为主的经济的重要因素是私有财产(private property)，下面又提到私有财产包含两个方面the ownership of productive resources(生产资料的所有权)和certain rights(某些权力)。A选项说的正是这两面，为正确答案。注意：其他选项都只说到了原文私有企业的一个特点，不够全面。
4．主旨题。本文首句就是本文的主题句，它指出美国经济体系的两个特点，第二段、第三段具体阐述这两个方面，所以本文主要是讨论美国的经济体系是如何运作的，因此C为正确答案。
参考译文
美国的经济体系是围绕一个以私有企业和市场导向为主体的经济组织的。在这一体系中，消费者主要通过在市场上花钱购买那些他们最想要的产品和服务来决定厂家应该生产什么样的东西。私有企业主为了营利，生产这些产品或提供这些服务，并和其他企业竞争，而在这种竞争压力之下的营利动机在很大程度上决定了如何生产这些产品和提供这些服务。因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求，加上商人追求利润最大化的欲望和消费者个人对收入最大化的欲望，一起决定了厂家应该生产什么和如何利用资源来进行生产。
在以市场为导向的经济体制中，很重要的一个因素就是用来表达消费者需求并使生产商能对消费者需求做出反应的机制。在美国经济中，这一机制是由价格体系来提供的。价格体系是一个过程，在这一过程中，价格随着消费者的相对需求和销售—生产商提供的供给而涨落。如果某种产品相对于需求而言供应不足，价格就会被抬升，有些消费者就会被市场淘汰出去；另一方面，如果大量生产某种商品使其成本降低，这就会使销售—生产商提供的供给增加，从而使价格下降，并使更多的消费者能够购买该产品。
在以私有企业为主体的经济体制中，一个重要的因素是：个人被允许拥有生产资料（私有财产），可以雇用劳动力，掌握自然资源，生产产品和提供服务以获取利润。在美国经济中，私有财产这一概念不仅包含生产资料的所有权，还包含某些权力，比如产品价格的决定权，以及和其他个人自由签订合同的权利。
佳句摘录
In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
欢迎来到免费考研网www.freekaoyan.com

MM辛苦了

李传伟考研阅读听课笔记之二


转载自:http://bbs.freekaoyan.com/viewthread.php?tid=163193
在“考研阅读的最高境界——（一）五层递进学习法”等文章中我说明了应该如何把握阅读文章与试题：1． 把握中心思想层
2． 概括段落大意层
3． 深入剖析文章层
4． 摘录背诵佳句层
5． 换位思考命题层
       现在以历年真题为例说明如何实施上述的五层递进学习法。在每篇文章的后面，“文章结构与内容”对应上述学习法的1与2，“核心词汇”、“难句分析”与“参考译文”对应上述学习法的3，“佳句摘录”对应上述学习法的4，而“试题详解”对应上述学习法的5。关于“五层递进学习法”的具体内容，请阅读本人博客中的同名文章。

Passage 2
One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizon—it’s already here.
While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.
Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.

5. According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to.
［A］ withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes
［B］ obtain more convenient services than other people do
［C］ enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper
［D］ cash money wherever he wishes to
6. From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that .
［A］ in the future all the Americans will use credit cards
［B］ credit cards are mainly used in the United States today
［C］ nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash
［D］ it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before
7. The phrase “ring up sales”(Line 2, Para. 2) most probably means “”.
［A］ make an order of goods
［B］ record sales on a cash register
［C］ call the sales manager
［D］ keep track of the goods in stock
8. What is this passage mainly about?
［A］ Approaches to the commercial use of computers.
［B］ Conveniences brought about by computers in business.
［C］ Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.
［D］ Advantages of credit cards in business.

文章结构与内容
文章结构：层层递进型。这种文章各段分别阐述文中核心问题的一个方面，而且各段段首常伴有表示并列或递进的词，文章的中心由综合各段段首得到。本文论述计算机技术在经济领域的广泛应用，三个段落各讨论一个方面。首段貌似谈论信用卡本身的服务，但由二段首句可以看出首段也在谈论计算机带来的便利（conveniences），因为信用卡的使用也是借助于计算机。另外，注意二段与三段段首在结构上的作用。

核心词汇
1. issue 发行，颁布； n. 问题，发行（物），（报刊）期号
2. credit 信用；功劳；学分（同根词incredible难以置信的---cred相信）
3. automatic 自动的，无意识的（同根词automobile汽车---auto自动）
4. available 可以利用的；可得到的
5. withdraw 提取；撤销
6. deposit 存入，付（保证金）；n. 存款，保证金
7. scattered 分散的（动词scatter）
8. cashless 无现金的（反义词cash 现金）
9. on the horizon 即将来临的（horizon 地平线；眼界）
10. convenience 便利，方便；便利设施（形容词convenient）
11. cash register 现金出纳机，现金进出记录机（register 登记，注册）
12. ring up 把…记入现金进出记录机；打电话
13. keep track of 记录，跟上…的进展（track 轨迹，跑道）
14. reorder 再定货（order订购）
15. assignment分配，委派；任务，作业
16. accordingly 相应地，因此
17. identify确定，识别 （名词identity身份）
18. preferred customers 有优先权的顾客
19. promotional 推销的，促进的（动词promote 促进，提升；促销）
20. in stock 有现货的，有库存的（stock 库存，现货；股票）
21. on hand 现有，在手头
22. utility公用事业公司，公用事业设备，公用事业；效用（动词utilize利用）
*             *               *
23. automation 自动化（同根词automatic）

难句分析
1．Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom.
［结构分析］ 第一句中的do much more than的意思是“做的不只是”，说明ring up sales 只是electronic cash registers工作的一部分；第二句中的who sold what, when, and to who是介词including的宾语。
[参考译文] 电子现金出纳机做的不只是简单地记录销售金额。它们可以做众多的记录，包括谁在何时把什么东西卖给了谁。
2．This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving.
［结构分析］介词结构by showing…作方式状语，其中showing后面的which items are being sold 和 how fast they are moving都作showing的宾语。
[参考译文] 这一信息使商家可以通过显示销售商品的种类和销售速度，从而跟踪记录它们的商品清单。
3．At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.
［结构分析］ 第一个句子的主语是these computers，谓语是record，后面有两个以and连接的宾语从句which hours are busiest 和 which employers are the most efficient，作record的宾语；逗号之后的分词结构作全句的状语。注意：preferred作为形容词，意思是“有优先权的”。
[参考译文] 与此同时，这些计算机记录哪些时间段是高峰，哪些员工的工作效率最高，进而对人事和人员作出相应的分配。而且计算机也能识别促销活动所要寻找的那些拥有优先权的顾客。
4．Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
［结构分析］ 本句的主干是Numerous other commercial enterprises…bring better and more efficient services，其中主语和谓语之间有一个很长的补充说明成分：from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors，在开始阅读的时候，可以先跳过去。注意：gas and electric utilities中的utilities的意思是“公用事业公司”。
[参考译文] 众多的其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志出版社，从燃气和电力公用设备公司到牛奶加工厂，都通过计算机的使用给消费者提供更佳、效率更高的服务。

试题详解
5．事实细节题。由一段第二句中的banking services就能判断B为正确答案。有些同学选了C和D。注意：C与原文所说不符，因为原文只说信用卡在很多商家给持卡人带来automatic credit  (自动信用)，这不等于说商家更相信持卡人；D“想在哪里兑现（即取现钱）”都可以，所说范围大于原文的scattered locations（分散地点），当然这个选项也不符合常识。
6．句子理解题。由一段末的cashless society（无现金社会）就能确定C为正确答案。B“现在信用卡主要在美国使用”与原文不符，也不符合常识。如果B选项中的mainly改成widely，就是正确答案。
7．词义题。由ring up sales所在原文的句子中的register（登记）和下一句中的谓语keep…records可以确定ring up的意思是“登记”，因此B为正确答案。注意，在Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales中，more than连接的前后两部分存在程度差异，但大意是相同的，就是说 ring up sales的意思与more than 前面的register差不多，这样也能确定ring up是“登记”的意思。C为ring up的表面意思，是干扰选项。A和D中的宾语不是问题中的sales，肯定错误。
8．主旨题。综合各段首句，本文的主题是计算机给商业领域带来的便利。B符合此意，为正确答案。注意各段首句中的提示词汇：二段首句的前半句while computers offer these conveniences to consumers说明一段已经在讨论计算机提供的便利---给消费者提供的便利，而这一句中的they have many advantages for sellers too和三段首句中的numerous other…说明二段和三段讨论计算机给其他方面提供的便利。A和D是干扰选项：A“计算机的商用方法”（即如何用计算机赚钱）与原文的主题---计算机提供的便利不同；D的内容在一段提过，但不是全文的重点；而且，信用卡的便利也是通过计算机实现的，所以说，一段只是主题的一部分。作这类题常常可以利用各段段首检验。

参考译文
目前，一亿一千三百万美国人至少拥有一张银行信用卡。信用卡使其持有者在商店、饭店、宾馆、家中、国内、甚至国外都拥有信用，同时也能提供许多银行服务。越来越多的信用卡可以自动读取，使人们可以在各个分散的地点取钱和存钱，不管当地是否有银行的分支机构。对我们中的许多人来说，一个“不用现金的社会”不是即将出现，而是已经到来了。
    计算机在给消费者提供上述便利的同时，也给商家带来了很多便利。电子现金出纳机做的不只是简单地记录销售金额。它们可以做众多的记录，包括谁在何时把什么东西卖给了谁。这一信息使商家可以通过显示销售商品的种类和销售速度，从而跟踪记录它们的商品清单，然后决定再订哪些货物，或将哪些货物退还给供应商。与此同时，这些计算机记录哪些时间段是高峰，哪些员工的工作效率最高，使商家可以对人事和人员做出相应的分配。而且计算机也能识别促销活动所要寻找的那些拥有优先权的顾客。也正是由于这些原因，厂商也要依赖计算机。用计算机进行分析的营销报告有助于决定哪些产品是目前的重点，哪些将来要研发，哪些要淘汰。计算机可以记录货物的库存情况，现有原材料的多少，甚至是生产过程本身。
众多的其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志出版社，从燃气和电力公用设备公司到牛奶加工厂，都通过计算机的使用给消费者提供更好、更高效的服务。

佳句摘录
For many of us the  “cashless” society is not on the horizon—it is already here.
欢迎来到免费考研网www.freekaoyan.com

李传伟考研阅读听课笔记之三


转载自:http://bbs.freekaoyan.com/viewthread.php?tid=163194
在“考研阅读的最高境界——（一）五层递进学习法”等文章中我说明了应该如何把握阅读文章与试题：1． 把握中心思想层
2． 概括段落大意层
3． 深入剖析文章层
4． 摘录背诵佳句层
5． 换位思考命题层
       现在以历年真题为例说明如何实施上述的五层递进学习法。在每篇文章的后面，“文章结构与内容”对应上述学习法的1与2，“核心词汇”、“难句分析”与“参考译文”对应上述学习法的3，“佳句摘录”对应上述学习法的4，而“试题详解”对应上述学习法的5。关于“五层递进学习法”的具体内容，请阅读本人博客中的同名文章。

Passage 3
Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding—the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
“All men are created equal.” We’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not—to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.

9. In paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that .
［A］ the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society
［B］ exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are
［C］ exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society
［D］ the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children
10. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that .
［A］ they are expected to be leaders of the society
［B］ they might become a burden of the society
［C］ they should fully develop their potentials
［D］ disabled children deserve special consideration
11. This passage mainly deals with .
［A］ the differences of children in their learning capabilities
［B］ the definition of exceptional children in modern society
［C］ the special educational programs for exceptional children
［D］ the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children
12. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children .
［A］ is now enjoying legal support
［B］ disagrees with the tradition of the country
［C］ was clearly stated by the country’s founders
［D］ will exert great influence over court decisions

文章结构与内容
文章结构：一枝独秀型。本文的核心概念是残疾儿童(exceptional children)的教育。由于本文是一篇社会科学方面的文章，所以阅读时还要注意作者对核心概念的态度：要让残疾儿童充分发展自己的潜能，必须调整对他们的教育，以适应他们与正常儿童的差异。然后作者指出重视残疾儿童的教育这一点反映了美国传统的价值观念---教育机会平等以及一种新思潮的出现。

核心词汇
1. exceptional 残疾的；例外的，异常的（名词exception 除外，例外）
2. significant重大的，明显的；重要的（名词significance）
3. potential 潜能，潜力 ； a. 潜在的，可能的
4. adapt  （to）（使）适应；改编
5. capture 捕获；夺取
6. supporting player 配角
7. scenery 舞台布景；风景
8. the key to …的关键
9. full expression 充分表达
10. understanding 认知，理解；通情达理的
11. pass on to 传递给
12. weakness 缺点（反义词strength）
13. prejudice 偏见；v. 损害
14. deserve 应该获得
15. capability 能力；技能（形容词capable）
16. democratic 民主的（= demo（人民）+crat（统治）+ic（的））
17. denote 表示，代表（同根词note、notice---not表明）
18. interpret 解释，说明；口译
19. to the limit of 达到…的极限
20. capacity 能力，容量（形容词capacious容量大的，宽敞的）
21. modify 改变，修改（名词mode模式）
22. substantially 真正地，实质地（名词substance）
*             *                *
23. exert influence over 对…产生影响，给…施加影响（exert 施加，尽力）

难句分析
1. Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
［结构分析］ 第一个句子的基本结构是Exceptional children are different…from…，其中in some significant way（在一些重要的方面）说明different的体现；第二个句子的前半部分For these children to develop to their full adult potential（要让残疾儿童充分发展自己的潜能）表示目的，作状语。注意：第一句中的exceptional children在文章开始出现时意思不太明确，但是从文章后半部分可以看出是指“残疾儿童”。
[参考译文] 异常儿童（指残疾儿童）与同龄儿童相比有许多重大的不同。为使这些儿童的全部潜力得到开发，教育必须适应他们的不同需要。
2．While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself.
［结构分析］本句是一个复合句，理解的关键是能否看出这是一个类比：把残疾儿童比作舞台上的主要角色，而把他们的家庭和社会环境比作配角和戏剧的布景。
[参考译文] 尽管舞台主角吸引我们的注意力，我们也意识到舞台配角和场景的重要性。
3．And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding—the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
［结构分析］ 本句是一个强调句，被强调的部分是in the public schools；破折号之后的部分the knowledge, hopes, and fears是understanding（认知）的同位语，后面的that引导的定语从句修饰the knowledge, hopes, and fears。
[参考译文] 而且正是在公立学校中我们找到了社会理解的全面体现---传授给下一代的知识、希望和恐惧。
4．The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
［结构分析］ 本句的主干是“The great interest... indicates the strong feeling...”，其中主语是the great interest，后面的in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades作the great interest的定语；宾语是the strong feeling ，后面的that引导一个同位语从句that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities，其中whatever their special conditions修饰all citizens，作状语，阅读时可以先跳过去。
[参考译文] 过去30年中公共教育对异常儿童所表现出来的巨大关注表明了存在于我们社会中的那种强烈感受，即所有公民，不管有什么特殊情况，都应该获得充分发展其能力的机会。
5．That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.
［结构分析］本句的主干在破折号之前，破折号之后的部分解释前面的educational opportunity for all children的具体内容，其中whether 引导的让步状语从句使用了虚拟语气（在虚拟语气中用be是美国英语的用法）。to the limits of的意思是“达到…的极限”。
[参考译文] 这一概念暗示所有儿童都应享有教育机会——每个儿童，无论自身能力大小，都有权在尽其所能的学习中接受帮助。
6．In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.
［结构分析］ 本句的主干是schools are modifying their programs，现在分词结构adapting…to…, to…（使…适应…）作状语，其中又包含两个定语从句 ：who are exceptional（修饰children）和who cannot profit substantially from regular programs（修饰those, 指children），而第二个定语从句前的to those是adapting instruction to those的省略。
[参考译文] 作为反应，学校正在改变课程安排，使学校授课能够适应异常儿童的需要，能够适应那些无法从正常课程中实际获益的儿童的需要。

试题详解
9. 例证题。这是一个类比，在二段第二句，其中leading actor on the stage（舞台上的主角）指exceptional children， 后面的the supporting players and the scenery of the play指exceptional children所处的环境，这一句的意思是环境对于exceptional children很重要，下一句明确指出二者之间的关系：家庭和社会对exceptional children的成长和发展是关键。A“exceptional children的成长与家庭和社会有很大关系”符合此意，为正确答案。C与原文所说有出入，注意仔细比较。例证题要注意看例子的上下文。
10．事实细节题。根据问题中的关键词so much concern in education定位原文二段第三句，因为它对应原文中的great interest in exceptional children shown in public education，原文的意思是“这一兴趣表明我们希望所有公民，不管自身条件如何，都应当有机会充分发展自己的能力”，C符合此意，为正确答案。D“残疾儿童应该受到特别对待”与原文所倡导的平等权利和机会不一致，所以是干扰选项。
11．主旨题。本文首句指出论述的对象exceptional children，第二句指出本文论述的重点---exceptional children的教育，并且给出作者的态度：要让exceptional children充分发展自己的潜能，必须调整对他们的教育，以适应他们与正常儿童的差异。这是本文的主题句。符合此意的只有D，因此D为正确答案。C“针对exceptional children的具体教育项目”不是本文的论述重点。作主旨题时注意文章的论述中心和作者态度，正确答案必须符合作者的态度，如本文首段第二句中的must be就表明了作者的态度，D选项中的necessity与之对应。
12．事实细节题。按照出题顺序定位末段，其中段末有一句话明确说明对exceptional children教育的关心已经得到法律支持：Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of children—disabled or not—to an appropriate education，因此  A为正确答案。

参考译文
特殊儿童（本文指残疾儿童）与同龄儿童相比有某种重大的不同。为使这些儿童的全部潜力得到开发，教育必须适应这些不同之处。
尽管我们重点讨论的是特殊儿童的需要，但我们不知不觉中也在描述他们所处的环境。尽管舞台主角吸引我们的注意力，我们也意识到舞台配角和场景的重要性。特殊儿童所处的家庭和社会对他们的成长和发展通常起着关键的作用。而且正是在公立学校中我们找到了社会理解的全面体现——传授给下一代的知识、希望和恐惧。
   在任何社会中，教育都是社会的一面镜子。从这面镜子里，我们看到一个文化自身的长处、弱点、希望、偏见和核心价值观。过去30年中公共教育对特殊儿童所表现出来的巨大关注，表明了存在于我们社会中的那种强烈感受，即所有公民，不管有什么特殊情况，都应该获得充分发展其能力的机会。
“人人生而平等”，这句话我们听过很多遍，但对于一个民主社会中的教育仍然具有重要意义。尽管这个国家（指美国）的各位创始人用这句话来表明法律面前人人平等，它也被诠释为机会平等。这一概念暗示所有儿童都应享有教育机会——每个儿童，无论自身能力大小，都有权在尽其所能的学习中接受帮助。最近，法院判决确认了所有儿童——无论是残疾，还是非残疾——都有受到适当教育的权利，并要求公立学校采取必要措施为儿童提供这种教育。针对这一判决，学校正在改变课程安排，使学校授课能够适应特殊儿童的需要，能够适应那些无法从正常课程中实际获益的儿童的需要。

佳句摘录
Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well.

Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself.

All men are created equal.
欢迎来到免费考研网www.freekaoyan.com

李传伟考研阅读听课笔记之四


转载自:http://bbs.freekaoyan.com/viewthread.php?tid=163195
在“考研阅读的最高境界——（一）五层递进学习法”等文章中我说明了应该如何把握阅读文章与试题：1． 把握中心思想层
2． 概括段落大意层
3． 深入剖析文章层
4． 摘录背诵佳句层
5． 换位思考命题层
       现在以历年真题为例说明如何实施上述的五层递进学习法。在每篇文章的后面，“文章结构与内容”对应上述学习法的1与2，“核心词汇”、“难句分析”与“参考译文”对应上述学习法的3，“佳句摘录”对应上述学习法的4，而“试题详解”对应上述学习法的5。关于“五层递进学习法”的具体内容，请阅读本人博客中的同名文章。

Passage 4
“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we’ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. “But,” he cautions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”
This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging—13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.
With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.
The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. “Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,” says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We can’t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.”
The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.
“First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.”

13. The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to .
［A］ predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade
［B］ indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright
［C］ prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years
［D］ warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered
14. The author implies that by the year 2000, .
［A］ there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients
［B］ 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living
［C］ the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers
［D］ there won’t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients
15. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes.
［A］ that are always in operation in a healthy person
［B］ which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated
［C］ that can be driven out of normal cells
［D］ which normal cell can’t turn off
16. The word “dormant” in the third paragraph most probably means .
［A］ dead［B］ ever-present［C］ inactive［D］ potential

文章结构与内容
文章结构：层层递进型。本文指出人们虽然还没有找到治愈癌症的方法，但在癌症的研究方面已经有了很大进展。人们发现了致癌基因（oncogene），但是对于其活动过程还知之不多。作者认为虽然癌症的治愈前景遥远，但已经比较明朗。阅读时注意文中的转折处。

核心词汇
1. in vast detail 很详尽地（vast 大量的，巨大的）
2. microbiologist 微生物学家
3. caution警告；n. 谨慎；警告（precaution预先警告，预防）
4. infection 感染，传染（动词infect 感染，传染）
5. suffer from 患有；遭受；忍受
6. survive 幸存，幸免于；活得比…长（名词survival）
7. statistics 统计数值，统计资料，统计（学）
8. variety种类，品种；多种多样
9. in existence 存在，生存
10. oncogene （致）癌基因
11. activate 激活，使活动（形容词active）
12. dormant暂停活动的；潜在的；睡着的（同根词dormitory宿舍---dorm睡觉）
13. drive into action 使…活动起来，迫使…行动
14. turn off 关闭，使…停止活动
15. involved相关的，涉及的
16. mysterious 神秘的（名词mystery 神秘事物）
17. likelihood 可能性（形容词likely 可能的）
18. initiate 开始，发起（同根词initiative 主动的行动；首创精神---init第一，开始）
19. prepare… against 以…防备…
20. cosmic 宇宙的（名词cosmos宇宙）
21. prospect 前景（prospective 未来的）
22. counteract 对…起反作用，对抗（= counter（相反）+act（作用））
23. predict 预言，预测（形容词predictable可以预测的）
*              *              *
24. drastic激烈的，迅猛的；严厉的
25. in operation工作，运行

难句分析
1. “But”, he cautions, “some people may have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”
［结构分析］这是一个直接引语，包含两个部分，其中第一个句子的主干是some people may have the idea…，后面的that引导一个同位语从句that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow，修饰the idea；第二个句子是一个例子，说明前一句中some people的错误观点。
[参考译文] “但是”，他警告说，“有些人可能有这样一种想法：一旦人们了解了病因，很快就能找到治疗方法。想一想巴斯德，他发现了多种传染病的病因，可是五、六十年后才找到治疗方法。”
2. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells.
［结构分析］ 本句的主干是The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s，第一个逗号之后的when引导一个定语从句when they discovered…，修饰the early 1970s；discovered后面是that引导的一个宾语从句that oncogenes… are inactive in normal cells，这个宾语从句中的which are cancer-causing genes是一个非限定性定语从句，修饰oncogenes，解释oncogenes的含义。
[参考译文] 研究人员在20世纪70年代初期取得巨大进展---当时这些研究人员发现致癌基因在正常细胞中并不活动。
3. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown.
［结构分析］本句是一个复合句，前半句的主语是Anything，后面的介词结构from cosmic rays to radiation to diet说明主语所包括的范围；后半句是一个省略句，补充完整是but how they may activate a dormant oncogene remains unknown。
[参考译文] 从宇宙射线到辐射到饮食，任何东西都有可能激活沉睡中的致癌基因，但激活的方式尚不得而知。
4. The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent cancers.
［结构分析］本句是一个表示转折的复合句，前半句的involved（相关的，涉及的）后置作mechanisms的定语，有类似用法的词有concerned（有关的）；后半句的主干是the likelihood ...suggests that..., 其中主语the likelihood（可能性）后带有同位语从句that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes，而谓语suggests后带有that引导的一个宾语从句。
[参考译文] 癌变涉及的确切机制仍然很神秘，但许多癌症开始于基因这一可能性表明我们将永远无法预防所有的癌症。

试题详解
13．例证题。这类题的答案一般在例子前。作者在举Pasteur的例子之前，就已经警告人们不要以为理解了癌症的致病原因就能很快找到治疗方法（ “But, ” he cautions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow…），也就是说there is still a long way to go(前面要走的路还很长)。D符合此意，为正确答案。注意：作者此处所举的例子是一个反例。
14．  事实细节题。二段开始指出当时所有癌症患者能活5年的达50％，到2000年达75%，有些皮肤癌患者可达90％，但是其他统计数字并不乐观---肺癌和胰腺癌的5年存活率分别是13%和2%。D“并不是所有的癌症患者存活率都会大幅提高”符合此意，所以是正确答案。A“皮肤癌患者的5年存活率将有大幅提高”与原文不符，因为二段第三句指的是部分皮肤癌患者，而A选项指的是所有皮肤癌患者。阅读时注意文中的转折词but。
15．事实细节题。根据问题中的关键词oncogenes定位原文三段第二句：oncogenes…are inactive in normal cells(致癌基因在正常细胞中是不活动的，也就是对细胞无害的)。下一句指出它们能被激活，这时就对细胞有害。B符合此意，为正确答案。
16．词义题。推测词义可以根据上下文进行。首先，谓语activate（激活）提供了线索，因为需要激活的东西肯定原来是不活跃的，那么C为正确答案。其次，下一句中的driven into action（被激活）也提示dormant的含义。

参考译文
癌症专家、微生物学家罗伯特·温伯格说：“我充分相信，十年之内我们就能够非常详细地了解癌细胞是如何出现的。” “但是”，他警告说，“有些人可能有这样一种想法：一旦人们了解了病因，很快就能找到治疗方法。想一想巴斯德，他发现了多种传染病的病因，可是过了五、六十年才找到治疗方法。”
今年，在91万癌症患者中，50％的人至少能活5年。国家癌症研究所估计，到2000年这一数字将会上升到75％。对某些皮肤癌来说，患者能存活5年的机率高达90%。但是其他一些癌症的存活率仍然很低，如肺癌是13％，而胰腺癌只有2％。
已知的癌症多达120种，从中找出癌症的活动方式并不容易。研究人员在20世纪70年代初期取得巨大进展——当时这些研究人员发现致癌基因在正常细胞中并不活动。从宇宙射线到辐射到饮食，任何东西都有可能激活沉睡中的致癌基因，但激活的方式尚不得而知。如果几个致癌基因同时被激活，而细胞无法控制它们，就会发生癌变。
癌变涉及的确切机制仍然很神秘，但许多癌症开始于基因这一可能性表明我们将永远无法预防所有的癌症。肿瘤学家威廉·海沃德说：“改变是进化过程中的一个正常部分”。环境因素永远无法完全排除。正如海沃德所说：“我们不可能研究出一种对付宇宙射线的药”。
    癌症的治疗前景，尽管仍然渺茫，但已经更光明了。“首先，我们需要了解正常细胞是如何控制自己的；然后，我们得确定细胞中是否存在要对癌症的出现至少负部分责任的有限数量的基因。如果我们能了解癌症的活动方式，就能阻碍它们的活动。”

佳句摘录
Some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow.

The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.
欢迎来到免费考研网www.freekaoyan.com

李传伟考研阅读听课笔记之五


转载自:http://bbs.freekaoyan.com/viewthread.php?tid=163196
在“考研阅读的最高境界——（一）五层递进学习法”等文章中我说明了应该如何把握阅读文章与试题：1． 把握中心思想层
2． 概括段落大意层
3． 深入剖析文章层
4． 摘录背诵佳句层
5． 换位思考命题层
       现在以历年真题为例说明如何实施上述的五层递进学习法。在每篇文章的后面，“文章结构与内容”对应上述学习法的1与2，“核心词汇”、“难句分析”与“参考译文”对应上述学习法的3，“佳句摘录”对应上述学习法的4，而“试题详解”对应上述学习法的5。关于“五层递进学习法”的具体内容，请阅读本人博客中的同名文章。

Passage 5
Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.
The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at the goal—and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.
“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,” wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient:“How come nobody thought of that before?”
The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.
Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.

17. What does the author probably mean by “untaught mind” in the first paragraph?
［A］ A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.
［B］ A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.
［C］ A person who has had no education.
［D］ An individual who often comes up with new ideals by accident.
18. According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?
［A］ The variety of ideas they have.
［B］ The intelligence they possess.
［C］ The way they deal with problems.
［D］ The way they present their findings.
19. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because .
［A］ Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity
［B］ the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things
［C］ the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch’s point of view
［D］ the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented
20. The phrase “march to a different drummer” (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are .
［A］ diligent in pursuing their goals
［B］ reluctant to follow common ways of doing things
［C］ devoted to the progress of science
［D］ concerned about the advance of society

文章结构与内容
文章结构：花开两朵型。本文谈论的两个方面是创新者（innovators）和非创新者（noninnovators），作者主要讨论创新者的特点。文章开始指出不知情者以为发明创造是灵感或戏剧性的产物，作者指出这是一个误解，因为发明创造很艰辛，只有那些具有创造力、不断探索做事新方法的人才能成为创新者。阅读时注意文中关于创新这一概念的不同表达法。

核心词汇
1. in blinding flashes 以灵感的形式（blinding耀眼的，使人失明的；flash 闪光）
2. dramatic 戏剧性的，显著的（名词drama戏剧）
3. penicillin 青霉素
4. there and then 在当时当地，当场，立即（=then and there）
5. antibacterial 抗菌的（同根词antiwar反战的---anti反，抗）
6. come out of 来源于，来自（=come from）
7. laborious 艰苦的，努力的（名词labor 劳动，工作）
8. trial and error反复试验；试错法（即通过反复试验以避免错误、找到正确思路的方法）
9. block 阻挡，封锁
10. score 得（分）
11. take …shots at the goal 射门…次
12. so it goes with… …也一样
13. innovation 创新，革新
14. innovator 创新者（同根词innovative 创新的---nov新）
15. work on 努力干，致力于
16. follow through 坚持到底，坚持到完成
17. practicable 可行的（名词practicability）
18. abstraction  空想，幻想的事物；抽象（动词abstract 抽取，提取；a. 抽象的； n. 摘要 ）
19. authority 权威，权力
20. account for 解释（原因等）；占（比例、数量等）
21. seemingly 似乎，表面上
22. proposition 主张；命题 （同根词opposition---pos放置）
23. set out 开始，出发
24. alternate 其他的，二者选一的（同义词alternative）
25. in the long run从长远来看，最终（同义词 in the long term）
26. be bound to 注定，必定
27. dead end 绝境，死胡同；尽头
28. march to a different drummer 标新立异；相信一套不同的原则
29. ignorant of 对…无知，不了解
30. restrict 限制（同根词strict严格的）
31. come up with 提出，想出
32. assertion 主张，论断

难句分析
1. Discoveries in sciences and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents.
［结构分析］ 本句的主干是Discoveries… are thought ... to ...or as...，其中to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents 是主语discoveries的补语，对其作补充解释。注意：untaught minds的意思是“不了解科学实验艰苦过程的人”，而blinding flashes的意思是“耀眼的瞬间（即灵感）”。
[参考译文] “不知其中艰辛的人”认为发明创造是灵感或戏剧化事件的结果。
2. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then.
［结构分析］ 本句是一个复合句，主干是Sir Alexander Fleming did not ... look at and get the idea...，中间是插入成分as legend would have it（象传说中那样），阅读时可以先跳过去。
[参考译文] 亚历山大·佛莱明爵士并不像传说中的那样，看到一块奶酪上的霉菌就立刻有了发明青霉素的想法。
3. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.
［结构分析］ 本句包含两个分句，后一个分句的主语是the best players，谓语是miss 和have their shots blocked（他们的射门被挡住）两个并列的部分，最后的比较结构much more frequently than they score作状语。注意：作者此处把创新者比喻为足球运动员，而把创新比喻为踢足球，那么创新成功就等于射门成功。
[参考译文] 创新就像踢足球，即使是最好的球员也会将球射失，而且他们的射门被挡住的时候多，得分的时候少。
4. The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at the goal—and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity.
［结构分析］ 这是一个并列句：第一个分句的主干是The point is that…，后面that引导的表语从句的主干是the players…are the ones…，其中有两个定语从句，分别修饰主语the players和表语the ones；破折号之后的部分是第二个分句。
[参考译文] 问题是，得分最多的球员正是那些射门次数最多的---任何领域的创新都是如此。
5. “Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there is no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,” wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority.
［结构分析］ 本句开始是直接引语，其主干为Creative thinking may mean simply the realization...，realization后面的that引导的同位语从句that there is no particular virtue…修饰the realization；这一同位语从句中的介词结构in doing things the way they have always been done作状语，其中they have always been done是一个定语从句，修饰the way（the way前面可以视为省略了介词in）。注意：there is no virtue in…的意思是“…没有什么道理”。类似结构有：there is no point in… …没有道理。
[参考译文] 语言专家鲁道夫·佛莱士写道：“创造性思维往往只源于下列认识---以传统方法做事未必就好”。
6. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: “How come nobody thought of that before?”
［结构分析］ 本句的主干是This accounts for our reaction…，其中宾语reaction 后面的介词结构to seemingly simple innovations…作reaction的定语，而innovations后面又带两个定语，一个是like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels，另一个是that引导的定语从句that make life more convenient。注意：how come的意思是“…是怎么回事”。
[参考译文] 这说明了我们对塑料垃圾袋和带轮旅行箱之类看似简单却令生活更方便的发明的反应：“以前怎么就没人想到这一点呢？”

试题详解
17．词义题。这类题的干扰选项是含有表面意思的选项。C“没有受过教育的人”是问题中的词汇“untaught minds”的表面意思，是干扰选项。可以根据上下文确定该词组的准确意思。从一段第二句开始，作者以Alexander Fleming为例，说明untaught minds的观点“科技中的发现不是灵光一闪或戏剧化事件的结果”不对，认为“发明和创新是辛勤的试验和不断的错误之后的结果(Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error)”。由此可知untaught minds “对试验中的艰苦工作不了解”，因此A为正确答案。
18．事实细节题。本题问“创新者与非创新者的差别”，这一点在二段第二句提到：The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach  (创新者和其他人的主要不同在于方法)，C“他们处理问题的方法”符合此意，为正确答案。查找原文时首先要注意difference是问题中动词词组distinguishes…from的同义词，其次difference前的prime提示这里是考试的重点。
19．事实细节题。本题问作者在三段引用R．Flesch的话的用意。先看R．Flesch的原话：Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done(创造性思维的含义也许就是认识到没有必要总是循规蹈矩地做事情)，这等于说可以尝试新方法，这与作者在前面所说的“创新者寻找新方法”是一致的，加强了作者的论述。因此B为正确答案。
20．词义题。这句话是对全文的总结，因为单独成句的段落常概括全文的中心。这句话的主语是highly creative individuals，就是上文所说的innovators，这些人不因循守旧，符合此意的是B，所以是正确答案。注意：也可以根据问题中的different直接选B。

参考译文
“不知其中艰辛的人”认为发明创造是灵感或戏剧化事件的结果。亚历山大·佛莱明爵士并不像传说中的那样，看到一块奶酪上的霉菌就立刻有了发明青霉素的想法。在做出发现之前，他已经花了九年时间试验抗菌物质。发明和创新几乎总是来自艰辛的尝试和错误。创新就像踢足球，即使是最好的球员也会将球射失，而且他们的射门被挡住的时候多，得分的时候少。
问题是，得分最多的球员正是那些射门次数最多的——任何领域的创新都是如此。创新者和其他人的主要不同在于方法。人人都有想法，但是创新者自觉钻研自己的想法，并将这些想法坚持到底，直到这些想法被证明可行或不可行为止。普通人认为是奇思怪想的抽象的东西，在职业创新者的眼中却是实在的可能性。
语言专家鲁道夫·佛莱士写道：“创造性思维往往只源于下列认识——以传统方法做事未必就好”。这说明了我们对塑料垃圾袋和带轮旅行箱之类看似简单却令生活更方便的发明的反应：“以前怎么就没人想到这一点呢？”
创造性方法始于这样一个主张：一切事情的真实情况都不像它们所表现出来的样子。创新者从不认为做一件事情的方法只有一种。在面临从A走到B的问题时普通人会自动走那条最为人熟悉、并且从表面上看起来最简单的路线。创新者会寻找其他路线——这些路线从长远来看会更加容易，而且即使通向死胡同也注定更加有趣、更富挑战性。
    具有高度创造性的人的确有与众不同的想法。

佳句摘录
Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error.

Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.

What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.

The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.
欢迎来到免费考研网www.freekaoyan.com

哈哈哈哈，我做主给加精华，奖励积分5分并考元50！！！[s:9] [s:9] [s:9]

轮也轮到我做主了

收藏了，感谢楼主。

感谢哦