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2015年10月全国自考《英语阅读（一）》真题及详解
2015年4月全国自考《英语阅读（一）》真题及详解
2014年10月全国自考《英语阅读（一）》真题及详解
2014年4月全国自考《英语阅读（一）》真题及详解
2013年7月全国自考《英语阅读（一）》真题及详解
2013年4月全国自考《英语阅读（一）》真题及详解
2012年7月全国自考《英语阅读（一）》真题及详解
2012年4月全国自考《英语阅读（一）》真题及详解
2011年7月全国自考《英语阅读（一）》真题及详解
2011年4月全国自考《英语阅读（一）》真题及详解
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2015年10月全国自考《英语阅读（一）》真题及详解
课程代码：00595
I.CAREFUL READING
Read the followingpassages carefully. Decide on the best answer and blacken the correspondingletter on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points, 2 points each)
Passage 1
Questions 1 to 5 are based on thefollowing passage.
A major aspect of psychologycalled behaviorism developed from research on learning. It was introduced in1913 by the American psychologist John B. Watson, who felt psychologists shouldstudy observable behavior rather than states of consciousness or thoughtprocesses. He believed changes in behavior result from conditioning, a learningprocess in which a new response becomes associated with a certain stimulus.
Watson's approach to behaviorismwas strongly influenced by the research of the Russian physiologist Ivan P.Pavlov during the early 1900s. Pavlov’s experiments with animals proved thatcertain reflex actions can become conditioned responses to entirely newstimuli. For example, a dog's mouth begins to water as a reflex when the animalsmells meat. Pavlov rang a bell each time he was about to give meat to a dog.Eventually, the dog’s mouth began to water when Pavlov merely rang the bell.The flow of saliva had become a conditioned response to the ringing of thebell.
Watson demonstrated thatresponses of human beings could be conditioned in a similar manner. In anexperiment, he struck a metal bar loudly each time an infant touched a furryanimal. The sound scared the child, who in time became frightened by the meresight of the animal. Watson felt he could produce almost any response in achild if he were able to control the child’s environment.
During the mid-1900s, theAmerican behavioral psychologist B. F. Skinner became known for his studies ofhow rewards and punishments can influence behavior. He believed that rewards,or positive reinforcements, cause behavior to be repeated. Positivereinforcement might include praise, food, or simply a person's satisfaction withhis or her own skill. Punishments discourage certain behavior and warn peopleto avoid situations in which they might be punished. Skinner concluded thatpositive reinforcement is more effective in teaching new and better behaviors.His work led to the development of teaching machines, which are based onpositive reinforcement.
1.In Watson's view,changes in behavior are caused by _____.
A. thought processes
B. mental factors
C. learning processes
D. states of consciousness
2.In the 2ndparagraph, the example is used to show that _____.
A. studies of reflex actionsbegan in Russia
B. responses of human beings andanimals may both be conditioned
C. responses of human beings tostimuli differ from those of animals
D. reflex actions may becomeconditioned responses to totally new stimuli
3. It can be inferredfrom the passage that _____.
A. Watson’s research focus wasthe control of environment
B. Watson’s approach tobehaviorism was close to that of Pavlov
C. Watson’s approach tobehaviorism was close to that of Skinner
D. Watson's research is acombination of that of Pavlov and Skinner
4. According to B. F.Skinner, positive reinforcement _____.
A. has the same effect aspunishment on children’s behaviors
B. is more likely to bring aboutbetter behaviors than punishment
C. is as effective as punishmentin teaching children to learn new skills
D. is more effective in avoidingsituations leading to repeated behaviors
5. The passage focuseson_____.
A. reflex actions of animals
B. various learning processes
C. different approaches tobehaviorism
D. the importance of controllingchildren
【文章导读】本文主要介绍了20世纪初三个著名的行为主义学家巴甫洛夫、华生和斯金纳以及他们的理论。
【答案及解析】
1.C 细节理解题。由第一段最后一句话“He believed changes in behaviorresult from conditioning, a learning process in which a new response becomesassociated with a certain stimulus.”可知，华生认为行为是一个不断的刺激——反应的学习过程。C项符合题意，故选C。
2.D 细节理解题。由第二段中间部分“Pavlov’s experiments with animals proved thatcertain reflex actions can become conditioned responses to entirely new stimuli”可知，巴甫洛夫以狗为实验对象，证明了行为是对新刺激做出的反应，D项符合题意，故选D。
3.B推理判断题。题目问的是我们能从本文中推断出什么，故不能选择文中直接提及的选项，A项在第三段最后一句话有提及，排除A项。由第二段和第三段可知，华生和巴甫洛夫的研究方法相似，只是后者用狗做实验对象，前者用人做实验对象，B项符合题意，故选B。C、D两项的表述错误。
4.B细节理解题。由最后一段结尾“Skinnerconcluded that positive reinforcement is more effective in teaching new andbetter behaviors”可知，正强化在激励新行为时更有效。B项符合题意，故选B。
5.C概括大意题。通读全文可知，本文介绍了三个著名的行为主义学家和他们各自的理论及研究方法，本文的主题是行为主义，C项符合题意，故选C。
Passage 2
Questions 6 to 10 are based onthe following passage.
The world perceives people withrich vocabularies to be more creative, more intelligent. People with largervocabularies get hired quicker and promoted faster. So big winners use rich, fullwords, but they never sound inappropriate. The phrases slide gracefully offtheir tongues to enrich their conversation. The words fit. Big players choosewords to match their personalities and their points with the same care as theychoose their ties or their blouses.
The startling good news is thatthe difference between a respected vocabulary and a mundane one lies in onlyabout fifty words! You don’t need much to sound like a big winner. A mere fewdozen wonderful words will give everyone the impression that you have anoriginal and creative mind.
Acquiring this super vocabularyis easy. All you need to do is to think of a few tired, overworked words youuse everyday—words like smart, nice, pretty, or good.Then grab a thesaurus orbook of synonyms off the shelf. Look up that common word you are bored hearingyourself utter every day. Examine your long list of alternatives.
For example, you’ve been at aparty and it was wonderful. Don’t tell the hosts it was wonderful. Everybodysays that. Tell them it was a splendid party, a superb party, an extraordinaryparty. Hug the hosts and tell them you had a magnificent time, a remarkabletime, a glorious time.
Look up some common words you useevery day in the thesaurus. Then, like slipping your feet into a new pair ofshoes, slip your tongue into a few new words to see how they fit. If you likethem, start making permanent replacements.
Remember, only fifty words makethe difference between a rich, creative vocabulary and an average, middle-of-the-roadone. Substitute a word a day for two months and you’ll be in the verballyelite.
6. “Big winners” atwork or “big players” in life are characterized by all the following EXCEPT _____.
A. theirbeing extremely wealthy
B. their appropriate use of words
C. their likelihood to bepromoted
D. their appropriate choice ofclothes
7. The word “mundane”in the 2nd paragraph is closest in meaning to _____.
A. ingenious
B. redundant
C. colorful
D. ordinary
8. Which of thefollowing is regarded by the author as a middle-of-the-roadword?
A. Wonderful.
B. Splendid.
C. Superb.
D. Extraordinary.
9. According to theauthor, super vocabulary can be acquired through _____.
A. the frequent use of a book ofsynonyms
B. the frequent use ofcommonplace words
C. the substitution of shortwords for long ones
D. the substitution of ordinarywords for rich ones
10.The author’sattitude towards people who use rich, full words is _____.
A. favorable
B. critical
C. impartial
D. indifferent
【文章导读】文章主要讲述了说话的技巧，那些在工作、生活中表现出色的人通常都很善于言辞，作者认为这种说话技巧是可以培养的，要学会用丰富多变的同义词替换普通词汇。
【答案及解析】
6.A 细节理解题。由第一段中间部分“People with larger vocabularies get hired quickerand promoted faster”和“Big players choosewords to match their personalities and their points with the same care as theychoose their ties or their blouses”可知，工作中表现出色的人更容易得到升职的机会，他们用词讲究，就和穿衣打扮一样。B、C、D三项均有提及，A项未提及，故选A。
7.D 词义猜测题。由下文“All you need to do is to think of a few tired,overworked words you use everyday—words like smart, nice, pretty, or good.”可知，作者建议将生活中常见的、毫无新意的词用别的词替换，由此推断mundane与overworked和tired意思相近，且与respected意思相反，表示“平淡的；平凡的”，与ordinary（平常的）意思相近，故选D。
8.A细节理解题。由第四段中间部分“Don’ttell the hosts it was wonderful. Everybody says that. Tell them it was asplendid party, a superb party, an extraordinary party”可知，作者认为使用wonderful显得平淡无奇，不妨使用它的同义词splendid、superb、extraordinary，所以前者是middle-of-the-road（大众的；中间路线的），故选A。
9.D细节理解题。由倒数第二段末尾“Lookup some common words you use every day in the thesaurus. Then, like slippingyour feet into a new pair of shoes, slip your tongue into a few new words tosee how they fit”可知，作者提供的方法就是说话时多用华丽的词汇去代替普通的词汇，D项符合题意，故选D。
10.A推理判断题。通读全文可知，本文主要是在告诉读者怎样像那些表现出色的人一样，在语言上提升自己，由此推断作者对那些善于言辞的人持赞赏的态度，A项favorable表示“赞成的；赞许的”，符合题意，故选A。
Passage 3
Questions 11 to 15 are based onthe following passage.
Whether it is out of necessity orby choices, for most of us there are periods when much of what we do does notafford us satisfaction. Many students never enjoy exam period; and even in themost engaging workplace, some projects are less interesting than others.
Research shows that pursuingself-satisfying goals—engaging in activitiesthat are meaningful and pleasurable—impacts our experiencein other areas that are not directly related to these activities. Meaningfuland pleasurable activities can function like a candle in a dark room, and justas it takes a small flame or two to light up an entire physical space, one ortwo happy experiences during an otherwise uninspiring period can transform ourgeneral state and rejuvenate us. I call these brief but transformingexperiences happiness boosters—activities lasting anywhere from a few minutesto a few hours, that provide us with both meaning and pleasure, both presentand future benefit.
Happiness boosters can inspireand invigorate us, acting as both a motivation pull and a motivation push. Fora single parent, a happiness booster in the form of a meaningful outing withher children over the weekend can change her overall experience of life,including the hours spent at work. The outing can motivate her and pull herthrough the week, giving her something to look forward to when she gets up forwork in the morning. The same happiness booster can then energize her, providingher with the push she needs by recharging her motivational stores for the followingweek.
Ideally, we want our entire dayto be filled with happy experiences. This kind of life is not always attainable,though, and it might be that we need to wait until evenings or weekends topursue activities that provide present and future benefit. One of the commonmistakes people make is that in their free time they choose passivepleasure-seeking over an active pursuit of happiness. At the end of a hard dayat work or in school, they opt to do nothing but sit around in front of thetelevision screen rather than engage in activities that are both meaningful andpleasurable.
11. The openingparagraph of the passage implies that people do not always _____.
A. compel themselves to do whatthey dislike
B. seek a more gratifying jobthat pays less
C. seek a well-paid job that theydislike
D. engage in pleasurableactivities
12. The word“rejuvenate” in the 2nd paragraph can be replaced by _____.
A. invigorate
B. entertain
C. impact
D. accelerate
13. According to theauthor, “happiness boosters” refers to _____.
A. experiences that are likely tochange your way of life
B. experiences that may help youenhance your learning ability
C. activities that last for ashort while but their effect may be lasting
D. activities that lead topleasurable experiences in other unrelated areas
14. The author usesthe case of a single mother to demonstrate _____.
A. how she provide her childrenwith a recreational activity
B. how she actively pursuesself-satisfying goals in her career
C. the role of happiness boostersin people’s work and daily life
D. the influence of an occasionalouting on the way people work and live
15.In the lastparagraph, the author _____.
A. points out a common mistakepeople make in their free time
B. urges people to engage inmeaningful and pleasurable activities
C. states that it is not possibleto fill each day with happy experiences
D. criticizes people who spendmost of their free time watching television
【文章导读】本文讲述了提高人们幸福感的方式——疲惫的工作之余做一点自己想做的或者不一样的事情，能够有效地振奋人的精神。
【答案及解析】
11.D 推理判断题。由第一段第一句话“Whether it is out of necessity or by choices, formost of us there are periods when much of what we do does not afford ussatisfaction”可知，人们迫于无奈，大多数时候所做的工作都给不了自己满足感，换言之就是这些工作给不了人们幸福感，与D项意思相近，故选D。
12.A 词义猜测题。由下文“Happiness boosters can inspire and invigorate us”可知，提升人们幸福感的事物往往也能振奋精神，本题的rejuvenate也是修饰的相同的事物，由此推断rejuvenate和invigorate、inspire意思相近，都表示“振奋精神”，故选A。
13.C 细节理解题。有第二段最后一句话“activities lasting anywhere froma few minutes to a few hours, that provide us with both meaning and pleasure, bothpresent and future benefit”可知，提升人幸福感的事物虽然不多，但能够有效地、长久地振奋人的精神，不仅对现在有效，对未来也有效果。C项符合题意，故选C。
14.C细节理解题。第三段的内容是对第二段的补充说明，作者举单身妈妈的例子是为了证明提升幸福感的事情对人们生活的重要而深远的影响。C项符合题意，故选C。
15.A细节理解题。由最后一段中间部分“One of the common mistakes peoplemake is that in their free time they choose passive pleasure-seeking over anactive pursuit of happiness”可知，作者陈述了一个事实——虽然提升幸福感的活动对人们的工作和生活很重要，但人们往往忽视了它的作用，选择在家看电视来打发周末。作者在这里只是陈述事实，并没有展开来说。A项符合题意，故选A。
Passage 4
Questions 16 to 20 are based onthe following passage.
In 1575, the French scholar LouisLeroy published a learned book in which he voiced despair over the changescaused by the social and technological innovations of his time, what we nowcall the Renaissance. We also feel that our times are out of order; we evenhave reason to believe that our descendants will be worse off than we are.
The earth will soon beovercrowded and its resources exhausted. Pollution will ruin the environment, upsetthe climate, and damage human health. The gap in living standards between therich and the poor will widen and lead the angry, hungry people of the world toacts of desperation including the use of nuclear weapons as blackmail. Such arethe inevitable consequences of population and technological growth if presenttrends continue.
The future is never a projection(投射）of the past. Animals probablyhave no chance to escape the tyranny of biological evolution, but human beingsare blessed with the freedom of social evolution. For us, trend is not destiny.The escape from existing trends is now facilitated by the fact that societiesanticipate future dangers and take preventive steps against expected changes.
Despite the widespread beliefthat the world has become too complex for comprehension by the human brain,modem societies have often responded effectively to critical situations. Thedecrease in birth rates, the partial prohibition of pesticides and therethinking of technologies of the production and use of energy are but a fewexamples illustrating a sudden reversal of trends caused not by politicalupsets or scientific breakthroughs, but by public awareness of consequences.
Even more striking are thesituations in which social attitudes concerning future difficulties undergorapid changes before the problems have arisen. There have been the hatred argumentabout the problem of behavior control and of genetic engineering, even thoughthere is as yet no proof that effective methods can be developed to manipulatebehavior and genes on a population scale.
One of the characteristics of ourtime is thus the rapidity with which steps can be taken to change theorientation of certain trends and even to reverse them. Such changes usuallyemerge from grassroots movements rather than from official directives.
16.It can be inferredfrom the 1st paragraph that Louis Leroy _____ the changes in his time.
A. welcomed
B. facilitated
C.objected to
D. overlooked
17.If the presenttrends continue, the earth will face the following threats EXCEPT _____.
A. sluggish growth of technology
B. serious pollution ofenvironment
C. complete exhaustion ofresources
D. use of nuclear weapons asblackmail
18. Which of thefollowing statements is true of human beings?
A. They will be free from socialevolution.
B. They have manipulated behaviorand genes.
C. They can possibly guardagainst future dangers.
D. They can escape the tyranny ofbiological evolution.
19.Human beings haveeffectively dealt with critical situations by _____.
A. increasing production
B. arousing public awareness
C. launching political campaigns
D. making technological progress
20.In our times, theforce to change certain trends usually comes from _____.
A. scientists
B. ordinary people
C. politicians
D. official directives
【文章导读】本文主要描述了随着科技的发展，人类社会的前景，作者借此表达了对未来的担忧，呼吁人们提高环保意识和危机意识。
【答案及解析】
16.C 细节理解题。由第一段开头“he voiced despair over the changes caused by thesocial and technological innovations of his time”可知，勒罗伊对科技创新持消极态度，他认为科技带来的社会变化是不好的。object to表示“反对”，符合题意，故选C。
17.A细节理解题。本题要求选出不正确的一项。由第二段开头“The earth will soon beovercrowded and its resources exhausted. Pollution will ruin the environment, upsetthe climate, and damage human health”的描述可知，未来社会将面临资源枯竭和环境污染，排除B、C两项。下文也提到了核武器，排除D项。A项说未来的科技发展将滞后，表述错误，故选A。
18.C细节理解题。由第三段最后一句话“The escape from existing trendsis now facilitated by the fact that societies anticipate future dangers and takepreventive steps against expected changes”可知，人们如今已经找到了预防这些后果的方法，C项符合题意，故选C。
19.B细节理解题，由第四段末尾“The decrease in birth rates…but by public awarenessof consequences.”可知，这里描述的是人们如何防御危机的措施，强调这些措施是大众意识提高的结果，不是依靠政治或科技发展。B项符合题意，故选B。
20.B细节理解题。由最后一段最后一句话“Such changes usually emerge fromgrassroots movements rather than from official directives”可知，如今现有的改变都是普通民众运动的结果，ordinary people与grassroots（基层民众）意思相近，故选B。
II.SPEED READING
Skim or scan thefollowing passages, and then decide on the best answer and blacken the correspondingletter on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points, 1 point each)
Passage 5
Questions 21 to 25 are based onthe following passage.
The development of specializedcourts for dealing with offenders convicted of driving while intoxicated (DWI)or driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) arose after the efficacy ofdrug and other problem-solving courts had been demonstrated. The first DWIcourt in the United States was established in New Mexico in 1995. The numberhas been growing rapidly and there were about 400 such courts operating in2008.
Drunk driving is a seriousproblem in the United States. Fortunately, the proportion of alcohol-relatedtraffic fatalities has fallen from over 60 percent in 1975 to about 40 percentin recent years. When calculated in terms of the number of vehicles on the road,of vehicle miles traveled, or of the number of licensed drivers, the proportionhas been cut in about half since the early 1980s. Still, over 15,000 people arekilled each year in alcohol-related crashes, several thousands of which involveintoxicated drivers. Every single injury and death caused by drunken driving istotally preventable.
Most drivers who have hadsomething to drink have low blood alcohol content or concentration (BAC) andrelatively few are involved in fatal crashes. On the other hand, while only afew drivers have BACs higher than .15, a much higher proportion of thosedrivers have fatal crashes. The average BAC among fatally injured drivers is.16. That is, it is twice the maximum legal BAC limit for driving.
DWI courts apply the successfuldrug court model to alcohol-impaired drivers. They reflect the experience thatsociety cannot rely solely on punishment to solve a serious social problemrooted largely in a medical problem—alcoholism. The traditional approach ofrelying on punishment without treatment and accountability has proven to belargely ineffective with repeat offenders. As one judge observed, we cannot“jail our way out of the problem.” These courts address the problem by holdingoffenders to a high level of accountability, providing long-term intensivetreatment, and carefully monitoring offender behavior for compliance.
21.The first DWI courtin the United States was founded in _____.
A.1975
B. 1980
C. 1995
D. 2008
22. DWI courts havedeveloped rapidly in the United States because _____.
A.drug courts have effectivelyreduced traffic crashes and deaths
B.DWI drivers tend to offend whenhaving very high and dangerous BACs
C.DWI drivers are very resistantto changing their drunken driving behavior
D. drug and other similarproblem-solving courts have proven to be effective
23. In the US, theproportion of alcohol-related traffic fatalities in recent years is _____.
A. less than 30%
B. about 40%
C. approximately 50%
D. more than 60%
24. According to thetext, the maximum legal BAC limit for driving is _____.
A. .075
B. .08
C. .15
D. .16
25. The traditionalpractice of dealing with repeat DWI offenders is to _____.
A. punish them without medicaltreatment
B. provide them with long-termtreatment
C. put them in jail withintensive treatment
D. arouse their strong sense ofresponsibility
【文章导读】本文讲述了美国上世纪末兴起的专门处理酒驾的法庭，该法庭的设立有效地减少了美国酒驾引起的交通事故的数量。
【答案及解析】
21.C细节理解题。由第一段倒数第二句话“The first DWI court in the UnitedStates was established in New Mexico in 1995”可知，美国的第一个针对酒驾的法庭建立于1995年。C项符合题意，故选C。
22.D细节理解题。由第一段第二句话“The development of specialized courts for dealingwith offenders convicted of driving while intoxicated (DWI)…arose after theefficacy of drug and other problem-solving courts had been demonstrated”可知，在禁毒法庭等其他类似法庭卓有成效之后美国才决定建立专门处理酒驾的法庭。D项符合题意，故选D。
23.B细节理解题。由第二段第二句话“the proportion of alcohol-related traffic fatalitieshas fallen from over 60 percent in 1975 to about 40 percent in recent years”可知，自从建立了该法庭，美国交通事故中酒驾引起的事故已经减少至40%。B项符合题意，故选B。
24.B细节理解题。由第三段末尾“The average BAC among fatally injured drivers is.16. That is, it is twice the maximum legal BAC limit for driving”可知，平均的血液酒精浓度应为.16的一半，即.08。故选B。
25.A细节理解题。由最后一段中间部分“The traditional approach ofrelying on punishment without treatment and accountability has proven to belargely ineffective with repeat offenders.”可知，传统的惩罚酒驾肇事者的方法中并不包括医疗处理，A项符合题意，故选A。
Passage 6
Questions 26 to 30 are based onthe following passage.
Not so long ago a school fieldtrip was a walk through the nearest park or, if you were very lucky, a day tripto the zoo. Nowadays, some schools in the U.K. visit such exotic places as theCanadian Arctic, he Great Barrier Reef, and Japan—and within a week. What’sgoing on? Videoconferencing! These are virtual field trips made possible bytechnology.
Videoconferencing systems vary inthe technology they use and the cost, but the basic idea is always the same: it'slike making a phone call but using a camera and a screen instead of atelephone. The cheapest systems start at about ￡700 with a video phone, atelevision and a camcorder. It is possible, though, to spend thousands ofpounds if you use state-of-the-art equipment and broadband satelliteconnections. Most schools can only afford a basic system, but even this can bea remarkable resource fill of possibilities.
One such possibility is to allowchildren to “visit” places almost anywhere in the world. These virtual fieldtrips, however, involve more than simply bringing live video pictures into theclassroom. Children don’t just watch they take part.
In a live link up with NASA, forexample, children were able to speak to a real astronaut. On another occasionthe link was with a diver swimming around Australian Great Barrier Reef. As sheswam, she answered children's questions about the fish and plant life theycould see on the screen. One class has even had a live chat with Tony Blair.They were gathered around the TV monitor at school while the then PrimeMinister was enjoying a cup of tea at Downing Street.
Events like these are an excitingway for children to learn about science and politics by speaking to peopledirectly involved. The children also get to develop important communicationskills by expressing themselves, speaking clearly and thinking about the sortof questions they want to ask.
Videoconferencing also providesopportunities for children to team up with other children around the globe.Meeting people from other countries is a wonderful experience for any child.Apart from improving their language skills, it helps them appreciate othercultures. In the past, only a few lucky children were able to experience thisby travelling abroad on school exchange programs—spending a few weeks in Franceor Germany, for example. Videoconferencing makes it possible for many morechildren to come into contact with cultures.
Some U.K. schoolchildren, forexample, have met up with classmates in California and Japan, learning whatit's like to live in an earthquake zone. Others have chatted with Inuit childrenfrom Canada. One class regularly meets with children from Finland.Videoconferencing make foreign cultures “real” in a way not possible throughbooks. And the fact that children can see each other on screen helps them buildreal relationships—make friends even—despite the hugedistances between them.
26.Traditionally, aschool field trip may involve a trip to _____.
A. Downing Street
B. a park or zoo nearby
C. the Canadian Arctic
D. the Great Barrier Reef
27.Allvideoconferencing systems _____.
A. use the same equipment
B. have broadband satelliteconnections
C. use state-of-the-art equipment
D. are based on the same basicidea
28. Videoconferencesgive children chances to _____.
A. travel around the world
B. find exchange programs
C. get involved in virtual fieldtrips
D. swim around the Great BarrierReef
29. Byvideoconferencing, children can do the following EXCEPT _____.
A. experiencing foreign cultures
B. improving their communicationskills
C. spending a few weeks in aforeign country
D. making friends with childrenof other countries
30. According to thepassage, Inuit children are from _____.
A. Canada
B. Japan
C. Finland
D. Germany
【文章导读】本文介绍了英国学校兴起的“虚拟旅行”——学生可以通过视频亲眼看到书本上看不到的异国风情和科学探索，并参与互动，甚至可以和首相聊天，这种方式极大地拓宽了学生的眼界，增长了他们的见识。
【答案及解析】
26.B 细节理解题。由第一段第一句话“Not so long ago a school field trip was a walkthrough the nearest park or, if you were very lucky, a day trip to the zoo”可知，过去学校旅行最多只能去附近的公园或动物园，B项符合题意，故选B。
27.D 细节理解题。由第二段第一句话“Videoconferencing systems vary in the technologythey use and the cost, but the basic idea is always the same”可知，所有视频会议，无论规模大小，都有着同样的目的。D项符合题意，故选D。
28.C 细节理解题。由第三段最后一句话“These virtual field trips, however,involve more than simply bringing live video pictures into the classroom.Children don’t just watchthey take part”可知，孩子们不仅仅观看这些视频，还可以参与到其中，C项符合题意，故选C。
29.C 细节理解题。倒数第二段最后一句话“Videoconferencing makes itpossible for many more children to come into contact with cultures”提到，视频会议可以让孩子们接触不同文化，排除A项；第五段最后一句话“Thechildren also get to develop important communication skills by expressingthemselves”提到，孩子们可以锻炼交流能力，排除A项。最后一段还提到孩子们可以交朋友，排除D项。B项未提及，故选B。
30.A 细节理解题。由最后一段中间部分“Others have chatted with Inuit childrenfrom Canada”可知，因纽特人居住在加拿大，A项符合题意，故选A。
非选择题部分
III.DISCOURSE CLOZE
The following is takenfrom the textbook. Read the passage and fill in the numbered spaces (there aremore suggested answers than necessary).Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET(10points, 1 point each)
The English, as a race, have thereputation of being very different from all other nationalities, (31) _____. Itis claimed that living on an island separated from the rest of the Europe hasmuch to do with it. Whatever the reasons, it may be fairly stated that (32) _____which distinguish him from other nationalities.
Broadly speaking, the Englishmanis a quiet, shy, reserved person(33) _____. In the presence of strangers orforeigners (34) _____. You have only to witness a commuter train any morning orevening to see the truth of this. Serious-looking businessmen and women sitreading their newspapers or dozing in a corner; (35) _____. In fact, to do sowould seem most unusual. An English wit, (36) _____, once suggested, “Onentering a railway compartment, shake hands with all the passengers.” Needlessto say, (37) _____ There is an unwritten but clearly understood code ofbehavior which, if broken, makes the person immediately the object ofsuspicion.
It is a well-known fact that theEnglish have an obsession with their weather and that, given half a chance,(38) _____. Some people argue that it is because English weather defiesforecast and (39) _____. This may be so. Certainly Englishmen cannot have muchfaith in the weathermen who, after promising fine, sunny weather for thefollowing day, are often proved wrong(40) ____. This helps to explain theseemingly odd sight of an Englishman leaving home on a sunny summer morningwith a raincoat slung over his arm.
(From The English Character)
[A]when an anti-cyclone over theAtlantic brings rainy weather to all districts
[B]being eager to talk about thestate of the British weather
[C]he was not being serious
[D]no one speaks
[E]hence is a source of interestand speculation to everyone
[F]they will start a conversationwith an Englishman
[G]who is fully relaxed onlyamong people he knows well
[H]the Englishman has developedmany attitudes and habits
[I]he often seems inhibited, evenembarrassed
[J] including their closestneighbors, the French, the Belgians and the Dutch
[K] they will talk about it atlength
[L] pretending to be givingadvice to overseas visitors
【答案】
31. J 32.H 33.G 34.I 35.D
36. L 37.C 38.K 39.E 40.A
IV. WORD FORMATION
Complete each of thefollowing sentences with the proper form of the word in brackets. Write youranswers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points, 1 point each)
| 41. (competent) | His _____ as the first minister had been reinforced by his successful fight against inflation. | | 42. (earth) | Researchers have _____ documents indicating her responsibility for the forced adoption of children. | | 43. (consume) | Medical experts agree that everyone should practicereasonable moderation in salt _____. | | 44. (approve) | The new play won immediate _____ from critics and audiences. | | 45. (conventional) | His view of sexuality is so radically ____ that most people cannot take it. | | 46. (definite) | The peace talk between the two countries has been postponed for a(n) _____ period. | | 47. (profession) | Since you're a nurse, so can I ask your _____ opinion on bandaging ankles? | | 48. (built) | It's not a very beautiful _____, but it's comfortable to be in. | | 49. (symbol) | Language and other forms of _____ communication, such as art, enable people to create, explain, and record new ideas and information. | | 50. (sure) | Our programs _____ daily opportunities for all learners to practice the language with native speakers. |
【答案及解析】
41.competence 句意：经过成功地抵制通货膨胀，他作为首相的能力得到了加强。物主形容词his后面要接名词，故空格处应填competent的名词形式：competence，表示“能力”。
42.unearthed 句意：调查人员已经发现了证明她对强制收养儿童事件负有责任的文件。have在这里为助动词，是现在完成时的标志，后面应该接动词的过去分词。且这里强调的是文件“被发现，被找出”，故空格处应填earth的反义词的过去分词形式：unearthed，表示“发现；搜寻”。
43.consumption 句意：医学专家说每个人都应该控制盐的摄入量。介词in后面要接名词，salt在这里作定语，修饰后面的名词，故空格处应填consume的名词形式：consumption，表示“消耗”。
44.approval句意：新剧获得了评论家和观众的好评。形容词immediate后面要接名词，故空格处应填approve的名词形式：approval，表示“赞成；认可”。
45.unconventional 句意：他对性的看法太反传统，以至于人们都无法接受。由下文most people cannot take it可知，他的观点与一般人不同，故空格处应填conventional的反义词：unconventional，表示“非传统的”。
46.indefinite 句意：这两个国家之间的和平谈话被搁置了，何时继续还未定。has been postponed表示仍在继续，表明谈话中止的时间还不确定，故空格处应填definite的反义词：indefinite，表示“不确定的”。
47.professional 句意：既然你是护士，我可以询问你包扎脚踝的专业建议吗？名词opinion前需要形容词修饰，故空格处应填profession的形容词形式：professional，表示“专业的”。
48.building 句意：这栋房子虽然不太漂亮，但住在里面很舒服。形容词beautiful后面要接名词，故空格处应填built的名词形式：building，表示“建筑”。
49.symbolic 句意：通过语言和其它一些象征性的交际方式，如艺术，人们能够创造、解释和记录新观点和新信息。名词communication前需要形容词修饰，故空格处应填symbol的形容词形式：symbolic，表示“象征的”。
50.ensure 句意：我们的节目让广大学习者每天都能和说母语的人一起练习口语。分析句子成分可知，本句缺少谓语动词，故空格处应填sure的动词形式：ensure。“ensuresb. to do sth.”为固定表达，表示“保证某人能做某事”。
V.GAP FILLING
The following is takenfrom the textbook. Fill in the numbered gaps with the correct form of the wordsor phrases in the box (there are more words than necessary). Write your answerson the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points, 1 point each)
| less avoid more general depend what unique recognize which in to compare possible |
In a society such as ours, bothparents and teachers are responsible for the opportunities provided for thedevelopment of the child, so that upbringing and education are interdependent.
Early upbringing in the home isnaturally affected both by the cultural pattern of the community and by theparents, capabilities and their aims, and children’s development (51) _____ notonly on upbringing and education but also on their innate abilities. Wilddifferences of innate intelligence and temperament exist even in children ofthe same family.
Parents can ascertain (52) ____ isnormal in physical, mental and social development, by referring (53) _____ thebooks based on scientific knowledge in these areas, or by (54) _____ notes withfriends and relatives who have children.
Intelligent parents, however,realize that the particular setting of each family is (55) ____ and there canbe no rigid general rules. They use (56) _____ information only as a guide inmaking decisions and solving problems. For example, they will need specificsuggestions for problems such as speech defects or backwardness (57) _____ learningto walk or control of bodily functions. In the more general sense, though,problems of upbringing are (58) _____ to be problems of relationships withinthe individual family.
All parents have to solve theproblems of freedom and discipline. The younger the child, the (59) _____ readilythe mother gives in to his demands to (60) _____ disappointing him. She knowsthat if his energies are not given an outlet, her child's continuingdevelopment may be warped.
(From Bringing Up Children)
【答案】
51. depends 52.what 53. to 54.comparing 55. unique
56. general 57.in 58. recognized 59.more 60.avoid
VI.SHORT ANSWERQUESTIONS
The followingquestions are based on Passage 4 in this test paper. Read the passage carefullyagain and answer the questions briefly by referring back to Passage 4. Writeyour answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points, 5 points each)
61. What does the author mean bysaying “trend is not destiny” in the 3rd paragraph?
62. What is the proof that showedmodern societies have responded effectively to critical situation?
【答案】
61. Because the escape fromexisting trends is now facilitated by the fact that societies anticipate futuredangers and take preventive steps against expected changes.
62. The decrease in birth rates,the partial prohibition of pesticides and the rethinking of technologies of theproduction and use of energy are but a few examples illustrating a suddenreversal of trends caused not by political upsets or scientific breakthroughs,but by public awareness of consequences.
VII. TRANSLATION
The following excerpt is taken from the textbook. Read theparagraph carefully and translate into Chinese each of the numbered andunderlined parts. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points, 2 pointseach)
Mme. Loisel now knew the horribleexperience of the impoverished. (63) She carried her burden, however, withheroism. That dreadful debt had to be paid, and she would pay it. The Loiselsfired their servant. (64) They moved from their comfortable apartment to asmall attic-like flat under the roof.
(65) She came to know what heavyhousework meant and she came to know the hateful chores of the kitchen. Shewashed the dishes, breaking her beautiful nails on the greasy pots and pans.She washed the dirty linen, the shirts, and the dishcloths, which she dried ona line. (66) She carried the garbage down to the street every morning andcarried up the water, stopping at every landing to catch her breath. And, dressedlike a poor woman of the streets, she went to the grocer, the butcher, and thefruit vender, carrying her basket on her arm, bargaining, shouting, anddefending every sou which she had to spend on food.
(67) Each month they had to payoff some old debts, renew others and make some new ones.
Her husband worked in the eveningas a bookkeeper, and late at night he copied manuscripts for people at five soua page.
This life lasted for ten years.
At the end of ten years they hadpaid everything, the principal on their many loans and the terrible highinterest, too.
(From The Necklace)
【参考译文】
63．她一下子显出了英雄气概，毅然决然打定了主意。
64．他们搬离了舒适的公寓；租了一间紧挨屋顶的顶楼。
65．家庭里的笨重活，厨房里腻人的杂活，她都尝到了个中滋味。
66．她把垃圾从楼上提到街上，再把水从楼下提到楼上，每到一层，就站住歇口气。
67．每月都要还几笔债，有一些则要续期，延长偿还的期限。
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