考研英语英译汉十大难点之英译汉中的惯用法
一.英译汉中的代词的处理方法
内容比较简单的文章它会使用很多的代词，比较复杂的文章难懂的文章使用代词比较少。代词在句子当中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语四大句子成分。代词在种类上分成六大类：人称代词、物称代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、关系代词。
(1)人称代词
处理原则：人称代词出现在句首的时候，要求大家一定在文章里边找出他具体的对象，名词到底解释谁而且要把代词翻译成名词，如果人称代词在句子的中间或者末尾的地方，而且同时指代对象，我们一般可以把他译成人称。如果划线部分有很多个名词，而且指代并不十分明确的时候，我们代词可以分为名词。
当我们把翻译，翻译成代词表达非常清楚的时候把它译成代词，表达不清楚的时候译成名词。
例：But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
(2)物称代词
物称代词放在句首的时候有两种情况：一种是可以或者要求我们找到名词来代替它，另一种是找不到名词可以代替它或者是要说清楚这个代词是什么，没办法代出代词。如果这个物称代词放在句中或者句末的时候要根据句子情况的翻译来表达，关键是要清除。
例：This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。
(3)指示代词
例：During this transfer,traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
(4)不定代词
不明确的指代一个人或一个事物的代词
例：However,the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world''s more fascinating and delightful aspects.
然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。
(5)疑问代词
例：It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources,and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
(6)关系代词
例：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
二、英译汉中的名词的翻译方法
1、不认识的名词
(1)从文章句形找它的解释
例：Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
未来学家皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。
(2)看看前边有没有同义词
例：But that,Pearson points out,is only the start of man-machine integration:It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.
但皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，人机一体化最终会使人们在下世纪末之前研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”
(3)从构词法找答案
例：Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures,and may report their findings soon.
天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久后会报告他们的观测结果。
2、产生新意的名词
(1)用逻辑推理法
例：In general,the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.
一般地说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。
(2)紧扣文章的主题
例：There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。
(3)语言环境
例：But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
(4)熟悉习惯表达法
例：Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect,extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
3、抽象名词如何处理
把抽象名词按照以下四种方法来应对
(1)名词和动词的配合
例：The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang,first put forward in the 1920s,to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十世纪二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。
(2)用形容词和名词之间进行配合
例：Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
(3)名词和句子之间进行配合
例：Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
(4)名词和章之间进行配合
例：It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources,and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
4、专有名词的问题
包括人名、地名和专业术语
(1)熟悉的专有名词
例：Galileo''s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.
伽利略的最光辉业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的
(2)不太熟悉的专有名词
例：Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
未来学家皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。
(3)复合性的专有名词
例：The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang,first put forward in the 1920s,to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十世纪二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。
三、英译汉中的动词的处理方法
一是常用动词，二是高难动词，三是容易混消的动词，四是动词短语。
(1)常用动词
例：For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
例如，测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。
(2)高难动词
例：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
(3)容易混消的动词
例：Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
(4)动词短语
例：Furthermore，it is obvious that the strength of a country''s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
四、英译汉中的非谓语动词
(1)把非谓语动词直接译成动词
例：However， the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world''s more fascinating and delightful aspects.
然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。
(2)把非谓语动词直接译成形容词
例：The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang， first put forward in the 1920s， to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十世纪二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。
(3)把非谓语动词直接译成名词
例：When that happens， it is not a mistake： it is mankind''s instinct for moral reasoning in action， an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
当人们产生同情心的时候并不是一个错误，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励，而不应遭到嘲弄
(4)把非谓语动词直接译成谓词动词
例：Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求；另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。
五、英译汉中的从句
(1)主语从句 (2)宾语从句 (3)表语从句
例：Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa(反之)often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。
(4)定语从句
例：They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing)man of traditional theory， and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自制者所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。
(5)状语从句
例：While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians， modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。
(6)同谓语从句
例：This trend began during the Second World War， when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
六、英译汉中的对称关系
(1)结构上对称，例用并列联词，and， or but
(2)误意上对称，使用同一类型的词。
例：New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past， giving rise to new standards of elegance.
同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。
The target is wrong， for in attacking the tests， critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.
例：例如，测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。
例：During this transfer， traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
七、英译汉中的变化
一个是结构上的变化，另一个是英语词上的变化
(1)结构上的变化
例：This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这个问题。
(2)用词上的变化
例：Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
例：The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
行为科学之所以发展一直缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
八、英译汉中的省略关系
(1)动词的省略
例：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
(2)名词的省略
例：But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
(3)修饰语的省略
例：But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
(4)从句引导词的省略
(5)相同结构的省略
例：Actually， it isn''t,because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights,which is something the world does not have.
事实上这种提问并不能把问题讲清楚，因为它是以人们对人权的共同认识为假设的，而这种共同认识并不存在。
九、英译汉中的倒装
(1)在疑问句倒装
(2)在感叹句倒装
(3)在否定词之后倒装
(4)在only的复词短语，或复词从句放在句首加强语气
(5)so或so+形容词或者复词放在句首加强语气
(6)if从句省略if的时候
(7)表示地点的句词，短语放在句首的时候
(8)表语放在句首加强语气
(9)复词或者介词短语放在句首加强语气
例：For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
例如，测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。
例：Odd though it sounds,cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics,and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七、八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。
例：Thus,the anthropological concept of culture, like the concept ofsetin mathematics,is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
因此，人类学中“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
十、英译汉中的惯用法
参考例年考题
People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not,or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.
Social scientists are,of course,extremely interested in these types of questions. (61) They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet,but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect,the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature vs. nurture.”
(62) Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63) That our environment has little,if anything,to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.
Taken to an extreme,this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.
Those who support the “nurture” theory,that is,they advocate education,are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist,B. F. Skinner,sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.
(64) The behaviorists maintain that,like machines,humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.
Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic,intelligence,offered by the two theories.
(65) Supporters of the “nature” theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say： They don''t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand,behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences.
(66) Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. (67) In the United States,blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature”proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites.
(68) Behaviorists,in contrast,say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.
Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.
61.他们想要说明，为什么我们具有某些性格特征和表现出某些行为。
62.在这场争论中，赞成“天性”一方的那些人认为，我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是由生物因素所决定的。
63.这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。
64.行为主义者坚信，人象机器一样，对环境的刺激作出反应，这是他们行为的基础。
65.支持“天性”论的人坚持说，我们生来就具有一定的学习才能，这是由生物因素决定的。
66.行为主义者的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么，这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。
67.在美国，黑人在标准化智力测试中的成绩常常低于白人。
68.相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其它环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。 |
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