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2011年中南大学考博英语真题
2010年中南大学考博英语真题
2008年中南大学考博英语真题
2007年中南大学考博英语真题及详解
2006年中南大学考博英语真题及详解
2005年中南大学考博英语真题及详解
2004年中南大学考博英语真题及详解
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考博真题是每个考生复习备考必不可少的资料，而拥有一份权威、正确的参考答案尤为重要，通过研究历年真题能洞悉考试出题难度和题型，了解常考章节与重要考点，能有效指明复习方向。
《中南大学考博英语历年真题及详解》完整收录了2004～2008年、2010年和2011年的7套考博真题，并提供2004～2007年试题的参考答案及详解。本书中的解题思路清晰、答案翔实，帮助广大考生在熟练掌握知识点的同时，能够熟练运用各种题型的答题技巧，以提高应试技巧，把握答题节奏，增强自信心，提高考试分数。
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2011年中南大学考博英语真题
Paper One
Part I Use of English ( 20%)
Section A Vocabulary andStructure ( 10% )
Directions: There are20 incomplete sentences in this section. Foreach sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONEanswer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter OnAnswer Sheet with a single line through the center.
l. They were forced to ______on necessities in order to make their limited supplies last the longish winter.
A.skimp
B.exhaust
C.stingy
D. count
2.The police areworking on a ______ into suspected drug dealing in the outskirt of the city.
A.investigate
B.survey
C. propitiation
D. probe
3. He interpreted hercondemnation of recent of political developments as an ______ criticism of thegovernment.
A.implicit
B.implying
C. implication
D. imposing
4. That TV news programplays ______ sensational stories just to get higher ratings.
A.at
B.up
C.with
D. into
5. Squad members,already decked out in ______ chemical suits, put on masks and rubber gloves.
A.awesome
B.fulsome
C. chromosome
D. cumbersome
6. There are somepeople who will always ______ a cause merely because others are attacking orcriticizing it.
A: stand upfor
B. upholdwith
C. advocate in
D. withdraw from
7. Preliminary estimation puts the figure ataround $110 billion ______ the $160 billion the president to get through theCongress.
A. in replyto
B. in relation to
C. in contrast to
D. in proportion to
8. I arranged to go tomy new work before my predecessor left, so that he could help me to ______.
A. put myhand out.
B. come to my hand
C. give my hand off
D. get myhand in
9. The budget problemof the program was ______ by many unexpected costs.
A.precipitated
B. prorated
C. participated
D. propagated
10. We were to have met them next Thursday, andthen to have gone for a ramble together, but for some reason they have ______.
A. criedout
B. cried off
C. cried for
D. cried down
11. At the end of every chapter in our sciencetext, there is a group of ______ questions, intended for students who wish togo more deeply into the subject.
A.optimistic
B. optional
C. optative
D. operational
12. The fact that there tire marks in the drive ______the theory that the thieves used a car to take a way the stolen property.
A.detects
B. inquires
C. bears out
D. . applies
13. His promotion hasprovoked ______ discussion among the staff of law agency.
A.apprehensive
B. animated
C. annihilated
D. ameliorated
14. There are someteenagers who have independent tastes, but most of them tend to ______.
A.messedup
B. be in the masses
C.run into the group
D. go with the crowd
15. He was ______ in hissupport of the governor’s polices of social welfare affairs.
A.steadfast
B. stagnant
C. infirm
D. stubborn
16. You must choose between a low rate ofinterest but security for your capital, and a higher rate of interest with theattendant risks, you cannot ______.
A. be inmeanroads
B. stay in hesitations
C.have it bothways
D. hold all the coins
17. There’s firm distinction between themoderate consumption of alcoholic beverages and Overindulgence to the point of ______.
A.intoxication
B. indulgence
C. introspection
D. intimation
18. The teacherthreatened to ______ their X-box if they kept playing in classroom.
A.fine
B. confiscate
C.penalize
D. punish
19. Despite hispleasant manner, I suspected he was ______ information about the decisions madeat the Board meeting.
A.fishing for
B. testifying for
C. discovering for
D. in discovery of
20. There are some people who will use any kindof argument, no matter how illogical, so long as they can ______ an opponent.
A.rebuttal
B. dispute over
C. scorn with
D. score off
Section B Cloze Test ( 10%)
Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For eachblank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONEthat best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on AnswerSheet with a single line through the center.
The development and widespread use of computertechnology and the internet have transformed how we communicate, how businessis conducted, how information is dispersed, and how society is organized. Priorto (21) 1980, in-depth information about any one (22) matter was attained through laboriousresearch (23) count less visits to libraries and (24) repeated interviews with persons (25)known reputation and reputable (26) ,Now, a great deal of (27) is available at theclick of a mouse (28) , all attainable fromwithin the (29) of ones own home or from the (30)of a computer in an office. Previous labor-intensive (31)jobs, such as loading and unpacking of (32) ,luggage handling at airports, and food (33) ,once performed by a large middle-class (34) arenow performed routinely by robots which are monitored by computer-controlledsystems.
Our lives have been (35) bythe advent of computer and internet technologies, but likewise these benefits (36)have been ushered in by the technology (37) havehad an averse affect on the (38) of ourinterpersonal-relationships. Mere communication is no (39)via postal mail or face-to-face (40) ,but rather via electronic email, personal internet message boards, and byvirtue of hand-held personal electronic assistants.
21. A.approximately B.annually C.propositionally D.alternatively
22. A.supposed B.subject C.intensive D. attainable
23. A.of B. involving C.throughout D.mentioning
24. A.into B. thus C.with menus D.via
25. A.as B. for C.of D. in
26. A.expert B.experience C.expertise D. exposure
27. A.businesses B.information C.technologies D.systems
28. A.keyboard B.switch C.button D. flash
29. A.restraints B.bans C.prohibitions D.confines
30. A.use B.development C.application D.supply
31: A.dozy B.labor C.support D. tiresome
32. A.trucks B.vessels C.vehicles D. loads
33. A.manufacturing B.managing C.bargaining D.dealing
34. A.clerks B.maids C.farmers D. workforce
35. A.classified B.simplified C.amplified D.magnified
36. A.that B.there C.which D. in that.
37. A.concurrency B.revolution C.evolution D.resolution
38. A.cost B.core C.head D. essence
39. A.longer B.sooner C.longish D. more
40. A.contrast B.contact C.contract D.confirm
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension ( 40% )
Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage isfollowed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, Cand D. You should decide which is the best choice and mark the correspondingletter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage 1
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in allcultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy ordespondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal.Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring theteeth in a hostile Way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century,may be a universal sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions wouldhave survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approachof enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.
Most investigators concur that certain racialexpressions suggest the same emotions in all people. Moreover, people indiverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions.In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting theemotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked peoplearound the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Thosequeried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribethat dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups, including the Fore, whohad almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions.(43) The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how theywould respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basicemotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtainedsimilar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permittedto report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. Theparticipants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and whichemotion was more intense.
Psychological researchers generally recognizethat facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotionalstates give rise to certain pattern of electrical activity in the facialmuscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, thatthe causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also workin the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis; signals from thefacial muscles (“feedback”) are sent back to emotion centers of the brains andso a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s emotional state.Consider Darwin’s words, “The free expression by outward signs of an emotionintensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of alloutward signs softens our emotions” Can smiling give, rise, to feelings of goodwill, for example, and frowning to anger?
Psychological research has given rise to someinteresting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causingparticipants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report morepositive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people orsituations). as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they ratecartoons as being more aggressive.
Ekman’s observation may be relevant to theBritish expression keep a stiff upper lip as a recommendation for handlingstress. It might be that a stiff lip suppresses emotional response as long asthe lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leadsto stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension,facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
41. According to thepassage, stiffening the upper lip may have which of the following effects?
A. Itfirst suppresses stress, then intensifies it.
B. Itmay cause fear and tension in those who see it.
C. Itmay either heighten or reduce emotional response.
D. It candamage the lip muscles.
42. The author mentions“Baring the teeth in a hostile way” in order to ______.
A.differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from othermeanings of it
B. providean example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understood
C. support Darwin’s theory of evolution
D.contrast a facial expression that is easily understood with other facialexpressions
43. Which of the sentences below best expressesthe essential information in the highlighted sentence in the second paragraph?
A. The Fore exhibited the samerelationship of facial expressions and basic emotions that is seen in Westernculture when they acted out stories.
B. Thefore’s were asked to display familiar facial expressions when they told theirstories.
C.The Fore’s facial expressions indicated their unwillingness m pretend m bestory characters.
D. TheFore were familiar with the facial expressions and basic emotions of charactersin Stories.
44. According to thepassage, what did Darwin believe would happen to human emotions that were notexpressed?
A.They would last longer than usual.
B. Theywould become less intense.
C. Theywould cause problems later.
D.They would become more negative
45. According to thepassage, research involving which the following supported the facial-feedbackhypothesis?
A.The tendency of people in experiments to cooperate.
B.The reactions of people in experiments to cartoons.
C.The release of neurotransmitters by people during experiments.
D.The long-term effects of repressing emotions.
passage 2
Only two years ago, a report that two-thirds ofleading American universities had dropped the Shakespeare requirement forEnglish majors in favor of courses on popular culture and gender studiesprompted worries that the playwright regarded by many left-wing ideologues asthe quintessential Dead White Male was becoming a has-been, a victim of thecommissars of political correctness and willfully watered-down curriculums.
Today, happily, it’s clear that such reports ofShakespeare’s demise were vastly exaggerated. Shakespeare is still the mostproduced playwright in 1990’s America, and in England he was recently voted in one BBC poll of “the Briton of the Millennium.” Thereare replicas of the Globe Theater in London and Tokyo, and in Germany his birthday prompts an annual celebration. As the scholar Jonathan Bate (“TheGenius of Shakespeare”) points out, the Bard has become “a world genius” with a“cross-cultural appeal” that defies both the debunking of academic radicals andthe stuffy canonization of traditionalists. “Shakespeare in Love” a witty newmovie that works an improvisation on the playwright’s life—wasnominated for 13 Academy Awards and shares a nomination for best picture with’’Elizabeth,’’ another film (with seven nominations) set against the backdropof Elizabethan England. These pictures are only the tip of the Shakespeareiceberg. Coming soon are a slew of movies based on his plays, including JulieTaymor’s version of “Titus Andronicus” (with Anthony Hopkins, Alan Cumming andJessica Lange) and a film adaptation of ’’A Midsummer Night’s Dream,’’ starringCalista Flockhart, Michelle Pfeiffer and Kevin Kline. Alicia Silverstone willsoon star in Kenneth Branagh’s new musical adaptation of “Love’s Labor’s Lost,”while Ethan Hawke will tackle a “Hamlet’’ set in the corporate world of the 90’s.
Certainly the fact that Shakespeare is a brandname, one who neither demands royalties nor contests rewrites, has something tode with his current revival. Yet at the same time there is a latent power tohis work that has allowed successive generations of directors, critics andactors to reinvent him continually in their own image and to find new ways(some profound, some forced, some obviously silly) of pointing up is relevance.Restoration critics emphasized his role as a dramatic playwright who addressedpublic and political issues. Romantics portrayed him, romantically, as the poetof melancholy and love. And modernists have stressed the difficulty of hiswork, its layered, contradictory meanings.
46. From the passage wecan deduce that ______.
A.Shakespeare is the greatest historic figure for British culture in its history
B.Shakespeare is remembered as the greatest playwright in English world
C.Shakespeare has offered a great heritage for cultures and peoples of the world
D.Shakespeare had made the radicals and traditionalist annoyed
47. American universities had dropped theShakespeare requirement, for English majors because the playwright was regardedas ______.
A.atypical symbol of Dead White Male
B. afigure of commissars of political correctness on stage
C.just a strong has-been of the left-wing ideologues
D.less attractive as the gender and popular culture figures for young learners
48. According toJonathan Bate, Shakespeare is a figure that ______.
A. iscelebrated and remembered by the peoples despite the debunking of theextremists
B..is a global genius because of the scorning words of radicals andtraditionalists
C. hadbecome genius with a public appeal in England as he was selected the Briton ofthe Millennium
D. isthe most productive playwright in American in 1990s
49. Which of thefollowing movies is not on or of Shakespeare?
A. “AMidsummer Night’s Dream”
B.“Elizabeth”
C. “TitusAndronicus”
D.“Hamlet”
50. Many artists invarious occasions make use of Shakespeare’s masterpieces ______.
A.exactly in the way as they were of 16th century England culture
B.strong violated and strayed the way that Shakespeare created them in his time
C.improved the images and portraits that better than Shakespeare creations
D. withthe imaginations and approaches of various epochs for their own cultures
Passage 3
The Galapagos Islands are in the Pacific Ocean,off the western coast of South America. They are a rocky, lonely spot, but theyare also one of the most unusual places in the world. One reason is that theyare the home of some of the last giant tortoises left on earth.
Weighing hundreds of pounds, these tortoises, orland turtles, wander slowly around the rocks and sand of the islands.Strangely, each of these islands has its own particular kinds of tortoises.There are seven different kinds of tortoises on the eight islands, each kindbeing slightly different from the other.
Hundreds of years ago, thousands of tortoiseswandered around these islands. However, all that changed when people startedlanding there. When people first arrived in 1535, their ships had norefrigerators. This meant that fresh food was always a problem for the sailorson hoard. The giant tortoises provided a solution to this problem.
Ships would anchor off the islands, and crewswould row ashore and seize as many tortoises as they could. Once the animalswere aboard the ship, the sailors would roll the tortoises onto their backs.,The tortoises were completely helpless once on their backs, so they could onlylie there until used for soups and stews, Almost 100,000 tortoises were carriedoff in this way.
The tortoises faced other problems, too. Soonafter the first ships, settlers arrived bringing Pigs, goats, donkeys, dogs andeats. All of these animals mined life for the tortoises. Donkey and goats ateall the plants that the tortoises usually fed on, while the pigs. Dogs and catsconsumed thousands of baby tortoises each year. Within a few years, it was hardto find any tortoise eggs or even any baby tortoises.
By the early ]900so people began to worry thatthe last of the tortoises would soon die out. No one, however, seemed to careenough to do anything about the problem, More and more tortoises disappeared,even though sailors no longer needed them for food. For another fifty years,this situation continued. Finally, in the 1950s, scientist decided thatsomething must be done.
The first part of their plan was to get rid ofas many cats. Dogs and other animals as they could. Next, they tried to makesure that more baby tortoise, would be born. To do this, they started lookingfor wild tortoise eggs. They gathered the eggs and put them in safe containers.When the eggs hatched, the scientists raised the tortoises in special pens.Both the eggs and tortoises were numbered so that the scientists knew exactlywhich kinds of tortoises they had-and which island they came from. Once thetortoises were old enough and big enough to take care of themselves, thescientists took them back to their islands and set them loose. This slow; hardwork continues today, and, thanks to it, the number of tortoises is nowincreasing every year. Perhaps these wonderful animals will not disappear afterall.
51.What happened last?
A.The tortoises began to disappear.
B.The number of tortoises began to grow.
C.Scientists took away other animals.
D.Tortoises were taken back to their home islands.
52. What happenedfirst?
A.Sailors took tortoises aboard ships.
B. Thetortoise meat was used for soups and stews.
C.Settlers brought other animals to the islands.
D.Pigs had been all the sailors had to eat.
53. What happened soonafter people brought animals to the islands?
A.Tortoise eggs were kept in safe containers.
B.Scientists took away as many animals as they could.
C. Theanimals ate the tortoises’ food and eggs.
D.The tortoises fought with the other animals.
54. What happens rightafter the tortoise eggs hatch?
A. Thescientists take the tortoises back to their islands.
B. Thescientists get rid of cats, clogs, and other animals.
C.The scientist encouraged the villagers to help.
D.The scientist raised the tortoises in special pens.
Passage 4
One of the most difficult aspects of decidingwhether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of humanactivities is that it is hard to get a measure of what constitutes the naturalvariability of the climate. We know that over the past millennia the climatehas undergone major changes without any significant human intervention, We alsoknow that the global climate system is immensely complicated and thateverything is in some way connected, and so the system is capable offluctuating in unexpected ways. We need therefore to know how much the climatecan vary of its own accord in order to interpret with confidence the extent towhich recent changes are natural as opposed to being the result of human activities.Instrumental records do not go back far enough to provide us with reliablemeasurements of global climatic variability on timescales longer than acentury. What we do know is that as we include longer time intervals, therecord shows increasing evidence of slow swings in climate between differentregimes. To build up a better picture of fluctuations: appreciably further backin time requires us to use proxy records.
Over long periods of time, substances whosephysical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the timecan be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changesin those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years.Generally, the layering occurs on an annual basis, hence the observed changesin the records can be dated, Information on temperature, rainfall, and otheraspects of the climate that can be inferred from the systematic changes in propertiesis usually referred to as proxy data. Proxy temperature records have beenreconstructed from ice core drilled out of the central Greenland ice cap,calcite shells embedded in layered lake sediments in Western Europe, oceanfloor sediment cores from the tropical Atlantic Ocean ice cores from Peruvianglaciers, and ice cores from eastern Antarctica. While these records providebroadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on aglobal scale. There are nonetheless some intriguing differences, which suggestthat the pattern 0f temperature variations in regional climates can also differ significantly from each other.
55. Scientists are ableto reconstruct proxy temperature records by ______.
A.studying regional differences in temperature variations
B.studying and dating changes in the properties of substances
C.observing changes in present day climate conditions
D.Inferring past climate shifts from observations of current climatic changes
56. Which of thefollowing must we find out in order to determine the impact of human activitiesupon climate?
A. Themajor changes in climate over the past millennia.
B.The degree to which the climate varies naturally.
C.The best method for measuring climatic change.
D. Themillennium when humans began to interfere with the climate.
57. An advantage ofproxy records over instrumental records is that ______.
A. theyare more-reliable measures of climatic variability in the past century
B. theyprovide more-accurate measures of local temperatures
C. theyprovide information on climate fluctuations further back in time
D. theyreveal information about the human impact on the climate
Passage 5
Scientists formerly assumed that coralpopulations remained stable, dead polyps being replaced by now ones that build onthe “skeletons” left behind. Recent investigations, however, reveal moredynamic processes. Whole sections of a colony may the and not be replaced. Thisprocess, known as partial colony mortality, is evident in a series ofphotographs over time, but often impossible to detect in site because“skeletons” bared by the death of overlying tissue are readily overgrown byother organisms or abraded by grazers. Partial mortality can produce fissionthe process of a large colony splitting apart into two or more adjacentcolonies that presumably have identical genetic makeup, Subsequent lateralgrowth may unite these colonics in a process called fusion, As a consequence ofthese three processes, estimates of coral ages, based on size are not reliable.Partial mortality and fission, which reduce colony size, occur more frequentlythan fusion, and thus estimates of coral age based on colony size are probablyfar too low.
58. Which of thefollowing best describes the organization of the passage?
A. An assumption is Stated,processes that undermine that assumption are explained, and an inference isdrawn from what has been explained.
B. Several recently observednatural phenomena are described, their effects on various scientific theoriesare explained, and the possible consequences of these affects are presented.
C. Several processes are mentioneddifferent possible interpretations of those processes are presented andassessed, and a choice of the most satisfactory interpretation is made.
D. Ascientific problem is examined, reasons why the problem has remained unsolved.
59. The primary purposeof the passage is to ______.
A.explain the fission and fusion processes that have considerable effect on thelife expectancies of coral populations
B. point out the majordifferences between the three dynamic processes by which coral colonics growand maintain themselves
C.explain the effects of partial mortality on fission and fusion processes incoral colonies
D.explain the various dynamic processes undergone by coral colonies which makeestimating their ages difficult
60. According to the passage, all of thefollowing are confounding factors in determining the exact age of a coralcolony EXCEPT ______.
A. theabrading of the colony surface by feeding organisms
B.reuniting of colonies after fission
C.the balance between polyp births and deaths
D. partialcolony death
Paper Two
Part III Translation ( 20%)
Section A FromEnglish to Chinese ( 10% )
Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translatethe underlined sentences into Chinese: trout translation must be written dearlyon Answer SheetⅡ.
If you look at the matter analytically, youidentify two parts of the problem: There is, of course, the matter of “time”,which we can think of as fixed. (61) Then there is the issue of “work”during that time, which can various in intensity. But as my professorsuggested, it’s not the diligence of the work hut the quality of the productthat’s important. That led me to a new idea: the quality of the work. (62) Thatnotion is perhaps best explained by a sign I once saw- on the wall in someone’soffice: “don’t work harder. Work smarter.” There’s a lot of sense in thatidea. If you can’t get more time, and few of us can, the only solution is toimprove the quality of the work. (63) That means devising wags of Rettingmore out of the same time than we might otherwise get. That should lead usto an analysis of our work habits. (64) Since "work" for studentsusually means “homework” the expression "work habits" should be readas “study habits”. Then, as a smart student, you. will seek to improvethose skills that you use in study, chiefly reading and writing. (65) If youlearn to read and write better, there are big benefits that pay off across theboard in all your studies.
Section B FromChinese to English ( 10% )
Directions: Read the following short paragraph carefully and thentranslate it into English, Your translation must be written clearly on AnswerSheetⅡ.
66．科技进步是社会发展的重要标尺。l851年，英国举办第一届世博会，就是因为它是世界上最先开展工业革命的国家，并产生了很多科技产品。工业革命后带来的生产力发展令人震撼，在不到100年的时间中，人类社会所创造的生产力比过去一切时代创造的全部生产力还要多、还要大。如果和工业革命后的那一百年相比，人类在最近一百年创造的生产力不知又要大多少倍。上海世博会(Expo 2010shanghai) 展示了人类最新科技成就，如新一代移动通信、人工智能、新材料、生态节能建筑等，彰显了人获无尽的智慧和创造力。
Part IV Writing ( 20% )
Directions: Write an essay of about 250 to 300 words on the topic“Inheritance and Innovation: the Basis of Research” according to the Chineseinstructions given below, Write your essay on Answer Sheet II clearly and neatly.
传承和创新是学术研究的基石(foundation)。请你结合未来的学术研究工作举例谈谈你对其辩证关系的理解和评价。
Inheritance and Innovation: the Basis of Research
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