厦门大学考博英语历年真题及详解

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2013年厦门大学考博英语真题及详解
2012年厦门大学考博英语真题及详解
2011年厦门大学考博英语真题及详解
2010年厦门大学考博英语真题及详解
2009年厦门大学考博英语真题及详解
2008年厦门大学考博英语真题及详解
2007年厦门大学考博英语真题及详解
2006年厦门大学考博英语真题及详解
2005年厦门大学考博英语真题及详解
2004年厦门大学考博英语真题及详解
2003年厦门大学考博英语真题及详解
2002年厦门大学考博英语真题及详解
2001年厦门大学考博英语真题及详解
2000年厦门大学考博英语真题及详解
1998年厦门大学考博英语真题及详解
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考博真题是每个考生复习备考必不可少的资料，而拥有一份权威、正确的参考答案尤为重要，通过研究历年真题能洞悉考试出题难度和题型，了解常考章节与重要考点，能有效指明复习方向。
《厦门大学考博英语历年真题及详解》由圣才考研网组织人员严格按照厦门大学考博英语考试大纲精心编写而成。本书收录1998年和2000～2013年的考试真题，并提供全部试题的参考答案及详解。本书中的解题思路清晰、答案翔实，帮助广大考生在熟练掌握知识点的同时，能够熟练运用各种题型的答题技巧，以提高应试技巧，把握答题节奏，增强自信心，提高考试分数。
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2013年厦门大学考博英语真题及详解
科目代码：1101
科目名称：英语
考生须知：所有答案 (包括选择题、填空题) 均必须写在答题纸上；凡在试题纸上作答的内容均不予评阅、判分, 后果考生自负。
PartⅠ.Vocabulary and Structure (15％)
Directions：There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For eachsentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes thesentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single. 1ine. through the center
1. ______ one time, Manchester was the home of the most productive cottonmills in the world.
A. On
B. By
C. At
D. Of
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：曼彻斯特曾经是世界上产量最大的棉纺织厂之乡。at one time为固定搭配，意为“曾经，一度；同时”。
2. If you come to Tokyo, Ican put you ______ in an apartment near my company.
A. across
B. down
C. out
D. up
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：如果你来东京的话，我可以把你安排在我们公司附近的一间公寓里。put sb. up向某人提供食宿。put across圆满完成；使被接受。put down镇压；记下；贬低。put out熄灭；伸出；出版。
3. It seems oil ______ from this pipe for sometime. We’ll have to take the machine apart to put it right.
A. had leaked
B. is leaking
C. leaked
D. has been leaking
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：看起来这个管道漏油已经有一段时间了。我们得把机器拆开来处理一下。for some time表示持续的一段时间，因此此处应当用现在完成进行时。
4.He will agree to do what you require ______ him.
A. of
B. from
C. to
D. for
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：他将会同意做你所要求他做的事。require sth. of sb.为固定词组，指“向某人要求某物，向某人要求某事情”。
5. Though he was born and brought up in American, hecan speak ______ Chinese.
A. fluid
B. smooth
C. fluent
D. flowing
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：虽然他在美国长大，但是能说一口流利的汉语。fluent可用来形容语言说得“流利的，流畅的”。fluid流体的，流动的。smooth顺利的；光滑的；平稳的。flowing流动的；平滑的；上涨的。
6. We look forward to ______ the openingceremony.
A. invite
B. be invited
C. having been invited
D. being invited
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：我们期待受邀参加开幕式。固定搭配look forward to中的to为介词，因此其后应当用名词或动名词形式，排除A项和B项。由于“被邀请”为尚未发生的动作，因此不能用完成时，排除C项，因此答案选D项。
7. If people feel hopeless, they don’t bother to______ skills they need to succeed.
A. adopt
B. acquire
C. accumulate
D. assemble
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：人如果失去了希望，就不会费力去获取成功必需的技能。acquire获得；取得。adopt采取；接受；收养。accumulate积攒。assemble集合；装配。
8. Professor Wang, ______ for his informativelectures, was warmly received by his students.
A. knowing
B. known
C to be known
D. having known
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：王教授以其富有教育意义的讲座见称，受到了学生的热烈欢迎。该句两个逗号之间为定语成分修饰主语Professor Wang。be known for为固定搭配，指“因…而出名”，因此答案选B。
9. She just had no faith in me. It was William______ she still had her faith.
A. that
B. who
C. whom
D. in whom
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：她不相信我，她依旧相信的是威廉。have faith in为固定搭配，意为“相信，对…信任”，因此答案选D。
10. The conference ______ a full week by thetime it ends.
A. must have lasted
B. will have lasted
C. would last
D. has lasted
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：到结束的时候，会议就整整持续一周了。根据by the time it ends可知此处讲述的是到将来某个时候事情所处的状态，因此应当用将来完成时。
11. “Bob certainly has a low opinion of Sue.”—“Itcan’t be any worse than ______ of him.”
A. her
B. hers
C. she
D. she does
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】前一句指出“鲍勃对休的评价不高”，后一句则提到“她对他的评价也好不到哪儿去”。空缺处应当用she来指代Sue，而用does来替代has a low opinion来避免重复。
12. The woman has not yet ______ the loss of herson.
A. got up
B. got by
C. got over
D. got round
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：那个女人尚未克服丧子之痛。get over恢复；克服；熬过。get up起床；建造；增加。get by通过；过得去；过活。get round说服； (消息)传开来；走动。
13. Eighty percent of mothers cradle their ______in their left arms, holding them against the left side of theirbodies.
A. infants
B. hoses
C. handkerchiefs
D. fences
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：80％的母亲用左手抱婴儿，使其贴靠在自己身体的左侧。infant婴儿；幼儿。hose软管；长统袜。handkerchief手帕；头巾。fence栅栏；围墙；剑术。
14. The explorers came forward with gifts of ducksand flour-cakes and ______ troughs of water for the horses to drink.
A. held in
B. held with
C. held under
D. held up
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：探索者主动提供鸭子和谷粉糕点作为礼物，并拿来水槽给马喂水。hold up举起，抬起，提起。hold in抑制，约束。hold with赞同；容忍。
15. He likes to ______ everything, eventhose that hardly concern him.
A. offer help to
B. get mixed up in
C. have a part in
D. make a fuss over
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：什么事他都喜欢参与进去，即便有些事几乎跟他一点关系都没有。have a part in和get mixed up in都有“参与”之意，但后者带有“卷入某事”的负面意思，根据likes to可推测have a part in更合适。offer help to后通常加sb.。make a fuss over对…大惊小怪。因此答案选C。
16. A ______ examination for the post ofdepartment manager will be held next Tuesday.
A. classifying
B. comparing
C. contrasting
D. competitive
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：下周二将会举办一场部门经理职位选拔考试。competitive examination答辩考试；竞争性考试；选拔试。
17. Mother was so weak after her operation thatthe doctors wondered if they would be able to ______ her through.
A. pull
B. cure
C. push
D. save
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：母亲动过手术后十分虚弱，医生都担心能否帮她恢复健康。pull through使渡过；病好了；恢复健康。
18.Go and see what your mother is ______ now.
A. for
B. at
C. about
D. busy
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：去看看你妈妈现在忙什么。be at sth.指“忙于，从事于”。
19. With three young children to take care of, Cathyis kept ______ every minute of the day.
A. walking
B. at full speed
C. busy
D. on foot
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：有三个年幼的孩子要照顾，凯西时时刻刻都很忙。be kept busy指“被迫忙于”。at fullspeed全速。
20. Since his retirement, Peter Smith, whowas ______ a teacher, has written four novels.
A. lately
B usually
C. formerly
D. already
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：曾是一名教师的彼得·史密森，自从退休后已经写了四本小说了。who引导的定语从句中用了过去时的was，因此答案应选C。formerly以前；原来。
21. We must ______ on our reputation to expandthe business.
A. improve
B. build
C. develop
D. weigh
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：我们必须以信誉为基础扩大业务。build on依靠…，建立于，以…为基础。
22. ______ it or not, his discoveryhas created a stir in scientific circles.
A. Believe
B. To believe
C. Believing
D. Believed
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：信不信由你，他的发现在科学界引起了轰动。believe it or not为习惯用法，意为“信不信由你”。
23. ______ does business with that fellow isbound to lose money.
A. Whoever
B. Who
C. No matter who
D. However
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：不管是谁与那个人做生意都会赔钱。虽然whoever和no matter who都有“无论谁”的意思，但是只有whoever可以引导名词性从句 (此处为主语从句) ，因此答案选A。
24. Ann never dreams of ______ for her to besent abroad very soon.
A. there being a chance
B. there to be a chance
C. there be a chance
D. being a chance
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：安从未想过很快就会有机会去国外。of为介词，因此之后应当用现在分词形式。故正确答案为A项。
25. Frequently single-parent children ______ someof the functions that the absent adult in the house would have served.
A. take off
B. take after
C. take in
D. take on
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：通常单亲家庭的孩子会承担一些本应该由所缺父亲或母亲承担的责任。take on承担；呈现；具有。take off起飞；脱下；离开。take after与…相像。take in吸收；领会；欺骗。
26. Whenever a big company ______ a small one, theproduct almost always gets worse.
A. gets on with
B. cuts down
C. takes over
D. puts up with
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句意：只要大公司接管小公司，产品质量总是变差。take over接管；接收。get on with在…获得成功，与…友好相处。cut down削减；砍倒；删节。put up with忍受；容忍。
27. Samuel ______ to compromise on lesserquestions.
A. was compelled
B. was delighted
C. was prepared
D. was only too ready
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：塞缪尔被迫在在次要问题上妥协。lesser questions指“次要问题”。be compelledto不得不，被强迫。
28. Children tend to ______ while playing, evenif they make a promise before.
A. lose all count of time
B. keep all count of time
C. be aware of the passage of time
D. waste time
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】句意：即便之前做出过承诺，孩子在玩耍时总是失去一切时间观念。lose all count of time失去一切时间观念，记不清时间。
29. A survey was carried out on the death rateof new-born babies in that region, ______ were surprising
A. as results
B. which results
C. the results of it
D. the results of which
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】句意：关于那个地区新生儿死亡率的调查结果令人吃惊。逗号之后为非限制性定语从句修饰前一句，因此应当由which引导，其中which指代survey。
30. Our manager is so ______ in his thinking, henever listens to new ideas.
A. stiff
B. rigid
C. tense
D. tight
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】句意：我们的经理思想很僵化，从来听不进新观点。rigid死板的；顽固的；严格的。stiff呆板的；坚硬的；严厉的。
Part Il ReadingComprehension (40％)
Section A (30points)
Directions：There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followedby some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choiceand mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Questions 1 to 5 arebased on the following passage：
Statuses are marvelous human inventions thatenable us to get along with one another and to determine where we"fit" in society. As we go about our everyday lives, wementally attempt to place people in terms of their statuses. For example, wemust judge whether the person in the library is a reader or a librarian, whetherthe telephone caller is a friend or a salesman, whether theunfamiliar person on our property is a thief or a meter reader, andso on.
The statuses we assume often vary with the peoplewe encounter, and change throughout life. Most of us can, at avery high speed, assume the statuses that various situationsrequire. Much of social interaction consists of identifying and selecting amongappropriate statuses and allowing other people to assume their statusesin relation to us. This means that we fit our actions to those of other peoplebased on a constant mental process of appraisaland interpretation. Although some of us find the task more difficult thanothers, most of us perform it rathereffortlessly.
A status has been compared to ready-madeclothes. Within certain limits, the buyer can choose style and fabric. But an American is not free to chose the costumeof a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince.We must choose from among the clothing presented by our society. Furthermore, ourchoice is limited to a size that will fit, as well as by our pocket book.Having made a choice within these limits we can have certain alterations made, butapart from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to what the stores have ontheir racks. Statuses, too,come ready made, andthe range of choice among them is limited.
1. In the first paragraph, thewriter tells us that statuses can help us ______.
A. determine whether a person is fit for a certain job
B. behave appropriately in relation to other people
C. protect ourselves in unfamiliar situations
D. make friends with other people
2. According to the writer, peopleoften assume different statuses ______.
A. in order to identify themselves with others
B. in order to better identify others
C. as their mental processes change
D. as the situation changes
3. The word “appraisal” (Sentence 4, Paragraph2) most probably means “______”.
A. involvement
B. appreciation
C. assessment
D. presentation
4. In the last sentence of the second paragraph, thepronoun “it” refers to“______”.
A. fitting our actions to those of other peopleappropriately
B. identification of other people’s statuses
C. selecting one’s own statuses
D. constant mental process
5. By saying that “an American is not free tochoose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince” (Sentence3, Paragraph 3), the writer means ______.
A. different people have different styles of clothes
B. ready-made clothes may need alterations
C. statuses come ready made just like clothes
D. our choice of statuses is limited
【答案与解析】
1.B 第一段首句提到“Statuses aremarvelous human inventions that enable us to get along with one another…”，可知身份能够帮助我们更好地与他人相处，B项与之表达意思相一致，因此为正确答案。
2.D 文章第二段前两句指出“Thestatuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter, andchange throughout life. Most of us can...assume the statuses thatvarious situations require”（我们的身份随着所接触人的不同而改变，且一生都在变化。我们中大多数人可根据不同情形而转换身份），因此D项“人们的身份会随着情况的变化而变化”为正确答案。
3.C 第二段第四句开头指示代词this指前一句的内容“Much of social interaction consists of identifying andselecting among appropriate statuses and allowing otherpeople to assume their statuses in relation to us”，可推知第四句指“这意味着我们以不断的评估和理解为基础来使我们与他人的行为相一致”，因此appraisal（评价；估价）与C项assessment表达意思相符。
4.A 根据上下文可知，第二段最后一句中的it和thetask均指的是上句所表达的主要内容，即“we fit our actions to those of other people”，因此本题答案选A。
5.D 文章第三段前两句中把一个人的身份比作成衣，指出“Withincertain limits, the buyer can choose style and fabric”，随后该段便举例指出一个美国人不能自由选择中国贫民和印度王子的服装，即一个人身份的选择是有限的。因此答案选D。
Questions 6 to 10 are basedon the following passage：
Humanity uses a little less than half the wateravailable worldwide. Yet occurrences of shortages and droughts arecausing famine and distress in some areas, and industrial and agriculturalby-products are polluting water supplies. Since the world’s population isexpected to double in the next 50 years, many expertsthink we are on the edge of a widespread water crisis.
But that doesn’t have to be the outcome. Watershortages do not have to trouble the world—if we start valuing water more than wehave in the past. Just as we began to appreciate petroleum more after the 1970soil crises, today we must start looking atwater from a fresh economic perspective. We can no longer afford to considerwater a virtually free resource which we can use as much as we like in any waywe want.
Instead, for all uses except thedomestic demand of the poor, governments should price water to reflectits actual value. This means charging a fee for the water itself as well as forthe supply costs.
Governments should also protect this resource byproviding water in more economically and environmentally sound ways. Forexample, often the cheapest way to provide irrigation water in thedry tropics is through small-scale projects, such asgathering rainfall in depressions and pumping it to nearby cropland.
No matter what steps governments take to providewater more efficiently,they must change theirinstitutional and legal approaches to water use. Rather than spread controlamong hundreds or even thousands of local, regional, andnational agencies that watch various aspects of water use, countriesshould set up central authorities to coordinate water policy.
6. What is the real cause ofthe potential water crisis?
A. Only half of the world’s water can be used.
B. The world population is increasing faster and faster.
C. Half of the world’s water resources have been seriouslypolluted.
D. Humanity has not placed sufficient value on waterresources.
7. As indicated in the passage, thewater problem ______.
A. is already serious in certain parts of the world
B. has been exaggerated by some expels in the field
C. poses a challenge to the technology of buildingreservoirs
D. is underestimated by government organizations atdifferent levels
8. According to the author, thewater price should ______.
A. be reduced to the minimum
B. stimulate domestic demand
C. correspond to its real value
D. take into account the occurrences of droughts
9. The author says that in some hot and dryareas it is advisable to ______.
A. build big lakes to store water
B. construct big pumping stations
C. build small and cheap irrigation systems
D. channel water from nearby rivers to cropland
10. In order to raise the efficiency of thewater supply, measures should be taken to ______
A. guarantee full protection of the environment
B. centralize the management of water resources
C. increase the sense of responsibility of agencies at alllevels
D. encourage local and regional protection of waterresources
【答案与解析】
6.B 根据文章第一段最后一句提到的“Sincethe world’s population is expected to double in the next 50 years, manyexperts think we are on the edge of a widespread water crisis”，可知人口增长越来越快是潜在水危机的真正原因。因此答案选B。
7.D 根据文章第一段第二句提到的“Yetoccurrences of shortages and droughts are causing famine and distress in someareas”（然而，在有些地区水资源缺乏和干旱正在引起饥荒和贫困），可知水资源缺乏问题在世界上有些地区已经相当严重，因此A项为正确答案。
8.C 第三段首句提到“Instead, forall uses except the domestic demand of the poor, governmentsshould price water to reflect its actual value”，由此可知作者认为对水的定价应当反映出其真实的价值，因此正确答案为C项。
9.D 文章倒数第二段最后一句讲述到如何在干旱的热带地区提供灌溉用水，该句指出最经济的方法是“through small-scale projects, suchas gathering rainfall in depressions and pumping it to nearby cropland”，即通过小规模的（灌溉）项目。该处举出的例子是收集低洼处的雨水，然后把其抽到附近的农田里，而非D项的“从附近的河流引水到农田”。因此本题答案选C。
10.B 文章最后一段谈到提高水供应效率的问题，该段首句指出不管政府采取何种措施，必须要做出改变的是其institutional and legal approaches to water use，根据随后提到的“countries should set up central authorities to coordinatewater policy”，可知应当对水资源采取集中化管理，因此答案选B。
Questions 11 to 15 arebased on the following passage：
Every night she listened to her father goingaround the house, locking the doors and windows. She listened: theback door closed; she could hear the fastener of the kitchenwindow’s click, and the restless pad of his feet going back totry the front door. It wasn’t only the outside doors he locked; helocked the empty kitchen too. He was looking something out, butobviously it was something capable of entering into his first defenses. Heraised his second line all the way up to bed.
In fourteen years, she thought unhappily, thehouse will be his; he had paid twenty-five pounds down and the resthe was paying month by month as rent. “Of course,” he was inthe habit of saying, “I’ve improved the property.” “Yes” he repeated, I’veimproved the property,” looking around for a nail to drive in, aweed to uproot. It was more than a sense of property; it was asense of honesty. Some people who bought their homes through the society letthem go to rack and ruin and then cleared out.
She stood with her ear against the wall, a small, dark, angry, immaturefigure. There was no more to be heard from the other room; butin her inner ear she still heard the footsteps of a property owner, the tap-tapof a hammer, the scrape of a spade,the whistle of radiator steam, akey turning, a bolt pushed home, thelittle busy sounds of men building barriers. She stood planning.
11. Which of the following is TRUE of the fatherin the passage?
A. He thought a lot about his daughter’s future.
B. He saved a lot of money for his daughter.
C. He thought that he was secure.
D. He avoided his neighbors on purpose.
12. From the passage we can see that the fatheris ______
A. kind to his daughter and neighbors
B. cruel to his daughter and neighbors
C. systematical in his actions
D. careful about his appearance
13. According to the passage, thedaughter’s attitude toward his father is of ______.
A. slight dislike
B. great disapproval
C. strong love
D. grateful acceptance
14. Which of the following feelings is conveyedin the passage?
A. Tenseness.
B. Peace.
C. Nervousness.
D. Happiness.
15.All of the following are true EXCEPT that ______.
A. the father built his defenses carefully
B. some property owners let their homes go worse
C. the daughter was thin and very young
D. the father punished the girl when she was young
【答案与解析】
11.D 本题在文中并没有直接答案，但根据文中描述的父亲不安地（restless pad）检查门窗是否锁好，以及最后一段倒数第二句提到的“the little busy sounds of men building barriers”，可知人们都在忙着设置与他人分割开来的屏障。由此可推测父亲可能是有意在避开邻居。因此答案选D。
12.C 文章第一段介绍到这位女儿听到父亲的一系列动作：先把后门关上，然后锁上厨房窗户，接着再去看前门是否锁上…由此可见这位父亲做事比较有条理。systematical有系统的；有条理的；有计划有步骤的。因此答案选C。
13.B 第二段和第三段首句分别提到“Infourteen years, she thought unhappily...”和“She stood with herear against the wall, a small, dark,angry, immaturefigure”，从unhappily和angry可以看出这个女儿对其父亲的行为相当不赞同，因此答案选B。
14.A 根据文章第一段描述的“restlesspad of his feet”和“He was looking something out, butobviously it was something capable of entering into his first defenses. Heraised his second line all the way up to bed”，以及最后一段的“thelittle busy sounds of men building barriers”，可知文章中表达出一种紧张、焦虑的气氛。因此答案选A。
15.D 文章第一段介绍到父亲在睡觉前把门窗都仔细锁好，并提到他在寻找something capable of entering into his first defenses以及raisedhis second line all the way up to bed，可知A项表述正确；B项对应第二段最后一句的内容；C项符合第三段首句对女儿的描述“a small, dark, angry, immaturefigure”。只有D项的内容在文中没有被提及，因此答案选D。
Section B (10points)
Directions: Inthe following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1～5, choose the most suitable one from the list A~Efit into each of the numbered blank. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Where Is the News Leading Us?
Not long ago I was asked to join in a publicsymposium on the role of the American press. Two other speakers were includedon the program. The first was a distinguished TV anchorman. The other was theeditor of one of the nation’s leading papers, a newsman tothe core—tough,aggressive, and savvy in the waysand means of solid reporting.
The purpose of the symposium, as I understood it, wasto scrutinize the obligations of the media and to suggest the best ways to meetthose obligations.
1 ______ Why, he asked, arethe newspapers and television news programs sodisaster-prone? Why are newsmen and women so attracted to tragedy, violence, failure?
The anchorman and editor reacted as though theyhad been blamed for the existence of bad news. Newsmen and newswomen, they said, areonly responsible for reporting the news, not forcreating it or modifying it.
2.______ The gentleman who had asked it was notblaming them for the distortions in the world. He was just wondering whydistortions are most reported. The news media seem to operate on the philosophythat all news is bad news. Why? Could it be that the emphasis on downside newsis largely the result of tradition—the way newsmen andnewswomen are accustomed to respond to daily events?
3. ______ News is supposed to deal withhappenings of the past 12 hours—24 hours at most. Anything that happens sosuddenly, however, is apt to be eruptive. A sniper kills somepedestrians; a terrorist holds 250 people hostage in a plane; OPECannounces a 25 percent increase in petroleum prices; Great Britain devalues by another 10 percent; atruck conveying radioactive Wastes collides with a mobile cement mixer.
4. ______ Civilization is a lot more than thesum total of its catastrophes. The most important ingredient in anycivilization is progress. But progress doesn’t happen all at once. It is noteruptive. Generally, it comes in bits and pieces, verylittle of it clearly visible at any given moment, but all of it involved in themaking of historical change for the better.
It is this aspect of living history that mostnews reporting reflects inadequately. The result is that we are underinformedabout positive developments and overinformed about disasters. This, inturn, leads to a public mood of defeatism and despair, which inthemselves tend to be inhibitors of progress. An unrelieved diet of eruptivenews depletes the essential human energies a free society needs.5. ______
I am not suggesting that “positive” news hecontrived as an antidote to the disasters on page one. Nor do Idefine positive news as in-depth reportage of functions of the local YMCA. WhatI am trying to get across is the notion that the responsibility of the newsmedia is to search out and report on important events—whether or not they comeunder the heading of conflict, confrontation, orcatastrophe. The world is a splendid combination of heaven and hell, andboth sectors call for attention and scrutiny.
A. Focusing solely onthese details, however, produces a misshapenpicture.
B. Perhaps it would beuseful here to examine the way we define the word news, for this is where theproblem begins.
C. Amood of hopelessness and cynicism is hardly likely to furnish the energy neededto meet serious challenges.
D. During the open-discussionperiod; a gentleman in the audience addressed a question to my twocolleagues.
E. It didn’t seem to methat the newsmen had answered the question.
【答案与解析】
1.D 该空之后提到：他问道：“为何…”。D项指出“在公开讨论环节，观众席中一位先生向我的两位同事提出一个问题”，其中该项中的a gentleman和addressed a question分别与该空之后句中的he和asked相对应。因此D项符合上下文。
2.E 上文描述到对于观众提出的“为何报纸和电台新闻节目如此倾向于报道负面新闻”的问题，主持人和编辑的反应是好像他们为坏消息的存在受到了责难。他们回答说，新闻界人士只负责报道新闻而不创造或修改新闻。E项“我认为他们没有回答那位先生的问题”使文章上下连接顺畅。
3.B 此处下一句指出“新闻应该是报道过去十二小时，最迟二十四小时内所发生的事情”，B项“或许检视一下我们如何定义新闻这个词会有所帮助，因为问题是从这里开始的”与下句连接紧密。
4.A 前文讲述了突发的负面事件，该段下一句指出“人类文明成果远远多于灾难总和”，A项“然而，仅仅关注这些细节我们得到的将会是一个失真的画面”起到承上启下的作用。
5.C 该空前一句讲述到了爆发性新闻的弊端：爆发性新闻使人忧心忡忡，大大消减了自由社会所需的人的动力。C项“绝望和愤世的情绪使人没有动力迎接严峻的考验”与之语调相一致，上下衔接自然顺畅。
Part Ⅲ.Short Answer Questions (10％)
Directions：Read the following passage and then give short answers tothe five questions. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet
Surveys have shown that most football andbasketball injuries involve the knee,either through twisting or throughapplication of lateral force. Surgery for such injuries has become much simplerwith the invention of a thin device containing a fiber optics light that can beinserted into a thin slit in the knee. Repair can be accomplishedthrough this narrow opening. Long-distance runners also suffer knee injuries, buta more common problem for runners is stress fracture, which is aweakening of the front of the shinbone caused by overuse, withpain and possible bone cracking as the result. Ligament tears are morecommon in gymnastics. Almost all these conditions heal with rest. Prevention ofinjuries depends primarily on good conditioning. Athletes are also protected bythe use of better padding materials and of face masks and eye protectors inrough sports.
The improper or illegal use of drugs andsubstances for the temporary improvement of athletic performance incompetitions has been a frequent subject of inquiry since the 1960s, whendrug misuse by athletes to gain an unfair advantage began to rise dramatically.Anabolic steroids supposedly improve strength and endurance, but they can alsohave harmful side effects as liver damage. Tests for drugs such as heroin andother, stimulants were introduced at the Olympic Games in 1968.Anabolic steroids were not banned until 1974, when asuitable test was developed. The illegality of some drugs has not been acceptedby a number of other international and national amateur athletic federations,for reasons including testing uncertainties, doubts aboutbanning certain medicinal substances or common drugs such as caffeine, andsimple lack of concern. Controversy has also arisen over the legality of thepractice of “blood doping,” in which an athlete receives a blood transfusionjust before an event. The resulting increase in red blood cells apparentlyincreases the athlete’s aerobic power.
1. In addition to kneeinjuries, what will also heal with rest?
2. What does the word “slit”in Para.1 most probably mean?
3. When were the testsfor drugs used at the: Olympic Games?
4. According to the passage, drug misuse byathletes is considered as ______
5. Controversy arises over the illegalityof some common drugs due to ______
【答案与解析】
1. Stress fracture andligament tears.
文章第一段讲述到在足球和篮球运动中受伤几乎都会涉及到膝盖，随后该段提及长跑运动员更易遭受的stress fracture（应力骨折）以及体操运动中比较常见的ligamenttear（韧带撕裂）。根据该段倒数第三句提到的“Almost all these conditions heal with rest”，可知knee injuries，stress fracture和ligament tears经过休息都会痊愈。
2.A long narrow cut.
slit一词出现在第一段第二句，该句指出“随着一种包含光纤灯设备的发明，治疗膝盖受伤已变得相当容易。该设备可被放进膝盖的小裂缝之中”。可知slit在此处指的是膝盖里的裂缝。
3.In 1968.
根据第二段第三句“Tests fordrugs such as heroin and other stimulants were introduced at the Olympic Gamesin 1968”，可知从1968年在奥运会上开始对运动员进行药物检测。
4.unfair
文章第二段首句提到“...when drugmisuse by athletes to gain an unfair advantage began to rise dramatically”，根据an unfair advantage可知运动员滥用药物以获得优势被认为是不公平的。因此本题答案为unfair。
5.doubt about banning them
第二段倒数第三句提到“The illegality of some drugs has not beenaccepted...for reasons including...doubts about banning certain medicinalsubstances or common drugs such as caffeine...”，可知关于运动场合某些常用药物的使用是否合法的争议源于关于是否应禁止服用这些药物存在疑问。
Part IV. English-ChineseTranslation (15％)
Directions：Read the passage Carefully and translate the underlinedsentences into Chinese. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.
Doing a PhD is certainly: not for everybody, and I do not recommendit for most people. However I am really glad I got my PhD rather than justgetting a job after finishing my—Bachelor’s The number one reason is that Ilearned a hell of a lot doing thePhD , and most of the things I learned l would never get exposedto in a typical software engineering job (1). Theprocess of doing a PhD trains you to do research: toread research papers, to run experiments, to writepapers, to give talks. It also teaches you how to figure out what problem needsto be solved. You gain a very sophisticated technical background doingthe PhD, and having your work subject to the intense scrutiny of theacademic: peer-review process—not to mention your thesis committee.
I think of the PhD a 1ittle like the Grand Tour, atradition in the 16th and 17th centuries where youths would travel aroundEurope, geeing a rich exposure to high society in France, Italy, andGermany, learning about art, architecture, language,literature, fencing, riding—all of the essential liberalarts that a gentleman was expected to have experience with to be an influentialmember of society. Doing a PhD is similar: You get anintense exposure to every subfield of Computer Science, and have tobecome the leading world’s expert in the area of your dissertation work. (2). Thetop PhD programs set an incredibly high bar: a lotof coursework, teaching experience, qualifying exams, a thesis defense, and ofcourse making a groundbreaking research contribution in your area. Havingto go through this process gives you a tremendous amount of technical breadthand depth.
Some important stuff I learned doing a PhD:
How to read and critique research papers As agrad student you have to read thousands of research papers, extract their mainideas, critique the methods and presentation, andsynthesize their Contributions with your own research. As a result you areexposed to a wide range of CS topics,approaches for solving problems,sophisticated algorithms) and system designs. This is not just aboutgaining the knowledge in those papers(which is pretty important), butalso about becoming conversant in the scientific literature,
How to write papers and give talks. Being fluentin technical communications is a really important skill for engineers. I’venoticed a big gap between the software engineers I’ve worked with who have PhDsand those who don’t in this regard.(3). PhD-trainedfolks tend to give clear, well-organized talks and know how to write up theirwork and visualize the result of experiments. As a result they can be much moreinfluential.
How to run experiments and interpret the results: Ican’t overstate how important this is. A systems-oriented PhD requires that yourun a zillion measurements and present the results in a way that is bothbullet-proof to peer-review criticism(in order to publish) andvisually compelling. Every aspect of your methodology will be critiqued (byyour advisor, your co-authors, your paper reviewers) and you willquickly learn how to run the right experiments, and do itright.
(4). How to figure out what problem to work on: This is probably the most important aspect of PhD training.Doing a PhD will force you to cast away from shore and explore the boundary of human knowledge. (Matt Might’scartoon on this is a great visualization of this.) I think thatat least 80％of making a scientific contribution is figuringout what problem to tackle: a problem that is, at onceinteresting, open,and going to have impact if yousolve it. There aye lots of open problems that the research community is notinterested in (c.f., writing an operating system kernel inHaskell). There are many interesting problems that have been solvedover and over and over (c.f. file system block layout optimization；wirelessmulti hop routing) .There’s a real trick to picking good problems, anddeveloping a taste for it is a key skill if you want to become a technicalleader.
(5). SoI think it’s worth having a PhD, especially if you want to work on the hardestand most interesting problems. This is true whether you want a career inacademia, a research lab, or a more traditional engineering role. But as myPhD advisor was fond of saying, “doing a PhD costs you a house." (Interms of the lost salary during the PhD years-these days it’s probably morelike several house.
【答案与解析】
(1)
【参考译文】
读博士训练你做研究：阅读科研文献，做实验，写论文，做讲座。读博士还教给你如何找出需要被解决的问题。
【解析】
①句子结构
该画线部分句子结构比较简单。第二句中howto figure out what problem needs to be solved为主语谓语动词teaches的直接宾语，而what problem needs to be solved则为figureout的宾语从句。需注意该句中主语it指代的是前一句中提到的doing a PhD，因此此处可将其所代表的意思翻译出来，即“读博士”。
②重点词汇
do a PhD攻读博士学位
run experiments做实验
write papers写论文
give talks做讲座
(2)
【参考译文】
顶级的博士生项目设置了一个极高的标杆：大量的课程，教学经验，博士资格考试，论文答辩以及当然对你的研究领域做出突破性的研究贡献。
【解析】
①句子结构
该句句子结构同样也不复杂，冒号之后均为解释说明部分。high bar指标准高，此处可翻译为“高的标杆”。qualifying exams原指“资格考试”，由于此处描述的是博士生项目，因此可通过增译法将其翻译为“博士资格考试”。
②重点词汇
coursework课程
qualifying exam资格考试，资格考核
thesis defense论文答辩
groundbreaking 开创性的，突破性的
(3)
【参考译文】
接受过PhD训练的人更能够给出一个清晰良好组织的讲座，并且知道如何描述他们的工作以及将实验结果展示出来。这类人因此更具有影响力。
【解析】
①句子结构
该画线部分第一句中包含由两个and连接的三个并列结构：give clear,well-organized talks；know how to write up their work；visualizethe result of experiments。其中visualize the result of experiments（把实验结果形象化）即“把实验结果展现出来”。第二句中的they指代的是PhD-trained folks，因此翻译时可灵活处理，译文将其译为了“这类人”。
②重点词汇
well-organized有序的；很有条理的
write up详细描写，记录
visualize形象化；想象
(4)
【参考译文】
如何找出需要研究的问题：这也许是博士训练中最重要的一个方面了。读博士将迫使自己启航去探索人类知识的边界。
【解析】
①句子结构
该画线部分没有什么复杂的句子，cast away from shore不可按字面意思翻译为“抛弃岸边”，而应意译为“启航”。
②重点词汇
figure out弄明白；解决
cast away抛弃，使失事，使漂流
boundary边界；范围；分界线
(5)
【参考译文】
所以我认为读一个PhD是值得的，尤其是你如果想攻克最困难也是最感兴趣的问题。无论你想在学术界发展，在实验室工作还是做一个更传统的工程师角色，都是值得的。
【解析】
①句子结构
此画线部分第一句包含一个由if引导的条件状语从句，第二句中则包含一个由whether引导的让步状语从句。注意对第二句whether引导的让步状语从句中a career inacademia, a research lab, or a more traditional engineering role的翻译，译文根据汉语中倾向于多用动词，而英语中多用名词的特点，将其翻译为三个并列的动词结构：在学术界发展，在实验室工作还是做一个更传统的工程师角色。
②重点词汇
academia学术界；学术生涯
PartV Writing (20％)
Directions: Youare asked to write an essay on the following topic：
Manyuniversities and colleges offer qualifications through some sort of distancelearning using the Internet, rather than by face-to-face contact in aclassroom.
In your opinion, do the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages oflearning in this way?
You should write atleast 250 words.
You should use your ownideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments withexamples and relevant evidence.
【参考范文】
Nowadays, distance learning has become increasingly popularwith a good many universities and colleges promising qualifications. Nevertheless,in my view, compared with face-to-face interactions in the classrooms, distancelearning has both pros and cons.
One the one hand, distance learning can expand access toeducation and training for both general populace and businesses since itsflexible scheduling structure lessens the effects of many time-constraintsimposed by personal responsibilities and commitments. Distance learning may ensurea good education for those who are unable to attend a traditional school due todisabilities, handicaps, or sicknesses, and may provide equal access regardlessof socioeconomic status, income, area of residence, gender, etc.
On the other hand, distance education does not provide anyface-to-face interaction between people. Researchers have shown that peoplelearn best not by cramming but by communicating with teachers and classmates.It is the discussion, the debates, and the exchange of ideas that really count.Through daily interaction, fellow students exert a subtle but significantinfluence on each other. People are less likely to get inspired or motivatedwhen they take a course over the Internet.
Furthermore, the freedom offered by distance educationactually backfires on the students. Many cannot follow through a course becausethey are not committed enough. Unlike school education, distance learningfollows no strict schedule. Students themselves decide everything.Understandably, this kind of freedom is often abused. It is regrettable buttrue that most students lack perseverance and need to be constantly reminded oreven goaded to finish a course.
In conclusion, despite its unparalleled advantages, theshortcomings of distance education are still quite obvious. Therefore, it issuggested that distance education only act as a supplement to traditionaleducation.
【参考范文】
　 范文首先指出目前远程教育变得越来越流行，但与传统的在教室里面对面交流相比，远程教育既有利也有弊。接着文中分别分析了远程教育的优点和弊端，最后总结指出虽然远程教育具有极大的优点，但是其缺点也相当明显，因此建议只是把远程教育作为传统教育的一个补充。
【文海拾贝】
pros and cons 利弊；正反两方面
general populace 一般人群；总体人口
time-constraint 时间约束
cramming n. 填鸭式的用功；塞满
backfire v. 产生出乎意料及事与愿违的结果；放出逆火
understandably adv. 可理解地
perseverance n. 坚持不懈；不屈不挠
goad v. 刺激；激励；用刺棒驱赶
unparalleled adj. 无比的；无双的；空前未有的

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