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内容简介
目录
北京大学2013年考博英语真题及详解
北京大学2012年考博英语真题及详解
清华大学2008年考博英语真题及详解
清华大学2007年考博英语真题及详解
中国人民大学2010年考博英语真题及详解
复旦大学2012年考博英语真题及详解
复旦大学2011年考博英语真题及详解
武汉大学2015年考博英语真题及详解
武汉大学2014年考博英语真题及详解
中国科学院大学2014年3月考博英语真题及详解
中国科学院大学2013年10月考博英语真题及详解
南京大学2015年考博英语真题及详解
南京大学2014年考博英语真题及详解
北京师范大学2015年考博英语真题及详解
北京师范大学2014年考博英语真题及详解
华东师范大学2015年考博英语真题及详解
厦门大学2013年考博英语真题及详解
四川大学2014年考博英语真题及详解
内容简介
考博真题是每个考生复习备考必不可少的资料，而拥有一份权威、正确的参考答案尤为重要，通过研究历年真题能洞悉考试出题难度和题型，了解常考章节与重要考点，能有效指明复习方向。
本书是一本全国名校考博英语真题详解的复习资料。它根据众多名校的考博英语大纲和历年考博试题的结构和难易程度，挑选了北京大学、清华大学等11所名校18套近年考博英语试题，并提供全部试题的参考答案及详解。本书中的解题思路清晰、答案翔实，帮助广大考生在熟练掌握知识点的同时，能够熟练运用各种题型的答题技巧，以提高应试技巧，把握答题节奏，增强自信心，提高考试分数。
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北京大学2013年考博英语真题及详解
PartOne: Listening Comprehension
(略)
PartTwo: Structure and Written Expression (15%)
Directions:For each question decide which of the four choicesgiven will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked.Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.
11. Prince Charles, the longest-waiting ______ to the throne inBritish history, has spoken of his ‘impatience’ to get things done.
A. heir
B. heirship
C. heritage
D. heiress
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：英国史上等待继位时间最长的王位继承人查尔斯王子近日谈到他已经“等不起”了。heir继承人；后嗣。heirship继承权，继承人的地位。heritage遗产；传统；继承物。heiress女继承人。
12. Love was in the air in a Tokyo park as normally staid Japanesehusbands gathered to scream out their feelings for their wives, promising ______and extra tight hugs.
A. attitude
B. multitude
C. gratitude
D. latitude
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：东京一座公园的上空涌动着绵绵爱意，因为平时成熟稳重的日本丈夫聚集到一起，对妻子大声喊出了心里的爱意，表达感激，还纷纷献上拥抱。gratitude感谢（的心情）；感激。multitude群众；多数。latitude纬度；界限；活动范围。
13. The number of stay-at-home fathers reached a record high lastyear, new figures show, as families saw a _____ in female breadwinners.
A. raise
B. rise
C. arise
D. increase
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：新数据显示，随着养家女性的增多，去年居家父亲的数量又创新高。因此该空应填入有“增加”之意的increase。
14. The market for dust masks and air purifiers is _____ in Beijingbecause the capital has been shrouded for several days in thick fog and haze.
A. booming
B. looming
C. dooming
D. zooming
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：近几日北京持续被浓重雾霾笼罩，市场上防尘口罩和空气净化器的销量剧增。boom快速发展，繁荣。loom可怕地出现；朦胧地出现。doom注定；判定；宣判。zoom急速上升；摄象机移动。
15. Traditional fairytales are being ditched by parents because theyare too _____ for their young children, a study found.
A. scare
B. scary
C. seared
D. scarred
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：一项研究发现，父母们开始摒弃传统的童话故事，因为它们对年幼的孩子来说太吓人。scary可怕的；恐怖的；吓人的。scare主要作名词和动词，作形容词时意为“骇人的”。seared为sear的过去式和过去分词形式，意为“烧焦”。scarred伤痕累累，有疤痕的。
16. It has been revealed that nearly one in five degree courses hasbeen _____ since the tripling of tuition fees to 9,000 a year.
A. scratched
B. scraped
C. scrabbled
D. scrapped
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：据透露，自从学费上涨到原来的三倍，达到一年9000英镑，已有近五分之一的学位课程被削减掉。scrap意为“废弃；取消；抛弃”，其过去分词形式为scrapped，因此正确答案为D项。scratch抓；刮；乱涂。scrabble在…上乱涂；在…上乱扒。
17. Microsoft founder Bill Gates has _____ about being a parent,stating that 13 is an appropriate age for a child’s first cell phone.
A. opened up
B. taken up
C. put up
D. held up
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：微软公司创始人比尔?盖茨近日坦露了他的为父之道，他认为13岁是孩子拥有第一部手机的合适年龄。open up有“畅谈；无拘无束地谈；自由自在地谈”之意，符合句意。takeup拿起；开始从事；占据(时间，地方)。put up提供；建造；举起。hold up举起；阻挡；拦截。
18. Sales of mushrooms have hit an all-time high as Britonsincreasingly turn to the cheap, and _____ foodstuff for their cooking.
A. versatile
B. multiple
C. manifold
D. diverse
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：因为越来越多的英国人转而选择这种廉价、多用途的食材来做菜，蘑菇销量创下了历史新高。versatile有多种用途的；多功能的。multiple多重的；多样的；许多的。manifold多方面的；各式各样的。
19. ‘Gangnam Style’, the _____ popular song from South Koreanrecording artist PSY has just become the most watched video on YouTube ever.
A. sanely
B. insanely
C. rationally
D. insatiably
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：“江南Style”，韩国唱片艺人朴载相的这首疯狂流行的歌曲MV已成为YouTube史上观看最多的视频。insanely疯狂地；狂暴地；精神错乱地。sanely稳健地；心智健全地；理智地。rationally理性地；讲道理地。insatiably贪得无厌地；无法满足地。
20. The _____ British theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking oncesaid in an interview that heaven is a fairy story for people afraid of thedark.
A. imposing
B. lofty
C. prominent
D. eminent
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：英国著名理论物理学家史蒂芬?霍金曾在一次采访中称天堂是为害怕黑暗的人编造的童话。eminent和prominent都有“杰出的”之意，但其区别在于eminent是建立在技巧、学识和公众认可度的基础上，而prominent则是强调“出名”和“地位很重要”，因此本句中eminent更合适。imposing壮观的；威风的；给人深刻印象的。lofty高的；崇高的；高傲的。因此答案选D。
21. Some might consider it an ugly truth that attractive people areoften more successful than those _____ blessed with looks.
A. less
B. more
C. most
D. least
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：长相漂亮的人通常比相貌平平的人更成功，这也许在某些人看来是丑陋的事实。be blessed with指“在…方面有福气，幸运地享有”，根据句意可知，空格处指的是相对于长得漂亮的人而言相貌平凡的人，因此应填入less。
22. _____ they think it will come to an end through the hands ofGod, or a natural disaster or a political event, whatever the reason, nearly 15percent of people worldwide think the end of the world is coming, according toa new poll.
A. Either
B. Whether
C. Neither
D. If
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：一项民意检测显示：不管是认为世界会在上帝手里终结，还是认为世界将因自然灾害或政治事件毁灭，无论何种原因，全球有七分之一的人认为世界末日即将来临。whether和either均可与or搭配，whether…or…指“不管是…还是…”。either…or…表示两者之间的选择，指“不是…便是…；要么…要么…”。根据语境可知，此处应该选whether。
23.The European Parliament has banned the terms ‘Miss’ and ‘Mrs’ _____ they offend female member.
A. as long as
B. the moment
C. so that
D. in case
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：欧洲议会禁止使用“Miss（小姐）”和“Mrs（夫人）”称呼女性，以免冒犯女性议员。in case免得；以防。
24. Packed like sardines into sweaty, claustrophobic subwaycarriages, passengers can barely breathe, _____ move about freely.
A. as well as
B. disregardfor
C. let alone
D. notmentioning
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：车厢内挤得像沙丁鱼罐头一样，汗臭和幽闭的车厢让人几乎无法呼吸，更不用说自如走动了。let alone更不必说；听任；不打扰。
25. Japan is one of only three countries that now hunt whales and_____ the government says it is an important cultural tradition.
A. that
B. which
C. whose
D. where
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：日本是目前全球仅有的还在捕鲸的三个国家之一，而且日本政府表示捕鲸是该国重要的文化传统。该空及之后内容作定语成分修饰one of only three countries，由于the government says it is an important cultural tradition句子成分完整，因此该空应填入关系副词where表示地点。
PartThree: Cloze Test (15%)
Directions: Read the following passage carefully and decide the best choicefor each numbered blank. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.
Ironically, the intellectual tools currently being used by thepolitical right to such harmful effect originated on the left. In the 1960s and1970s a philosophical movement called postmodernism developed, among humanitiesprofessors (26) _____ being deposed by science, which they regarded asright-leaning. Postmodernism (27) _____ ideas from cultural anthropology andrelativity theory to argue that truth is (28) _____ and subject to theassumption and prejudices of observer. Science is just one of many ways ofknowing, they argued, neither more nor less _____ (29) than others, like thoseof Aborigines, Native Americans or women. (30) _____ they defined science asthe way of knowing among Western white men and a tool of cultural (31) _____.This argument (32) _____ with many feminists and civil-rights activists andbecame widely adopted, leading to the “political correctness” justifiably (33)_____ by Rush Limbaugh and the “mental masturbation” lampooned by Woody Allen.
Acceptance of this relativistic worldview (34) _____ democracy andleads not to tolerance but to authoritarianism. John Locke, one of Jefferson’s"trinity of three greatest men," showed (35) _____ almost threecenturies ago. Locke watched the arguing factions of Protestantism, eachclaiming to be the one true religion, and asked: How do we know something to betrue? What is the basis of knowledge? In 1689 he (36) _____ what knowledge isand how it is grounded in observations of the physical world in An EssayConcerning Human Understanding. Any claim that fails this test is "butfaith, or opinion, but not knowledge." It was this idea that the world isknowable and that objective, empirical knowledge is the most (37) _____ basisfor public policy—thatstood as Jefferson’s foundational argument for democracy.
By falsely (38) _____ knowledge with opinion, postmodernists and antiscienceconservative alike collapse our thinking back to a pre-Enlightenment era,leaving no common basis for public policy. Public discourse is (39) _____ toendless warring opinions, none seen as more valid than another. Policy isdetermined by the loudest voices, reducing us to a world in which might (40)_____ right—theclassic definition of authoritarianism.
26. A. satisfied with B.angry with C.displeased at D. proud of
27. A.discounted B.doubted C.adopted D.shared
28. A.objective B.subjective C.cultural D.relative
29. A.variable B.valid C.valuable D.various
30. A.However B.Therefore C.Otherwise D.Furthermore
31. A.assimilation B.inhibition C.representation D. oppression
32. A.resonated B.agreed C.appealed D.responded
33. A.liked B.approved C.verified D.hated
34. A.offsets B.produces C.undermines D.strengthens
35. A.when B.what C.why D.which
36. A.found B.defined C.dictated D.claimed
37. A.practical B.equal C.useful D.equitable
38. A. identifying B.equipping C.equating D.confusing
39. A.deduced B.introduce C.conduced D.reduced
40. A.decides B.causes C.makes D.creates
【答案与解析】
26.C 根据上下文可知，此处指“后现代主义运动是在不满于…的人文学科教授之间所兴起的”。be displeased at对…感到不快，对…生气。
27.C 此处指“后现代主义采纳了文化人类学和相对论的思想”。adopt采取，采纳。
28.D 根据语境可知，此处指“后现代主义认为真理是相对的，会被观察者自身的假设和偏见所影响”，因此答案选D。
29.B 本句指“后现代主义者认为科学只是众多认知方式中的一种，并不比其他方式更加合理或更加不合理”。valid有根据的，正当的，合理的。
30.D 本句进一步说明了后现代主义者的观点“而且，他们把科学定义为西方白人的认知方式和一种文化压迫工具”。因此本题选D项。
31.D 根据上题解析，可知本题应选D项的oppression（压迫；压制）。assimilation同化；吸收。inhibition抑制；压抑；禁止。
32.A 本句指：该论述引起了众多女权主义者和民权人士的共鸣，从而得到广泛采用。resonate with有特殊意义，引起共鸣。
33.D 根据该空后and所连接后半部分提到的lampoon（讽刺），可知此处应填入与之表达含义相近的词，因此只有D项hated符合。
34.C 该句and后指出“接受这种相对的世界观不会导致忍耐，而是独裁”，由此可推断该句讲述的是接受这种相对世界观的消极影响，因此该空应指的是“损害民主体制”。undermine破坏；侵蚀…的基础；暗中破坏。offset抵消；补偿。
35.C 根据上下文可知，此处指：几乎300年前，JohnLocke就表明了原因（即为何接受这种相对的世界观会损害民主，导致独裁）。
36.B 根据上文提到的两个问题“我们何以确定某些事是真实的？知识的基础又是什么？”，可推测此处指John Locke在An Essay Concerning Human Understanding这篇文章中对知识进行了定义。因此defined符合上下文。
37.D 此处指：该观点认为基于客观事实和经验的知识是制定国家政策的最公正的标准。equitable公平的，公正的；平衡法的。
38.C 根据上下文可知，此处指“通过错误地将知识与观点等同起来，后现代主义者和科学无用论者使我们的思想又回到启蒙运动之前的水平”。equate使相等；视为平等。
39.D 该句指“公开论述沦为无尽的观点冲突…”。be reduced to为惯用搭配，意为“转化为；沦为；减少到”。
40.C Mightmakes right强权即公理。
PartFour: Reading Comprehension (20)
Directions:Each of the following four passages is followed bysome questions or unfinished statements, four answers are given. Read thepassage carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One
A considerable part of Facebook appeal stems from its miraculousfusion of distance with intimacy, or illusion of distance with the illusion ofintimacy. Our online communities become engines of self-image, and self-imagebecomes the engine of community. The real danger with Facebook is not that itallows us to isolate ourselves, but that by mixing our appetite for isolationwith our vanity, it threatens to alter the very nature of solitude. The newisolation is not of the kind that Americans once idealized, the lonesomeness ofthe proudly nonconformist, independent-minded, solitary stoic, or that of theastronaut who blasts into new worlds. Facebook’s isolation is a grind. What’struly staggering about Facebook usage is not its volume—750 million photographsuploaded over a single weekend—but the constancy of the performance it demands. More than half itsusers—and one of every 13 people on Earth is a Facebook user—log on every day.Among 18-to-34-year-olds, nearly half check Facebook minutes after waking up,and 28 percent do so before getting out of bed. The relentlessness is what isso new, so potentially transformative. Facebook never takes a break. We nevertake a break. Human beings have always created elaborate acts ofself-presentation. But not all the time, not every morning, before we even poura cup of coffee.
Nostalgia for the good old days of disconnection would not just bepointless, it would be hypocritical and ungrateful. But the very magic of thenew machines, the efficiency and elegance with which they serve us, obscureswhat isn’t being served: everything that matters. What Facebook has revealed abouthuman nature—and this is not a minor revelation—is that a connection is not thesame thing as a bond, and that instant and total connection is no salvation, noticket to a happier, better world or a more liberated version of humanity.Solitude used to be good for self-reflection and self-reinvention. But now weare left talking about who we are all the time, without ever really thinkingabout who we are. Facebook denies us a pleasure whose profundity we hadunderestimated: the chance to forget about ourselves for a while, the chance todisconnect.
41. Which of the following statementsregarding the power of Facebook can be inferred from passage?
A. It createsthe isolation people want.
B. It deliversa more friendly world.
C. It producesintimacy people lack in the real world.
D. It enablesus to be social while avoiding the mess of human interaction.
42. Which of the following statements about the underside of Facebookis supported by information contained in this passage?
A. It imprisonspeople in the business of self-presentation.
B. It causessocial disintegration.
C. It makespeople vainer.
D. It makespeople lonelier.
43. Which of the following best state “thenew isolation” mentioned by the author?
A. It is fullof the spirit of adventure.
B. It is theextension of individualism.
C. It has atouch of narcissism.
D. It evolvesfrom the appetite for independence.
44. Which of the following belongs to thecategory of “something that matters” according topassage?
A. Constantconnection
B. Instantcommunication
C. Smoothsociability
D. A human bond
45. Which of the following conclusionsabout Facebook does the author want us to draw?
A. It createsfriendship.
B. It denies usthe pleasure of socializing.
C. It opens anew world for us.
D. It draws usinto a paradox.
【答案与解析】
41.A 文章首句指出“A considerable part of Facebook appeal stems from its miraculousfusion of distance with intimacy, or illusion of distance with the illusion ofintimacy”，可知Facebook之所以有如此大的魅力，原因之一就是其将距离和亲密，或者说距离的错觉和亲密的错觉结合在了一起。换句话说就是，Facebook使人们可以进行社交，但与此同时避免不必要的人际互动。因此D项可从文中推断出来。
42.A 文章第一段最后一句指出“Human beings have always created elaborate acts ofself-presentation. But not all the time, not every morning, before we even poura cup of coffee”，可知虽然人类一直在想法设法进行自我表现，但却没有像如今有Facebook了之后，时时刻刻想着展示自我。因此A项（Facebook将人们禁锢在自我表现的牢笼之中）符合文章内容。
43.C “the new isolation”出现在第一段第四句，该句指出这种新的孤立不同于美国人曾经理想化的孤立，前一句提到“The real danger with Facebook is not that…but that by mixing ourappetite for isolation with our vanity…”，由vanity（虚荣心，浮华）可知这种由Facebook而生的新的孤立带有一点自恋的意味。因此答案选C。narcissism自恋，自我陶醉。
44.D 文章第二段第二句指出Facebook的efficiency和elegance模糊了其无法提供给我们的东西，即everything that matters。随后下一句提到“What Facebook has revealed about human nature…is that a connectionis not the same thing as a bond, and that instant and total connection is nosalvation, no ticket to a happier, better world or a more liberated version ofhumanity”，可知Facebook能给人们带来connection，却带不来真正的bond，因此正确答案为D项。
45.D 该篇文章主要讲述到Facebook使人们获得了isolation，但人们却时时刻刻保持登录状态，想要自我表现。孤立原本可以使人们暂时忘却自我，进行反省和发现，但Facebook却使人们不断地想着人们自身的问题。由此可知作者想要读者得出“Facebook使我们陷入矛盾之中”的结论。故答案选D。
Passage Two
Most scholars agree that Isaac Newton, while formulating the laws offorce and gravity and inventing the calculus in the late 1600s, probably knewall the science there was to know at the time. In the ensuing 350 years anestimated 50 million research papers and innumerable books have been publishedin the natural sciences and mathematics. The modern high school studentprobably now possesses more scientific knowledge, than Newton did, yet scienceto many people seems to be an impenetrable mountain of facts.
One way scientistshave tried to cope with this mountain is by becoming more and more specialized.Another strategy for coping with the mountain of information is to largelyignore it. That shouldn’t come as a surprise. Sure, you have to know a lot tobe a scientist, but knowing a lot is not what makes a scientist. What makes ascientist is ignorance. This may sound ridiculous, but for scientists the factsare just a starting place. In science, every new discovery raises 10 newquestions.
By this calculus, ignorance will always grow faster than knowledge.Scientists and laypeople alike would agree that for all we have come to know,there is far more we don’t know. More important, every day there is far more weknow we don’t know. One crucial outcome of scientific knowledge is to generatenew and better ways of being ignorant: not the kin of ignorance that isassociated with a lack of curiosity or education but rather a cultivated,high-quality ignorance. This gets to the essence of what scientists do: theymake distinction between qualities of ignorance. They do it in grant proposalsand over beers at meetings. As Clerk Maxwell, probably the greatest physicistbetween Newton and Einstein, said “Thoroughly conscious ignorance…is a preludeto every real advance in knowledge.”
This perspective on science—that it is about the question more thanthe answers—shouldcome as something of a relief. It makes science less threatening and far morefriendly and, in fact, fun. Science becomes a series of elegant puzzles withinpuzzles—and who doesn’t like puzzles? Questions are also more accessible andmore interesting than answers; answers tend to be the end of the process,whereas questions have you in the thick of things.
Lately this side of science has taken a backseat in the public mindto what I call the accumulation view of science—that is a pile of facts way too big for us to everhope to conquer. But if scientists would talk about the questions, and if themedia reported not only on new discoveries but the questions they answered andthe new puzzles they created, and if educators stopped trafficking in factsthat are available on Wikipedia—then we might find a public once again engaged in adventure.
46. Which of the following would mostscholars agree to about Newton and science?
A. Newton wasthe only person who knew all the science in the 1600s.
B. Newton’slaws of force and gravity dominated science for 350 years.
C. Since Newton’stime, science has developed into a mountain of facts.
D. A highschool student probably knows more science than Newton did.
47. Which of the following is bestsupported in this passage?
A. A scientistis a master of knowledge.
B. Knowledgegenerates better ignorance.
C. Ignorance isa sign of lack of education.
D. Goodscientists are thoroughly ignorant.
48. Why is it a relief that science is aboutthe question more than the answers?
A. Becausepeople like solving puzzles.
B. Becausequestion make science accessible.
C. Becausethere are more question than answers.
D. Because questionpoint the way to deep answers.
49. The expression “takea back seat” (line 1, paragraph 5) probably means _____.
A. take a backplace
B. have adifferent role
C. be ofgreater priority
D. become lessimportant
50. What is the author’s greatest concernin the passage?
A. Theinvolvement of the public in science.
B. Scientists’enjoyment of ignorance.
C. Theaccumulation of scientific knowledge.
D. Newton’sstanding in the history of science.
【答案与解析】
46.D 有关牛顿和科学，大多数学者认可的观点主要集中在文章第一段，该段最后一句提到“The modern high school student probably now possesses morescientific knowledge, than Newton did, yet science to many people seems to bean impenetrable mountain of facts”，可知关于科学，目前一个中学生就很可能比当时的牛顿知道的多。因此D项为正确答案。其他选项内容与文章首段的描述有出入。
47.B 文章第三段讲述了无知和知识之间的关系。该段第四句提到“One crucial outcome of scientific knowledge is to generate new andbetter ways of being ignorant…”，B项描述与之意思相符，因此为正确答案。
48.B 题干所描述内容出现在第四段首句，该句指出“科学更多是关乎问题而非答案应该是一个令人感到欣慰的观点”，接着下文提到“It makes science less threatening and far more friendly and, in fact,fun”以及“Questionsare also more accessible and more interesting than answers…”，可知问题使得科学更易于理解和接受。因此答案选B。
49.D 文章第五段第一句指出“Lately this side of science has taken a backseat in the public mindto what I call the accumulation view of science—that is a pile of facts way too big for us to everhope to conquer”，即在大众看来，“科学更多是关乎问题而非答案”的观点已经taken a backseat，人们认为科学是大量事实的集合，甚至无法想象去征服。由此可推测take a backseat指“处于次要地位；退居次位”。因此答案选D。
50.A 文章中一直在讨论科学的问题，最后作者提出一系列的如果“But if scientists would talk about the questions, and if…and if…”，并得出结论“then we might find apublic once again engaged in adventure”，可知在该篇文章中作者最关注的问题是使人们重新参与到科学之中。因此答案选A。
Passage Three
Information technology that helps doctors and patients makedecisions has been around for a long time. Crude online tools like WebMD getmillions of visitors a day. But Watson is a different long beast. According toIBM, it can digest information and make recommendation much more quickly, andmore intelligently, than perhaps any machine before it—processing up to 60 millionpages of text per second, even when that text is in the form of plain oldprose, or what scientists call “natural language.”
That’s no small thing, because something like 80 percent of allinformation is “unstructured.” In medicine, it consists of physician notesdictated into medical records, long-winded sentences published in academicjournals, and raw numbers stored online by public-health departments. At leastin theory, Watson can make sense of it all. It can sit in on patientexaminations, silently listening. And over time, it can learn better atfiguring out medical problems and ways of treating them the more it interactswith real cases. Watson even has the ability to convey doubt. When it makesdiagnoses and recommend treatments, it usually issues a series ofpossibilities, each with its own level of confidence attached.
Medicine has never before had a tool quite like this. And at anunofficial coming-out party in Las Vegas last year, during the annual meetingof the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society, more than 1,000professionals packed a large hotel conference hall, and an overflow room nearbyto hear a presentation by Marty Kohn, an emergency-room physician and aclinical leader of the IBM team training Watson for health care. Standingbefore a video screen that dwarfed his large frame, Kohn described in his huskyvoice how Watson could be a game changer—not just inhighly specialized fields like oncology but also in primary care, given thatall doctors can make mistakes that lead to costly, sometimes dangerous,treatment errors.
Drawing on his own clinical experience and on academic studies, Kohnexplained that about one-third of these errors appear to be products ofmisdiagnosis, one cause of which is “anchoring bias”: human beings’ tendency torely too heavily on a single piece of information. This happens all the time indoctors’ offices, clinics, and emergency rooms. A physician hears about two orthree symptoms, seizes on a diagnosis consistent with those, and subconsciouslydiscounts evidence that points to something else. Or a physician hits upon theright diagnosis, but fails to realize that it’s incomplete, and ends uptreating just one condition when the patient is, in fact, suffering fromseveral. Tools like Watson are less prone to those failings. As such, Kohnbelieves, they may eventually become as ubiquitous in doctors’ offices as thestethoscope.
“Watson fills in for some human limitations,” Kohn told me in aninterview. “Studies show that humans are good at taking a relatively limitedlist of possibilities and using that list, but are far less adept at using hugevolumes of information. That’swhere Watson shines: taking a huge list of information and winnowing it down.”
51.What is Watson?
A. It is aperson who aids doctors in processing medical records.
B. It is anonline tool that connects doctors over different places.
C. It is anintelligent computer that helps doctors make decisions.
D. It is abeast that greets millions of visitors to a medical institution.
52. Which of the following is beyondWatson’s ability?
A. Talk withthe patient.
B. Calculateprobability.
C. Recommendtreatment.
D. Processsophisticated data.
53. Marty Kohn_____.
A. gave apresentation at an academic conference
B. works forthe IBM Training Division
C. is a shortperson with a husky voice
D. expressedoptimism for Watson
54．“Anchoring bias” _____.
A. is a deviceubiquitous in doctors ‘offices.
B. is lesslikely to be committed by Watson.
C. happens inone third of medical treatments
D. is a wrongdiagnosis with incomplete information
55. Which of the following maybe the besttitle of the passage?
A. Watson as ashining star
B. The risks ofmisdiagnosis
C. The RobotWill See You Now
D. IBM’s ITsolution to medicine
【答案与解析】
51.C 文章首段开头便指出能帮助医生和病人进行诊断的信息科技已存在相当长的一段时间了，随后便引出Watson，称其能够“digest information and make recommendation much more quickly, andmore intelligently, than perhaps any machine before it”，由此可推知Watson是能帮助医生进行诊断的智能电脑，因此本题答案选C。
52.A 关于Watson能做些什么，文章第二段主要对其进行了介绍。该段指出对于医学方面的大量复杂信息，至少在理论上“Watson can make sense of it all”，对应D项；根据该段最后一句“When it makes diagnoses and recommend treatments, it usually issuesa series of possibilities…”，可知B项和C项的内容也是Watson能够做到的。唯独A项“与病人进行交谈”文中没有提及，因此超出了Watson的能力范围。故答案选A。
53.D 文中首次提到Marty Kohn是在第三段，该段最后一句提到“Kohn described in his husky voice how Watson could be a gamechanger—not just in highly specialized fields like oncology but also in primarycare, given that all doctors can make mistakes that lead to costly, sometimesdangerous, treatment errors”，由此可知Kohn对于Watson持乐观的态度。因此D项正确。其他选项与该段提到的内容均由出入。
54.B anchoring bias出现在第四段首句，该句对anchoring bias的解释为“human beings’ tendency to rely too heavily on a single piece ofinformation”。随后该段对anchoringbias发生的情况进行了详细介绍，并在倒数第二句指出“Tools like Watson are less prone to those failings”。由此可知Watson不太可能会犯此类错误。因此答案选B。
55.A 文章从引入Watson开始，对Watson的功能、前景和克服人类局限性的优点进行了介绍，并在文章最后一句总结到“That’s where Watson shines…”，因此A项最适合作本文的标题。
Passage Four
The contribution genes make intelligence increase as children growolder. This goes against the notion that most people hold that as we age, environmentalinfluences gradually overpower the genetic legacy we are born with and may haveimplications for education. “People assume the genetic influence goes down withage because the environmental differences between people pile up in life,” saysRobert Plomin. “What we found was quite amazing, and goes in the otherdirection.”
Previous studies have shown variations in intelligence are at leastpartly due to genetics. To find out whether this genetic contribution varieswith age, Piomin’s team pooled data from six separate studies carried out inthe US, the UK, Australia and the Netherlands, involving a total of 11,000pairs of twins. In these studies, the researchers tested twins on reasoning,logic and arithmetics to measure a quantity called general cognitive ability,or “G”. Each study also included both identical twins, with the same genes, andfraternal twins, sharing about half their genes, making it possible todistinguish the contributions of genes and environment to their G scores.
Plomin’s team calculated that in childhood, genes account for about41 percent of the variation in intelligence. In adolescence, this rose to 55percent; by young adolescence, it was 66 percent. No one knows why theinfluence from genes should increase with age, but Plomin suggests that aschildren get older, they become better at exploiting and manipulating theirenvironment to suit their genetic needs, and says “Kids with high G will usetheir environment to foster their cognitive ability and choose friends who arelike-minded.” Children with medium to low G may choose less challengingpastimes and activities, further emphasizing their genetic legacy.
Is there any way to interfere with the pattern?Perhaps. “The evidence of strong heritability doesn’t mean at all that there isnothing you can do about it,” says Susanne Jaeggi, “From our own work the onesthat started off with lower IQ scores had higher gains after training.”
Plomin suggests that genetic difference may be more emphasized ifall children share an identical curriculum instead of it being tailored tochildren’s natural ability. “My inclination would be to give everyone a goodeducation, but put more effort into lower end,” he says. Intelligenceresearchers Paul Thompson agrees: “It shows that educators need to steer kidstowards things drawing out their nature talents.”
56. What is the common notion that peoplehold about genes?
A. Humans cando little to change the genetic difference between people.
B. Geneticinfluence becomes stronger when people receive education.
C. Genescontribute more to one’s intelligence than environmental factors.
D.Environmental factors lessen the influence of genes on one’s intelligence.
57. The study by Plomin’s team aims to findout _____.
A. whethervariations in intelligence caused by genetic differences
B. how tooverpower genetic with new educational approaches
C. whethergenetic contribute to one’s intelligence varies with age
D. therelationship between environment and genes
58. From the experiment with twins,Plomin’s team draws a conclusion that _____.
A. geneticcontribution increase when one grows older
B. geneticinfluence decreases when age increases
C. environmenthas more impact on fraternal twins than identical twins
D. it remains amystery how genes and environment co-influence people
59. The word “pattern” in paragraph four isclosest in meaning to _____.
A. cognitiveability
B. strongheritability
C. geneticlegacy
D. challengingpastimes
60. Which of the following might Plomin’steam least agree to?
A. An identicalcurriculum to school children.
B. Adifferentiated course design to children with varied IQ.
C. More effortdirected at children with medium or low G.
D. Educationtailored to children’s natural abilities.
【答案与解析】
56.D 根据文章第一段第二句“This goes against the notion that most people hold that as we age,environmental influences gradually overpower the genetic legacy we are bornwith…”，可知人们常常认为随着年龄的增大，环境对于人们智力的影响会超过基因的影响。D项与之描述相符，因此为正确答案。
57.C 关于Plomin所在小组的研究目的，第二段第二句提到“To find out whether this genetic contribution varies with age,Piomin’s team pooled data from six separate studies carried out in the US, theUK…”，因此本题答案为C项。
58.A 第二段第三句指出“In these studies, the researchers tested twins on reasoning, logicand arithmetics to measure a quantity called general cognitive ability, or ‘G’”，随后第三段第三句指出“No one knows whythe influence from genes should increase with age…”，可知Plomin小组对于双胞胎的研究发现，基因对一个人智力的影响会随着其年龄的增大而增加。因此正确答案为A项。
59.A 第三段最后部分Plomin指出有着high G的孩子会利用环境发展其认知能力（cognitive ability），而有着medium to low G的孩子可能会选择less challenging pastimes and activities，更加强调其genetic legacy。第四段开头提出是否存在interfere with the pattern的方法，随后该段指出“The evidence of strong heritability doesn’t mean at all that thereis nothing you can do about it…”，由此可知“pattern”很有可能指的是strong heritability。因此答案选A。
60.A 文章最后一段第二句指出Plomin的观点是：“My inclination would be to give everyone a good education, but putmore effort into lower end”，可知Plomin认为所有人都应接受好的教育，但对于那些认知能力低的学生应多加关注，因此A项“让学生采用相同的课程表”是Plomin所在小组最不可能接受的。
PartFive: Proofreading (15%)
Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 15 mistakes, ONEin each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add aword, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it out and write thecorrect word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between thewords (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, justcross it out. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).
Examples:
e.g. (61) Themeeting begun 2 hours ago.
Correction puton the ANSWER SHEET (2): (61) begun began
e.g. (62) Scarcelythey settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up.
Correction puton the ANSWER SHEET (2): (62) (Scarcely)had (they)
e.g. (63) Neverwill I not do it again.
Correction puton the ANSWER SHEET (2): (63) not
(61) The economy growth that many nations in Asia andincreasingly Africa have experienced over the past couple of decades hastransformed hundreds of millions of lives—almost entire for the better.(62) But there is byproduct, to the growth, one that’s visible—or sometimesless than visible—in the smoggy, smelly skies above cities like Beijing, NewDelhi and Jakarta. (63) Because of new ears and power plants, airspollution is bad and getting worse in much of the world, and it is taking amajor toll to global health.
(64) How big? According to a new analyze published in the Lancet,more than 3.2 million people suffered premature deaths from air pollution in2010, the largest number on record. That’s up from 800,000 in 2000. (65) And it’s a regional problem: 65% of those deaths occurred in Asia, wherever the air is choked by diesel soot from cars and trucks, as well as thesmog from power plants and the dust from endless construction. In EastAsia,1.2 million people died, as well as another 712,000 in South Asia, including India. (66) For the first time ever, air pollution is on the world’s top-10 list of killers, and it’s moving down the ranks faster thanany other factor.
So how can air pollution be so damaging? (67) It is the veryfinest soot—sosmall that it lodges deep within the lungs and from there enter the bloodstream—that contributes to most of thepublic-health toll of air pollution including morality. (68) Diesel soot, what is also a carcinogen, is a major problembecause it is concentrated in cities along transportation corridors impactingdensely populated areas. (69) It is thought contribute to half thepremature deaths from air pollution in urban centers. Forexample, 1 in 6 people in the U.S. live near a diesel-pollution hot spot like a rail yard, port terminal or freeway.
We also know that air pollution may be linked to other nonlethalconditions, including autism. Fortunately in the U.S. and other developednations, urban air is for the most part cleaner than it was 30 or 40 years ago,thanks to regulations and new technologies like the catalytic converters thatreduce automobile emissions. Governments are also pushing to make air cleaner—see the White House’s move lastweek to further tighten soot standards. (70) It is perfect but we’ve hadmuch more success dealing with air pollution than climate change.
(71)Will developing nations like China and India eventually catchup? Hopefully—though the problem may get worse before long it gets better. The good news is that it doesn’ttake a major technological leap to improve urban air. (72) Switching fromdiesel fuel to unleaded helps, as do newer and cleaner cars that are morelikely to spew pollutants. Power plants “even ones that burn fossil fuelslike coal—can be fitted with pollution-control equipment that, at a price, willgreatly reduce smog and other contaminants.
(73) But the best solutions may involve urban design. In theGuardian, John Vidal notes that Delhi now has 200 cars per 1,000 people, farmore than much rich Asian cities like Hong Kong and Singapore. (74) Developingcities will almost certainly see an increase in car ownership as residentsbecome wealthier—and that does have to mean lethal air pollution. (Even ultra-green European cities often have rates of carownership at or above the level Delhi has now.) (75) Higher incomes shouldalso lead to tougher environmental regulations, which is exactly what happenedin the West. We can only hope it happens after the death toll from bad air getseven higher.
【答案与解析】
61. entireentirely
该句主句为The economy growth has transformed hundreds of millions of lives，破折号之后的内容是对其解释说明，因此应该用副词entirely。
62．(is) a (byproduct)
本句主干为there is byproduct to the growth，而one that’s visible…为byproduct的同位语，由于one在此处指代前文中的可数名词单数，因此该句中的byproduct前应加不定冠词a。
63. toon
take atoll on为习惯搭配，意为“损害，夺去”。因此将介词to改为on。
64. analyzeanalysis
画线部分第二句指“根据一项新的分析报告…”，由不定冠词a可知应将动词analyze改为其名词形式的analysis。
65. whereverwhere
本句两个逗号之间为定语从句修饰表示具体地点的先行词Asia，因此应当用连词where。
66.down up
此处前半句指出“大气污染首次位于全球头10号杀手之列”，根据语境可知，后半句应指的是“（在全球头10号杀手之列）大气污染的上升速度比其他任何因素都快”，因此应将down改为up。
67. enterenters
该句两个破折号之间的and连接两个并列谓语动词，因此enter应用其第三人称单数形式enters，以与lodges保持平衡。
68. whatwhich
该画线部分中两逗号之间为非限制性定语从句修饰主句主语diesel soot，因此应该用which引导。
69.thought (to) contribute
一个简单句中不能同时出现两个谓语动词，因此在contribute前加to，构成不定式结构作句子真正的主语，而it作形式主语。
70.is (not) perfect
前文谈到为改善空气状况所作的努力，根据本句的转折连词but及之后讲述的“但相比于应对气候变化，我们在处理大气污染方面要取得更多的成功”，因此画线部分前半句应该指的是“这（为改善空气状况所作的努力）并不完善”。因此应在perfect前加not。
71.long
此画线部分第二句破折号之后指“但在情况好转之前，该问题可能会恶化”，因此long多余，应去掉。
72. moreless
前半句指出“从使用柴油转而使用无铅汽油在改善空气状况方面起到促进作用”，根据语境可知，后半句应指的是“就像新型的排污量更小的汽车一样（有利于改善空气状况）”。因此应将后半句中的more改为less。
73. richricher
much一般用来修饰比较级形式，此外，根据上下文可知，此处指：德里目前每100人所拥有的汽车要比更加富裕的亚洲城市要多得多。因此应将rich改为其比较级形式richer。
74.does (not) have
根据括号里的内容可知，本句指“随着发展中国家的人们变得越来越富裕，汽车拥有量几乎也会随之增加，但这并不一定就意味着空气污染会达到致命程度”。因此应在have之前加not将句子予以否定。
75. afterbefore
根据语境可知，画线部分第二句指“我们只能希望空气恶化导致的死亡率进一步上升之前，政府会出台更加严格的环境法规”。因此应将after改为before。
PartSix: Writing(15%)
Directions:Read me following paragraph and then write aresponse paper of about 250 to 300 English words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET (2)
When there is a heavy rain in the north of China, cities and townare often flooded. But heavy rains in southern cities, seldom pose severe problem.When there is a heavy snow in the south of China, cities and towns often run intochaos. But heavy snows in the north seldom pose severe problems. What shouldcity planners do to deal with this and what do you think of the different waysof dealing with it?
【参考范文】
It is a strangephenomenon that heavy rain in northern China always results in flood, whereasit rarely holds any problems for cities in the south; on the other hand when itcomes to heavy snow, the reverse is true. After some thought, it is easy tofind that lack of preparation accounts most for this embarrassment.
Due to theclimate difference, the southern China normally sees much more rain than citiesin the north, especially in summer; consequently people there will be betterprepared. Therefore, heavy rain seldom causes any serious problems for thesouth, as it does for the north. Nevertheless, since the southern part of Chinais warm almost all year round, snowy days are much rare, let alone heavy snow.As a result, once it does snow heavily, the consequence will be much severe,taking a heavy toll on economy and lives.
To deal withthis problem, I believe city planners have their job to be done; that is tosay, city planners in the north of China should taken heavy rain into accountin city planning, for instance they should consider how the drainage of the citiesshould be designed to meet heavy rain. For city planners in the southern China,their design for the city should allow for heavy snow as well.
As a matter offact, to make the north better prepared for heavy rain and the south for heavysnow is more than the city planners’ responsibility. The municipal governmentsshould also strengthen the construction of infrastructure facilities and informpeople of the corresponding coping measures when heavy rain or heavy snowhappens. As for the average citizen, they should learn about the warningsignals and make preparations beforehand during the time when heavy rain orsnow is likely to happen.
【解析】
文章首段描述了一旦发生暴雨，中国北方城市往往会发生洪灾，而这在南方基本不会构成什么问题，但如果下暴雪情况则恰好相反，并指出主要原因在于缺乏足够的准备。接着本文分析了会出现以上状况的原因，并提出城市规划者应怎么做予以应对。最后一段则进一步介绍了市政府和个人应如何做。
【文海拾贝】
reverse相反；背面；倒退
let alone更不必说；听任
take toll on造成伤害
drainage排水；排水系统
allow for考虑到，虑及
municipal市政的，市的
infrastructure基础设施；公共建设
coping measure应对措施
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