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2010年北京第二外国语学院812综合考试（英2）真题及详解
2009年北京第二外国语学院812综合考试（英2）真题及详解
2008年北京第二外国语学院812综合考试（英2）真题及详解
2007年北京第二外国语学院812综合考试（英2）真题及详解
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2010年北京第二外国语学院812综合考试（英2）真题及详解
Part One英美社会文化(50分)
I. Fill in the blankswith proper words: (每题 2 分)
1. In 1215, some feudal barons and the Churchforced King _________ to sign the _________ to place some limits on the King’spower.
2. The BritishConstitution consists of statute law, _________ and _________.
3. There are threemajor parties in the UK: _________, the Labour party and _________.
4.The two oldest universities in Britain are _________ and _________.
5. The US federal government consists of thefollowing three branches: the executive, _________ and _________.
6．“WASP” stands for _________.
7. According to John Locke, the right to governcomes from an agreement or _________ voluntarily entered into by free people.
8.The Three Faiths in the US refer to Protestant, _________ and _________.
9.The first Catholic president in the US was _________.
10. Some of the programs to equalize educationalopportunities for all groups by giving special preference to members ofminority groups are called _________.
答案：
1.John, Magna Carta
2. common law,conventions
3. the Conservativeparty, the Liberal Democratic party
4.Oxford, Cambridge
5. the legislative, thejudicial
6. White Anglo-SaxonProtestant
7.Social contract
8.Catholic, Jewish
9.J.F. Kennedy
10. affirmative actionprograms
II. Tell what you knowabout the following in your own words:
1. The Bill of Rightsof 1689
答案：
The Bill of Rights of1689
In 1688, King James II’sdaughter Mary and her husband William were invited by the politicians andchurch authorities to take the throne, on condition that they would respect thefights of Parliament. The Bill of Rights was passed in 1689 to ensure that theKing would never be able to ignore Parliament.
2. TheCommonwealth
答案：
The Commonwealth
In the author’sopinion, the Commonwealth is a voluntary association of states which is made upmostly of former British colonies. There are 50 members of the Commonwealth:many of these are developing countries like India and Cyprus; others are developed nations like Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The Commonwealth wasset up as a forum for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.
3.The Times
答案：
The Times
The Times beganpublishing in 1785 and it is the United Kingdom’s oldest daily newspaper.
4. The three traditionsof Christmas in Britain
答案：
The three traditions ofChristmas in Britain
Three are threeChristmas traditions which are particularly British: one is the ChristmasPantomime, a comical musical play. The main male character is played by a youngwoman while The main female character, often an ugly woman called “the Dame,”is played by a man. Another British Christmas tradition is to hear the Queengive her Christmas message to her realm over the television and radio. A thirdBritish tradition is Boxing Day, which falls on the day after Christmas.Traditionally, it was on Boxing Day that people gave Christmas gifts or moneyto their staff or servants. Now that most British people do not have servants,this custom is no longer observed. However, a new Boxing Day custom hasemerged, in the cities: shopping. Shops open up to sell off all their Christmasstock decorations, food, cards, and gift items at low prices.
5.Puritanism
答案：
Puritanism
Puritans were those whofollowed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purify the Church ofEngland. They believe that human beings were predestined by God before theywere born. Some were God’s chosen people while others were damned to hell. Nochurch nor good works could save people. The sign of being God’s elect was thesuccess in his work or the prosperity in his calling. They also argued thateveryone must read the Bible in order to find God’s will and establish a directcontact with God. These beliefs had great impact on American culture.
6.The Bill of Rights
答案：
The Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rightsconsists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in1791. The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rightssuch as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right toown weapons and so on.
Part Two 翻译(50分)
I. 英译汉(25分)
Directions: Translatethe following passage into Chinese. The time for this section is 30 minutes.
1. High-speed ground transportation (HSGT)represents a new mode of transportation for the United States, one that ispotentially superior to both airplanes and automobiles for trips between 100and 600 miles.
答：对于美国来说，高速地面运输是一种新的运输方式。路程在160-960公里之内，这种运输方式比飞机、汽车更有潜在的优势。
2. Principal hereby appoints agent as itsexclusive agent to sell Products in Territory, within and to the extent of theright granted hereunder, on behalf of Principal and Agent accepts and assumessuch appointment.
答：委托人兹委托代理人为其独家代理，代表委托人，在本条款所给予的权利限度内，在所定“地区”销售所定的“产品”，代理人接受并承担该项委托。
3. The research finds that young women areheading for an early grave through smoking and lack of exercise.
答：这项研究发现，由于抽烟和缺少运动，一些青年女性正踏上一条减寿之途。
4. Eager to trust but determined to verify, manysingle women in an age of risky romance are hiring private detectives to checkthe background of their suitors.
答：在这个爱情有风险的年代，许多单身女子对求婚的人欲信犹疑，于是就纷纷雇佣私家侦探去查清对方的身世。
5. Career comebacks from disaster are bothdifficult and, oddly, easy. Difficult because your record has been blighted;easy because if you have achieved triumphs before, you know how it’s done.While we are suspicious of someone who has suffered a serious setback, we alsorespect hard-won experience. Moreover, the doctrine of redemption is a centralpart of our culture. The idea that someone is an irredeemable loss seemsincredibly brutal. Such a judgment feels as if it should be reserved for thosewho have been criminal, repeatedly negligent, or created damage on a grandscale.
答：职场失败后东山再起既困难又容易(后面一点有些奇怪)。困难是因为你的履历上有了污点；容易是因为如果你以前成功过，你就知道如何才能成功。尽管我们对遭受严重挫折的人持怀疑态度，但我们也对来之不易的经验表示尊敬。此外，救赎这个信念是我们文化的核心部分。说某人无可救药似乎相当残忍。这种评价给人的感觉是，它应该仅适用于那些犯下罪行、屡教不改或是造成严重破坏的人。
II. 汉译英(25分)
Directions：Translatethe following into English．The time for this section is 30 minutes．
1．我公司经营各类城市绿化专用树苗几十个品种50万株，完全能达到随来随购、顾客满意的程度。
答：The company’s stocks of dozens of species(atotal of 500,000-odd saplings)are sufficient to meet thedemand of urban tree planting.
2．本合同自签字之日起生效，直至双方间所有的遗留问题，包括财务问题，处理完毕之日止。
答：This Contract shall become effective upon andfrom the date when it is signed and shall remain valid until all outstandingissues including the financial matters between the Parties hereto have beenresolved.
3．15至55岁的中国女性共约有3.8亿。只要经济条件允许，几乎人人都想把自己打扮得卓约靓丽，这种情况在城市尤为明显。
答：All told, China has roughly 380 million womenbetween the ages of 15 and 55, and few of them—particularly in the cities—wantto look any less than the best their budgets allow.
4．当时，这位年轻的参议员为他亚裔秘书的出众长相所倾倒：她乌发披肩，亮泽飘逸；一双黑眸，顾盼生辉。
答：The then young senator was struck by thepowerful profile of his secretary of Asian descent, her rich black hair fallingfreely onto her shoulders, the intensity of her dark eyes.
5．作为人生发迹的手段之一，幽默和魅力是一对效力惊人的组合。我遇见过许多凭借风趣机智和好人缘白手起家的企业家。他们谦和自敛，让我们生不起气来；我们与他们相处愉快——所以我们为什么不与他们做生意呢?当然，这里面必须讲求技巧。一味溜须拍马，开一些干巴巴的玩笑，不会产生同样的魔力。英国人认为，人生在世，就得苦中作乐。这似乎是我们心理学和文化的一条基本原则。在伦敦，说一个人缺乏幽默感，等于是说他一无是处。我出席的许多重要会议，都以一些善意的玩笑开场，以此打破沉默。这种惯例提醒我们，我们都是凡人，而不完全是商业机器。
答：
Humour and charm are a surprisingly powerful combination asa means of ascent in life. I have met a number of entrepreneurs who have builtfortunes on the back of their wit and general popularity—and not much else.They disarm us with self-deprecation; we enjoy their company—so why wouldn’t wewant to do business with them? Of course, it all has to be done well;sycophancy and flat jokes do not weave the same spell.
The British feel that some light relief amid the drudgeryis essential for existence to be tolerable. It seems to be a cornerstone of ourpsychology and culture. In London, to say someone has no sense of humour is tocondemn them utterly. Many important meetings I attend start with a littlefriendly banter to break the ice, a ritual to remind us that we are all human—ratherthan simply robots of commerce.
Part Three 写作(50points)
Read the followingarticle then fulfill the tasks.
The Cult of the Faceless Boss
Too many chief executives are instantlyforgettable. It’s the flamboyant, visionary bosses whochange the world.
（指出现象）THE European Union is not the only institution that prefers facelesstechnocrats to people with star power. The corporate world is increasinglyrejecting imperial chief executives in favour of anonymous managers—bland andboring men and women who can hardly get themselves noticed at cocktail parties,let alone stop the traffic in Moscow and Beijing.
（举例说明）Some of the world’s most powerful bosses are striking mainly fortheir blandness: Sam Palmisano at IBM, Tony Hayward at BP, Terry Leahy atTesco, Vittorio Colao at Vodafone. These men are at the head of a vast army ofeven more forgettable bosses. Watch the parade of chief executives who appearon CNBC every day, or drop in to a high-powered conference, and you begin towonder whether cloning is more advanced than scientists are letting on.
It is true thatthere are a few more women and members of ethnic minorities at the top ofcompanies than there used to be. But physical diversity has not translated intocultural diversity or intellectual vitality. Almost without exception, today’sbosses spout （滔滔不绝地讲）the same tired old management clichés—about the merits of doing wellby doing right（为善者，诸事顺）, the importance of valuing your workers, the virtues ofsustainability and so forth.
The women whowere profiled in a recent article in the Financial Times about the “top50 women in world business” were every bit as adept with the cliché astheir male colleagues. Indra Nooyi, the boss of PepsiCo, proclaimed that shespends her weekends “doing everything that normal people do”. Andrea Jung, theboss of Avon, said her biggest inspiration came from “Avon’s six million salesrepresentatives worldwide”.
（解释原因）The fashion for faceless chief executives is part of anunderstandable reaction against yesterday’s imperial bosses, many ofwhom were vivid characters, capable of holding their own in a cocktail partywith Tony Blair, but who collectively brought opprobrium （耻辱；责骂）on the system that letthem shine. Some, such as Jeff Skilling of Enron and Tyco’s Dennis Kozlowski,broke the law and helped inspire a dramatic tightening of governmentregulation, in the form of the Sarbanes-Oxley legislation. Others, such as HomeDepot’s Bob Nardelli and Hewlett-Packard’s Carly Fiorina, paid themselves likesuperstars but delivered dismal（凄凉的，惨淡的） results.
The turbulent businessclimate is another factor that encourages today’s chief executives to keeptheir heads down. Their average tenure（任期） has declined from ten years in the 1970sto six years today, and boards are becoming ever more likely to sack（开除） bosses if they get outof line, particularly in Europe. The financial crisis has also produced awave of popular fury（狂怒） about over-paid executives and their unaccountable ways. In thissort of climate it is not just the paranoid, but the faceless, who survive.
Facelessness—orat least humility—is also the height of fashion among management consultantsand business gurus（领袖）. Corporate headhunters are helping firms find “humble” bosses. JimCollins, one of America’s most popular gurus, argues that the best chiefexecutives are not flamboyant（灿烂的；浮夸的） visionaries but “humble, self-effacing（抹去。使自己不被注意）, diligent andresolute souls”. Business journalists have taken to producing glowing profilesof self-effacing and self-denying bosses such as Haruka Nishimatsu, the boss ofJapan Airlines, who travels to work on the bus and pays himself less than hispilots, and Mike Eskew, the former boss of UPS, who flew coach（坐经济舱） and shares anadministrative assistant with three other people. It can only be a matter oftime before somebody writes “The Management Secrets of Uriah Heep”: be ’umble,be ever so ’umble.
（提出质疑）Yet there is surely a danger of taking all this too far. A lowprofile is no guarantee against corporate failure, as the former bosses oftwo companies lauded by Mr Collins, Fannie Mae and Circuit City, can tell you. In general, the corporate world needs its flamboyant visionaries and ragingegomaniacs（极端自我主义者）rather more than its humble leaders and corporate civil servants. Think of thepeople who have shaped the modem business landscape, and “faceless” and“humble” are not the first words that come to mind.
Be bold, not bland
The previousoutbreak of the cult of facelessness was in the 1950s, when books such as “TheOrganisation Man” and “The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit” topped the bestsellerlist, and when two of America’s biggest firms, General Motors and GeneralElectric, were both run by men named Charles Wilson. Today’s world is asdifferent as possible from the one that produced organisation man: an unusualdegree of turbulence requires unusual bosses, rather than steady-as-she-goesfunctionaries.
The best defenceof these faceless bosses lies in the realm of（在……领域里） public relations, rather thanmanagement—they are helping to defuse（平息） public anger at corporate excesses. But even here the case is weak.Few people pay any attention to the identikit （老一套的）bosses who keep popping up to（提示） hum（低哼，嗡嗡声） their corporatemuzak about doing well by doing right. The bestambassadors for business are the outsized figures who have changed theworld and who feel no need to apologise for themselves or their calling. Thereis no long-term comparative advantage in being forgettable.
Task 1: Explain theunderlined words. (10 points)
(1) Almost without exception, today’s bosses spout the same tired old management clichés—about the merits ofdoing well by doing right, ...
答：● spout: pour out,repeat the same thing
(2) The women who were profiled in a recentarticle in the Financial Times about the “top 50 women in world business”were every bit as adept with the cliché as their male colleagues.
答：● adept: highlyskilled, be familiar with
(3) The fashion for faceless chief executives ispart of an understandable reaction against yesterday’s imperial bosses, many of whom were vivid characters,...
答：● imperial: toocommanding, demanding obedience from others
(4) Their average tenure hasdeclined from ten years in the 1970s to six years today, and boards arebecoming ever more likely to sack bosses if they get out of line, particularly in Europe.
答：● tenure : periodof holding a position, term
● get outof line: do or say somethinginappropriately
(5) Jim Collins, one of America’s most popular gurus, argues that the best chief executives are not flamboyant visionaries but “humble, self-effacing,diligent and resolute souls”.
答：● flamboyant visionaries: people with striking personality, vision and insight
● self-effacing: without individuality and striking personality
(6) A low profile is noguarantee against corporate failure, as the former bosses of two companieslauded by Mr. Collins, Fannie Mac and Circuit City, can tell you.
答：● a low profile:being humble, unnoticed by other people, not aggressive
(7) But even here the case is weak. Few peoplepay any attention to the identikit bosses who keep popping up to hum their corporate muzak about doing well by doing right.
答：● hum their corporate muzak: repeating the things that they think are best practiced
(8) The best ambassadors for business are the outsized figures who have changed the world and who feel no need toapologise for themselves or their calling.
答：● outsized: ofgreat importance, powerful and influential
Task 2: Give yourcomments on the article. (20points)
答案：
This article isgenerally a critique of the trend prevailing in the realm of management thatfacelessness and blandness are becoming the key elements of a boss, whileflamboyant and bold people are no longer considered as the best men for thefirst chair. The author is opposed to this phenomenon and believes that it isthe outsized figures rather thanthe fogettable profiles that have comparative advantages in the long run.
The firstparagraph is a statement about this phenomenon, and the author shows hisattitude at the very beginning by describing the faceless boss as boring. Inthe next there paragraphs, he makes a further discription of the cult of thehumble boss by giving several facts: a vast number of leaders strike for theirblandness and many leaders are adept to show their blandeness. And his taunt tothem can be found everywhere in the sarcastic sentences. Then in paragraph 5 to7, he analyzes the reasons hiding behind the fashion, concluding that it’s anunderstandble reaction against yestoday’s imperialbosses, and the turbulent business climate also accountfor the popularity of faceess leaders. And finally, the author present his opinionsstraightly in paragraph 8 to 10, advocating that the right field for thefaceless bosses should be public relations ,not management, which actualy needsflamboyant visionaries even raging egomaniacs.
As far as I’mconcernd, the author may go to extreme when emphasizing the role of imperial persons in management. As the old saying goes, badtimes make a good man. Every personality type can stand out as long as thesocial background is appropriate to it. Just as he admitted in the passage thattoday’s world is as different as possible from the one that produced organisationman, bland man may indeed fit this era better than the egomaniacs.
However, the article is fairly commendablein terms of literary skills. As a critique,it inevitably has a sarcastic tonewhich permeate through the passage, but the author is wittty enough to put itin a humrous way. For example, the sentence in paragraph 2 “you begin to wonder whether cloning is more advanced than scientistsare letting on” drolly conveys his taunt to the boringpeople; and we can even imagine the chuck of the author when reading anotherespression in paragraph 3 “But physical diversity hasnot translated into cultural diversity or intellectual vitality”.
Task 3: What canemployees do to contribute to a great working place? (20 points)
答案：略
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