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2015年武汉大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
2014年武汉大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
2013年武汉大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
2012年武汉大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
2011年武汉大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
2010年武汉大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
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2015年武汉大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解
一、词汇结构题（共40小题，每题0.5分，共20分）
Directions: There are 40 sentences in this section. Beneatheach sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose theone that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on your answer sheet.
1. His natural _____ saved him from being spoilt by fameand success.
A. honesty
B. simplicity
C. modesty
D. morality
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】词义辨析。句意：他天生谦逊，不因名望和成就而骄傲。modesty谦逊；质朴；稳重。honesty诚实，正直。simplicity朴素；天真；愚蠢。morality道德；品行，美德。
2. Patriotism was the army captain’s _____ when he spokeat our school assembly.
A. theme
B. theorem
C. thesis
D. theory
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】近形词辨析。句意：这位陆军上尉在我们学校集会上的发言是以爱国主义为主题。theme主题；主旋律；题目。theorem[数]定理；原理。thesis论文；论点。theory理论；学说；推测。
3. A modern ship has its _____ in the hollowed log usedby primitive peoples.
A. proton
B. pattern
C. predecessor
D. prototype
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】近形词辨析。句意：原始人使用的中间挖空的木头是现代船只的原型。prototype原型；标准，模范。proton质子。pattern模式；图案；样品。predecessor前任，前辈。
4. You should _____ the wheels of your bicycle to reducethe friction.
A. label
B. illustrate
C. lubricate
D. manipulate
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】词义辨析。句意：你应该把自行车的轮子润滑一下，以减少摩擦。lubricate使……润滑；给……加润滑油。label标注；贴标签于。illustrate阐明，举例说明；图解。manipulate操纵；篡改。
5.A person ought to conform the _____ of behaviour.
A. patterns
B. models
C. modes
D. norms
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】固定词组。句意：一个人应该遵守一定的行为规范。norm有“规范，基准”基准的意思，norms of behaviour行为规范。model模型；模范；样式。mode模式；方式；风格。
6.Travel can be an excellent _____ to one’s education.
A. complement
B. completion
C. component
D. competitor
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】近形词辨析。句意：旅行对于一个人的教育来说是个绝好的补充。complement补足物；补语；余角。completion完成，实现。component成分；组件。competitor竞争者，对手。component强调的是构成某物的成分或部分，a component of sth.某物的一个组成部分。
7. The _____ to the contract must be signed by twowitnesses.
A. assignment
B. attachment
C. assessment
D. alignment
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】近形词辨析。句意：合同附件需有两位见证人签字。attachment附件；依恋。assignment分配；任务。assessment评定；估价。alignment队列；校准；结盟。attachment to the contract合同附件。
8.He accepted _____ for the damage done to the car.
A. liberty
B. liability
C. license
D. likelihood
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】近形词辨析。句意：他为车子造成的损伤承担责任。liability责任；债务；可能性。liberty自由；许可；冒失。license执照，许可证。likelihood可能性，可能。accept liability承担责任，负责。
9. If the main power line fails, the hospital will useits _____ generator.
A. residual
B. subordinate
C. obedient
D. auxiliary
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】词义辨析。句意：主电力线路一旦出现故障，医院将使用辅助发电机发电。auxiliary辅助的；副的；附加的。auxiliary generator辅助发电机。residual剩余的；残留的。subordinate从属的；次要的。obedient顺从的，服从的；孝顺的。
10.The big searchlight _____ a spot a mile away.
A. ignites
B. stimulates
C. illuminates
D. illustrates
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】词义辨析。句意：那盏大型探照灯照射着一英里之遥的地方。illuminate照亮；阐明，说明。ignite点燃；使燃烧；使激动。stimulate起刺激作用；起促进作用。illustrate阐明，举例说明。
11.His newly published novel enjoys great _____.
A. attention
B. likelihood
C. popularity
D. controversy
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】固定词组。句意：他新出版的那本小说广受欢迎。enjoygreat popularity享有盛誉，广受欢迎。enjoy great attention深为人们所关注。相比之下，C项更加符合题意。controversy争论；论战；辩论。
12. The young mother looked at her sleeping baby with a(an) _____ smile.
A elegant
B. earnest
C. radiant
D. radical
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】近形词辨析。句意：年轻的母亲满脸微笑地看着她熟睡的孩子。radiant辐射的；容光焕发的；光芒四射的。a radiant smile“灿烂的微笑，满脸微笑”，形容母亲看着自己孩子满心的欣喜。earnest认真的，热心的。an earnest smile“诚挚的微笑”，相比之下，与本句中描述的情景不太符合，因此排除。elegant高雅的，优雅的；讲究的。radical激进的；根本的；彻底的。
13. Always tell your neighbours whenyou are going, as a _____against burglary.
A. safeguard
B. hindrance
C. sacrifice
D. violation
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】词义辨析。句意：外出时一定要告诉邻居一声，以防止盗窃。safeguard保护；保卫；保护措施。a safeguard against sth.防止某事发生。hindrance障碍；妨碍；阻碍物。sacrifice牺牲；祭品；供奉。violation违反；违背；妨碍。
14. The plate dropped on the floorand _____ into little pieces.
A. smashed
B. crashed
C. cracked
D. crushed
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】近义词辨析。句意：盘子掉到地上，摔成碎片。四个词均有是某物破碎的意思。smash表示撞击，意思为“打碎”，强调撞击的结果。本题强调盘子被打碎这一结果，A项符合题意。crash指突然猛烈地撞击，并伴有轰隆声，强调撞击的动作和猛烈，通常用来表示飞机失事或汽车相撞。crack破裂；爆裂。crush挤；被压碎。
15. Having rooms in which to studywill not _____, we must alsohave the time to use them.
A. suffice
B. satisfy
C. quantify
D. rejoice
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】词义辨析。句意：光有可以学习的房间还不够，我们还必须有来使用它的时间。suffice足够；有能力。satisfy令人满意；令人满足。quantify量化；定量。rejoice高兴；庆祝。
16. Their_____ fault was a failure to recognize all thefactors involved.
A. infinite
B. inherent
C. potential
D. sole
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】词义辨析。句意：他们唯一的过错就在于没能识别出所有涉及到的因素。sole唯一的；单独的；仅有的。infinite无限的，无穷的。inherent固有的；内在的；遗传的。potential潜在的；可能的。
17. Marilyn came back from hervacation with _____ arms andface.
A. tan
B. tame
C. blackened
D. freshened
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】词义辨析。句意：度假回来，玛丽莲的胳膊还有脸都晒黑了。tan意思为“黄褐色；晒黑的肤色”，符合题意，因此选A项。tame驯服的；乏味的；顺从的。blackened为blacken的过去分词，意思为“变黑的；被损坏的”。freshened为freshen的过去分词，意思为“变得新鲜的”。
18. The wagon trains had to _____ Indian territory to reachCalifornia.
A. transfer
B. transverse
C. traverse
D. transport
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】近形词辨析。句意：马车队必须穿过印第安保留区才能到达加利福尼亚。traverse穿过，横越（某地区）；在……来回移动。transfer使转移；调任。transport运输，运送。transverse不能作动词，作形容词时意思为“横向的；横断的”。
19. The propeller began to _____, and the small plane started downthe runway.
A. roll
B. whirl
C. ventilate
D. roar
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】词义辨析。句意：螺旋桨开始转起来，这架小飞机开始沿着跑道滑行。whirl“旋转，回旋”，指旋转或作圆周运动，侧重急速或力量。roll“卷；滚动；转动”，指某物在平面上滚动或翻滚。ventilate使通风；给……装通风设备；宣布。roar咆哮；喧闹。
20. The government’s recentstatement of the unemployment does not _____ with the facts.
A. accord
B. conform
C. commence
D. consent
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】词义辨析。句意：政府关于失业的最新声明与实际情况不符。commence开始；着手。consent同意；赞成；答应。accord with和conformwith/to均可以表示与某事物相符或一致，其中conform with强调的是“遵守，符合”，accordwith强调的是事物之间的一致性，因此A项更加符合。
21. They planned to _____ in the middle of the night, whenthe guards were asleep.
A. go off
B. run out
C. break off
D. break out
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】固定词组。句意：他们打算到半夜等守卫熟睡时逃出去。break out (使)脱逃，(使)逃走；爆发。因此D项符合题意。go off离开；变质；睡去。run out用完，耗尽；跑出。break off折断；突然停止，暂停。
22.It’s pretty windy. You’d better _____ your hat.
A. add up to
B. lend itself to
C. hold on to
D. stand up to
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】固定词组。句意：风很大，你最好抓紧你的帽子。holdon to紧紧抓住，抓牢。C项符合题意。add up to总计达，总共。lend itself to适宜于，适用于。stand up to经得起；抵抗；勇敢地面对。
23. She’s playing so well this yearthat people expect her to _____ all the big prizes again.
A. carry on
B. carry off
C. carry out
D. take off
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】固定词组。今年她打得很好，大家都期盼她能再次夺得所有奖项。carry off夺去；获得；成功地处理。carry on继续；参与。carry out执行，实行；贯彻。take off脱下(衣帽、鞋子等)；起飞；离开。
24.When he arrived, he found _____ the aged and the sick at home.
A. nothing but
B. none other than
C. none but
D. no other than
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】固定词组。句意：他回来时，发现只有老人和病人仍然留在家里。none but只有；仅。nothing but除了……以外什么也没有；只有，不过。题干中指人，所以排除A项，C项为正确答案。none/no other than意思为“不是别的而正是……”。
25. As teachers we should concernourselves with what is said, not what we think _____.
A. have to be said
B. must say
C. ought to be said
D. need to say
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】名词性从句。句意：作为老师，我们要关心的不是学生应该说什么，而是他们说了什么。分析句子结构，with后面接what引导的两个并列的名词性从句做宾语。根据句意判断，空格部分的名词性从句中，what与say为被动关系，应该使用被动语态，因此排除B项和D项。通过前面的what is said可知，A项的haveto应该改为has to，而且have to do sth.意思是“必须/不得不做某事”强调的是客观条件，在此处意思不恰当。ought to do sth.“应该/理应做某事”，符合题意。因此选C项。
26. _____, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure tosucceed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.
A. Other things to be equal
B. Were other things equal
C. To be equal to other things
D. Other things being equal
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】独立主格结构。句意：在其它条件相同的情况下，一个能有效地表达自己的人比一个语言表达能力差的人更容易获得成功。本题使用独立主格结构做条件状语，只有D项符合。
27.I am sure he is up to the job _____ he would give his mind to it.
A. in case
B. until
C. if only
D. unless
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】连词。句意：只有他把心思放正，我敢肯定他能胜任这份工作。if only只要；要是…多好。in case万一；假使。until……以前；直到……时。unless除非，如果不。
28. If tap water were as dangerousas some people think, _____ wouldbe getting sick.
A. a lot of more us
B. a lot more of us
C. more a lot of us
D. a lot of us more
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】比较级的用法。句意：如果自来水真的像有些人想的那么危险，那么我们当中就会有更多的人生病。a lot在该结构中是程度副词，与比较级more连用时需要放在其前面进行修饰。
29. Our modem civilization must notbe thought of as _____ in ashort period of time.
A. being created
B. to have been created
C. having been created
D. to be created
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】非谓语动词。句意：不能把现代文明想成是在短期内创造的。空格前为介词as，所以后面要使用动名词，排除B项和D项。又由于该动名词表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词之前，所以要使用动名词的完成式。
30. Most of the people who _____ two world wars are strongly againstarms race.
A. have lived out
B. have lived through
C. have lived on
D. have lived with
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】固定词组。句意：大多数历经了两次世界大战的人们都强烈反对军备竞赛。live through度过；经受过。lived out住在外面；活过（某一段时间）。live on继续生活，以……为主食，靠……生活。lived with寄宿在……家；忍受(不愉快的事)。
31. An Olympic Marathon is 26 milesand 385 yards, approximately _____ from Marathon to Athens.
A. distance
B. is the distance
C. the distance
D. the distance is
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】句子结构。句意：奥林匹克马拉松赛道长26英里385码，大致是从马拉松到雅典的距离。分析句子结构，逗号前面的句子结构完整，也就是说空格部分不能出现独立的谓语成分，因此B项和D项排除。空格部分成分为名词性短语做宾语补足语，由于该距离特指前面提到的马拉松赛道的距离，因此distance需要使用定冠词the。C项为正确答案。
32. Scientists say it may be five orten years _____ it ispossible to test this medicine on human patients.
A. since
B. before
C. after
D. when
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】连词。句意：科学家说可能还需要5至10年，才有可能在病人身上测试这种药物。before“在……以前；在……之前”，这里表示在病人身上测试之前需要5至10年的时间。
33.I walked too much yesterday and _____ are still aching now.
A. my leg’s muscles
B. my muscles of leg
C. my leg muscles
D. my muscles of the leg
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】名词作定语。句意：昨天走了太多的路，我的腿部肌肉现在还疼。此处leg为名词作定语，修饰muscles，指腿部肌肉。a woman doctor“女医生”也属于名词作定语的用法。所有格强调的是归属或所有关系，此处不符合题意。
34. Sir Denis, who is 78, has madeit known that much of his collection _____ to the nation.
A. has left
B. is to leave
C. leaves
D. is to be left
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】时态语态。句意：78的丹尼斯爵士已经公开宣布要把他的大部分收藏奉献给国家。分析句子结构，that后面接从句，具体说明丹尼斯爵士公布的事情。从句表示的是将来的事情，因此A项和C项均不符合题意。B项和D项均使用不定式表将来。much of his collection和leave属于被动关系，需要使用被动语态，因此选D项。
35. Jean doesn’t want to work rightaway because she thinks that if she _____ a job she probably wouldn’t be able to see her friends veryoften.
A. has to get
B. were to get
C. had got
D. could have got
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】虚拟语气。句意：句意：Jean不想马上工作，因为她认为如果有了工作，她就很可能不能经常见到朋友了。此处if后面使用were to do sth.表示对将来情况的虚拟，因此后面使用了would(not)do的结构。
36.The world’s supplies of copper _____.
A. have been gradually being exhausted
B. has gradually exhausted
C. are gradually exhausted
D. are being gradually exhausted
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】时态语态。句意：世界上的铜矿正在渐渐地被耗尽。根据句意，此处指正在进行的动作，需使用现在进行时态。并且copper和exhaust属于被动关系，需使用被动语态，因此只有D项符合。
37. Hitler_____ in his room.
A. committed suicide
B. got committed suicide
C. was committed suicide
D. was suicide
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】语态。句意：希特勒在自己的房间里自杀。commitsuicide“自杀”，commit与Hitleer之间属于主动关系，不需要使用被动语态，只有A项符合。D项中suicide可以直接作不及物动词接在主语后面，不需要使用was。
38. Bill got up and made a motionthat the meeting _____.
A. be adjourned
B. should cancel
C. be going to cancel
D. is to adjourn
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】虚拟语气。句意：比尔起身提出动议，会议应该延迟。分析句子结构，that后面引导同位语从句修饰a motion（动议，会议中临时提出建议），说明amotion代表的具体含义。对于表示建议、命令等意思的词如suggestion、proposal、recommendation、order、motion（动议），其同位语从句需要使用(should)+动词原形的形式表示虚拟。因此本题选A项。B项中cancel应该使用被动语态。
39.It is no good _____ persuade me.
A. for you to try to
B. trying to
C. of you to
D. of you to try to
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】固定搭配。句意：说服我没有益处。It isno good/use doing sth.做某事无益/无用。
40.The main trouble is _____ enough knowledge.
A. their not having
B. them not having
C. theirs not having
D for them to not have
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】动名词复合结构。句意：主要的麻烦是他们的知识不够。带有逻辑主语的动名词叫做“动名词复合结构”。本题中not having enough knowledge的主语为they，因此使用动名词的复合结构，把they变成形容词性物主代词their，后面接动名词。
二、改错题（共10小题，每题1分，共10分）
Directions: This partconsists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes,one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word or deletea word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided.If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in thecorresponding blank. If you add a word, put an insertion mark (/\) in the rightplace and write the missing word in the blank. If you delete a word, cross itand put a slash (/) in the blank.
Before 1973, abortion was illegal in America unlessthe
woman’s health wasthreatened. In March of 1970, Jame Roe, a
single woman,instituted this federal action against the District att-
orney of the county.The original idea was that women who truly did
not want a baby shouldnot have to have it. 41
Since pregnancy may be a blessed act whenplanned or wanted, 42
forced pregnancy, likeany forced bodily invasion, is anathema to
American values andtraditions. As legalized abortion has become an
everyday part ofAmerican life, a different side to it has emerged out. 43
Where women once were aborting because they didnot want a
child, the reasonsbeing given now were becoming very different. 44
Abortion has turned into something that womenare being coerced
from boyfriends/husbandsunwilling to be fathers, out of fear 45
of the financialpressure, out of panic from losing their jobs, out of
panic from having toquit the school, or becoming homeless, or out 46
of fear of theirparents kicking them out into the street.
Abortion for these reasons can lead to problemswhich develop
when a woman is unableto get round her emotional responses resul- 47
ting from the trauma ofan abortion. There are women who abort and
do so completely of herown free will. These women have no regrets, 48
no remorse, but arehappy they had this choice available. But 49
a growing number ofwomen are speaking up about how abortion
effected themadversely. 50
【答案与解析】
41.it改为one
（作代词时，it通常用于特指，one通常用于类指。此处指代前文的a baby，是类指，而不是特指某一个婴儿，所以应该用one。）
42.Since改为While。
（分析该句子，前后两个分句“pregnancy may be a blessed act”和“forced pregnancy…is anathema”构成对比，所以应该使用表示对比的连词while。注意大写。）
43．删除out。
（emerge本身有“出现，显现，浮现”的意思，后面不需要使用副词out。）
44.were改为are。
（从句中说明的是过去的情况，因此使用过去时态，但是主句中讲的是“现在”的情况，使用了表示现在的now，所以应当用现在时。)
45.from前面加into。
（coerce somebody intosomething意思是“胁迫某人做某事”。本句中指妇女被他们的男朋友或者丈夫胁迫去堕胎。）
46．删除the。
（quit school“辍学”，school不是特指，前面不需要定冠词the。）
47.round改为through。
（本句句意：当女性无法克服由于堕胎带来的情感创伤时，此类堕胎导致的问题就会出现。get round意思为“说服；（消息）传开来；走动”，不符合题意，需使用get through，意思为“度过（经济，感情等的）难关”。
48.her改为their。
（这里指代前文中提到的women，应该使用复数形式their。）
49．第一个but改为and。
（根据句意，这些女性没有感到后悔，她们很高兴有这个选择，句子意思并不存在转折，所以应该使用and进行连接。）
50.effected改为affected。
（effect作动词时，意思为“产生；达到目的”。本处意思应该为影响，所以需使用affect。）
三、阅读理解题（40分）
Section A. Multiplechoice（共15小题，每小题2分，共30分）
Directions: Read thefollowing two passages. Answer the questions that followed. Choose theappropriate answer for each question and circle the letter on the answer sheet.
Text 1
In developing a model of cognition, we mustrecognize that perception of the external world does not always remainindependent of motivation. While progress toward maturity is positivelycorrelated with differentiation between motivation and cognition, tension will,even in the mature adult, militate towards a narrowing of the range ofperception and in the lessening of the objectivity of perception.
Cognition can be seen as the first step in thesequence of events leading from the external stimulus to the behavior of theindividual. The child develops from belief that all things are an extension ofits own body to the recognition that objects exist independent of hisperception. He begins to demonstrate awareness of people and things which areremoved from his sensory apparatus and initiates goal directed behaviors. Hemay, however, refuse to recognize the existence of barriers to the attainmentof his goals, despite the fact that his cognition of these objects has beenpreviously demonstrated.
In the primitive being, goal-directed behaviorcan be very simply motivated. The presence of an attractive object will causean infant to reach for it; its removal will result in the cessation of thataction. Studies have shown no evidence of the infant’s frustration; rather, itappears that the infant ceases to desire the object when he cannot see it.Further indications are that the infant’s attention to the attractive objectincreases as a result of its not being in his grasp. In fact, if he holds a toyand another is presented, he is likely to drop the first in order to clutch thesecond. Often, once he has the one desired in his hands, he loses attention andturns to something else.
In adult life, mere cognition can be similarlymotivational, although the visible presence of the opportunity is not requiredas the instigator of response. The mature adult modifies his reaction byobtaining information, interpreting it, and examining consequences. Heformulates a hypothesis and attempts to test it. He searches out implicitrelationships, examines all factors, and differentiates among them. Just as thetrained artist can separate the values of colour, composition, and technique,while taking in and evaluating the whole work, so, too, the mature personbrings his cognitive learning strengths to bear in appraising a situation.
Understanding that cognition is separate fromaction, his reactions are only minimally guided from conditioning, and takeinto consideration anticipatable events.
The impact of the socialization process,particularly which of parental and social group ideology, may reducecognitively directed behavior. The tension thus produced, as for instance thestress of fear, anger, or extreme emotion, will often be the overridinginfluence.
The evolutionary process of development frombody schema through to cognitive learning is similarly manifested in theprocess of language acquisition. Auditing and speaking develop first, readingand writing much later on. Not only is this evident in the development of the individualhuman being from infancy on, but also in the development of language forhumankind.
Every normal infant has the physiologicalequipment necessary to produce sound, but the child must first master their usefor sucking, biting, and chewing before he can control his equipment for use inproducing the sounds of language. The babble and chatter of the infant areprecursors to intelligible vocal communication.
From the earliest times, it is clear thatlanguage and human thought have been intimately connected. Sending or receivingmessages, from primitive warnings of danger to explaining creative orreflective thinking, this aspect of cognitive development is also firmly linkedto the needs and aspirations of society.
51. It can be inferred from this passagethat the author would support the attitude towards art appreciation that _____.
A. a work of art should not be analyzed
B. analysis of a work of art makes for greaterunderstanding of it
C. understanding the life of the artist helps usto understand his work
D. all mature people can understand art equallywell
52. The statement whichis neither implied nor stated in this passage is _____.
A. The child is concerned only with his ownbody.
B. The child learns to act in a way that willserve his desires.
C. The infant’s attention can be distracted froman object by simply concealing it.
D. The infant finds it difficult to focusattention on more than one object at a time.
53. It may be inferredfrom the passage that the effects of society on learning may be _____.
A. to enhance the individual’s motivation tolearn as quickly as possible
B. too deter learning by reason of anxiety aboutpossible conflict with ideology
C: to bring man’s knowledge within the scope ofall
D. to keep all learning at the same stage ofdevelopment
54. The passage impliesthat _____.
A. speech is acquired through direct teaching
B. the infant should be taught not to babble
C. infants who do not chatter will never learnto speak
D. infants are born with the ability to speak but the abilityto do so depends upon development of physical functions through non-verbalactivities
55. It would appear from the passagethat it would be useful for the parent of the newborn to _____.
A. give the infant what he needs before he cries
B. teach the infant how to speak as quickly aspossible
C. model speech sounds and encourage the infantto produce them
D. refuse the infant’s demands until he makesthem clear
【答案与解析】
51.B 根据第四段开头两句，对于成人，纯粹的认知也是一种动机。成人通过获取信息并进行解释评估，可以修正其反应。接着本段通过与艺术家评价作品做类比，最终总结到，“the mature person brings his cognitive learningstrengths to bear in appraising a situation.”，也就是说人们像艺术评价作品一样去认知，就能发挥认知优势。也就是说通过分析作品，可以加深对作品的了解。因此选B项。
52.A 第三段开头便提到，最初的生命，其被目的引导的行为其动机很简单。接着并举了一系列婴儿因为自己的动机而做出不同行为的例子，也就是说婴儿行为的出发点为他的动机，这与B项相符，因此B项排除。第三段第三句提到，研究表明当婴儿看不到物品时，就会终止愿望，而不是感到沮丧，这与C项“简单的隐藏物品就能分散婴儿对该物品的注意力”相符，因此排除C项。第三段最后两句提到，当婴儿被另外的物品吸引时，会丢下第一件去拿第二件（drop the first in order to clutch the second），这暗示了婴儿的注意力难以一次集中到多件事情上。因此D项排除。本段明确提到孩子对于身体以外的物品的愿望，A项明显与原文不符，因此选A项。
53.B 第六段提到了“The impact ofthe socialization process…may reduce cognitively directed behavior”，即社会化的程序能削弱认知，本段还提到了社会群体的意识形态（social group ideology）及他们之间可能会产生冲突（The tension thus produced）。B项符合原文，因此选B项。
54.D 倒数第二段提到，正常婴儿都有发出声音的身体器官（physiologicalequipment），但是在掌握语言之前需要学会一系列与语言无关的活动，如sucking, biting, and chewing等。也就是说，婴儿天生就有说话的能力，但是这一能力依存于其他和非语言的活动。D项正确，因此选D项。C项过于绝对，与原文不符，排除。
55.C 倒数第二段最后一句提到，婴儿的牙牙学语是语言能力的预兆，也就是说应该鼓励孩子牙牙学语，C项符合，因此选C项。B项和D项与本段内容相反，因此排除。A项文中没有提及，因此排除。
Text 2
In a reaction against a too-rigid, overrefinedclassical curriculum, some educational philosophers have swung sharply to anespousal of “life experience” as the sole source of learning. Using theirnarrow interpretation of John Dewey’s theories as a base for support, theyconclude that only through “doing” can learning take place. Spouting suchphrases as, “Teach the child, not the subject.” they demand, without sensingits absurdity, and end to rigorous study as a means of opening the way to learning.While not all adherents to this approach would totally eliminate a study ofgreat books, the influence of this philosophy has been felt in the publicschool curricula, as evidenced by the gradual subordination of greatliterature.
What is the purpose of literature? Why read, iflife alone is to be our teacher? James Joyce states that the artist reveals thehuman situation by recreating life out of life; Aristotle that art presentsuniversal truths because its form is taken from nature. Thus, consciously orotherwise, the great writer reveals the human situation most tellingly,extending our understanding of ourselves and our world.
We can soar with the writer to the heights ofman’s aspirations, or plummet with him to tragic despair. The works of Steinbeck,Anderson, and Salinger; the poetry of Whitman, Sandburg, and Frost; the playsof Ibsen, Miller, and O’Neil; All present starkly realistic portrayals oflife’s problems. Reality? Yes! But how much wider is the understanding we gainthan that attained by viewing life through the keyhole of our single existence.
Can we measure the richness gained by the youngreader venturing down the Mississippi with Tom and Huck, or cheering Ivanhoe ashe battles the Black Knight; the deepening understanding of the mature readerof the tragic South of William Faulkner and Tennessee Williams, of the awesomedetermination—and frailty—of Patrick White’s Australian pioneers?
This function of literature, the enlarging ofour own life sphere, is of itself of major importance. Additionally, however,it has been suggested that solutions of social problems may be suggested in thestudy of literature. The overweening ambitions of political leaders—and theirsneering contempt for the law—did not appear for the first time in the writingsof Bernstein and Woodward; the problems, and the consequent actions, of theguilt-ridden did not await the appearance of the bearded psychoanalyst of thetwentieth century.
Federal Judge Learned Hand has written, “Iventure to believe that it is as important to a judge called upon to pass on aquestion of constitutional law, to have at least a bowing acquaintance withThucydides, Gibbon, and Carlyle, with Homer, Dante, Shakespeare, and Milton,with Montaigne and Rabelais, with Plato, Bacon, Hume, and Kant, as with thebooks which have been specifically written on the subject. For in such matterseverything turns upon the spirit in which he approaches the questions beforehim.”
But what of our dissenters? Can we overcome thedisapproval of their “life experience classroom” theory of learning? We muststart with the field of agreement—that education should serve to improve theindividual and society. We must educate them to the understanding that thevoice of human experience should stretch our human faculties, and opens us tolearning. We must convince them—in their own personal language perhaps—of the“togetherness” of life and art; we must prove to them that far from beingseparate, literature is that part of life which illumines life.
56. According to thepassage, the end goal of great literature is _____.
A. the recounting of dramatic and excitingstories, and the creation of characters
B. to create anew a synthesis of life thatillumines the human condition
C. the teaching of morality and ethical behavior
D. to write about tragedy and despair
57. In the author’s opinion, as seenin this passage one outcome of the influence of the “life experience” adherentshas been _____.
A. the gradual subordination of the study ofgreat literature in the schools
B. a narrowed interpretation of the theories ofJohn Dewey
C. a sharp swing over to “learning throughdoing”
D. an end to rigorous study as a way of learning
58. As the author sees it, one ofthe most important gains from the study of great literature is _____.
A. enrichment of our understanding of the past
B. broadening of our approaches to socialproblems
C. that it gives us a bowing acquaintance withgreat figures of the past
D. that it provides us with vicarious experiences whichprovide a much broader experience than we can get from experiences of simplyour own lives alone
59. The author’spurpose in this passage is to _____.
A. list those writers who make up the back boneof a great literature curriculum
B. compare the young reader’s experience withliterature to that of the mature reader
C. advocate the adoption of the “lifeexperience” approach to teaching
D. plead for the retention of great literatureas a fundamental part of the curriculum
60. The author’s reasonfor quoting Judge Hand is to _____.
A. call attention to the writing of Thucydidesand Carlyle
B. support the thesis of the author that literaturebroadens our understanding and stretches our faculties
C. point out that constitutional law is a partof the great literature of our past
D. show that everyone, including judges, enjoysreading.
【答案与解析】
56.B 第二段开头便设问文学作品的目的是什么？接着本段通过乔伊斯与亚里士多德的观点揭示了答案，并且在最后总结到伟大的作家能够“reveals the human situation…extending ourunderstanding of ourselves and our world”，B项符合原文，因此选B项。
57.A 根据第一段最后一句“虽然并不是所有这一理论的支持者都要完全抹杀对书本的学习，但是在公共学校的课程表中能够感受到这一理论的影响，伟大的文学作品的地位正在逐渐下降（the gradual subordination of great literature）”，由此可知，正确答案为A项。
58.D 根据第五段第一句“书本的这一扩大我们生活领域（theenlarging of our own life sphere）的作用本身就具有巨大的重要性”。而通过第二、三和四段可知，这里的the enlarging of our own life sphere指的就是可以通过书中的人物经历来了解到许多他们一生都不可能经历的事情。D项符合题意，因此选D项。
59.D 分析全文，文章首段首先提到“lifeexperience”这种方法的狭隘性，使得公共学校课程中的文学作品地位下降。紧接着作者开始论证伟大作品的目的及重要作用，并且在最后一段中提到，需要通过教育来了解伟大作品，克服“经验说”理论。由此可见，本文目的实际上是在呼吁保留文学课程，因此选D项。
60.B 文章第五段第二句提到，伟大作品中可能会涉及到社会问题的解决之道，接着文章开始对此进行论证，并在第六段引用Federal Judge Learned Hand的话指出，即使对于法官，了解一些伟大作家及其书籍也是必不可少的，因为很多问题都会通过这些书籍展现出来。由此可知，引用Judge Hand的话原因在于证明伟大作品有利于拓展我们的理解，提高我们的能力。因此B项为正确答案。A项和C项只是Judge Hand举的部分例子，并不是作者举例的原因。
Text 3
It has always been difficult for the philosopheror scientist to fit time into his view of the universe. Prior to Einsteinianphysics, there was no truly adequate formulation of the relationship of time tothe other forces in the universe, even though some empirical equations includedtime quantities. However, even the Einsteinian formulation is not perhapstotally adequate to the job of tiring time into the proper relationship withthe other dimensions, as they are called, of space. The primary problem arisesin relation to things which might be going faster than the speed of light, orhave other strange properties.
Examination of the Lorentz-Fitzgerald formulasyields the interesting speculation that if something did actually exceed thespeed of light it would have its mass expressed as an imaginary number andwould seem to be going backwards in time. The barrier to exceeding the speed oflight is the apparent need to have an infinite quantity of mass moved atexactly the speed of light. If this situation could be leaped over in a largequantum jump—which seems highly unlikely for masses that are large in normalcircumstances—then the other side may be achievable.
The idea of going backwards in time is derivedfrom the existence of a time vector that is negative, although just what thismight mean to our senses in the unlikely circumstance of our experiencing thisstate cannot be conjectured.
There have been, in fact, some observations ofparticle chambers which have led some scientists to speculate that a particlecalled the tachyon may exist with the trans-light properties we have justdiscussed.
The difficulties of imagining and coping withthese potential implications of our mathematical models points out theimportance of studying alternative methods of notation for advanced physics.Professor Zuckerkandl, in his book Soundand Symbol, hypothesizes that it might be better to express therelationships found in quantum mechanics through the use of a notation derivedfrom musical notations. To oversimplify greatly, he argues that music hasalways given time a special relationship to other factors or parameters ordimensions. Therefore, it might be a more useful language in which to expressthe relationships in physics where time again has a special role to play, andcannot be treated as just another dimension.
The point of this, or any other alternative tothe current methods of describing basic physical processes, is that time doesnot appear—either by common experience or sophisticated scientificunderstanding—to be the same sort of dimension or parameter as physicaldimensions, and is deserving of completely special treatment, in a system ofnotation designed to accomplish that goal.
One approach would be to consider time to be afield effect governed by the application of energy to mass—that is to say, bythe interaction of different forms of energy, if you wish to keep in mind theequivalence of mass and energy. The movement of any normal sort of mass isbound to produce a field effect that we call positive time. An imaginary masswould produce a negative time field effect. This is not at variance withEinstein’s theories, since the “faster” a given mass moves the more energy wasapplied to it and the greater would be the field effect. The time effectspredicted by Einstein and confirmed by experience are, it seems, consonant withthis concept.
61. The “sound” ofProfessor Zuckerkandl’s book title probably refers to _____.
A. the music of the spheres
B. music in the abstract
C. musical notation
D. the seemingly musical sounds produced bytachyons
62. The passagesupports the inference that _____.
A. Einstein’s theory of relativity is wrong
B. the Lorentz-Fitzgerald formulas contradictEinstein’s theories
C. time travel is clearly possible
D. it is impossible to travel at precisely thespeed of light
63. The tone of thepassage is _____.
A. critical but hopeful
B. hopeful but suspicious
C. suspicious but speculative
D. speculative but hopeful
64. The central idea ofthe passage can be best described as being which of the following?
A. Anomalies in theoretical physics notation permitintriguing hypotheses and indicate the need for refined notation of the timedimension.
B. New observations require the development of new theoriesand new methods of describing the new theories.
C. Einsteinian physics can be much improved onin its treatment of tachyons.
D. Zuckerkandl’s theories of tachyon formationare preferable to Einstein’s.
65. According to theauthor, it is too soon to _____.
A. call Beethoven a physicist
B. adopt proposals such as Zuckerkandl’s
C. plan for time travel
D. study particle chambers for tachyon traces
【答案与解析】
61.A 第五段中关于Sound and Symbol一书，作者ProfessorZuckerkandl提出使用乐谱中的记谱法来进行标记，来表示量子力学中发现的关系。通过上文可知，量子力学中发现的关系涉及到宇宙中的时间维度。由此推测，本书中的sound指的可能是宇宙中音乐。因此选A项。B项和C项均没有与宇宙联系起来，因此排除。D项范围太过狭窄，tachyons只是涉及到的一种物质，属于个别案例。
62.D 根据第二段最后两句，超越光速的最大障碍就是需要有一个无限大的质量物体以光速运动。但是作者接着指出，要实现量子论中这种情况，可能性是很小的。因此选D项。文中提到Einsteinian formulation并不能充分解决时间关系的问题，但并没有说其不正确或者与Lorentz-Fitzgerald formulas存在冲突，A项和B项属于无中生有，因此排除。根据第三段可知，时间旅行目前不太可能，因此C项错误。
63.D 文中作者首先提出了时间关系方面的问题，接着谈到了各种理论推理，并指出其可行性或者存在的障碍，总体来说，作者的态度虽然不肯定，但是在努力推测，并且怀有希望，因此D项是正确的。作者并没有持怀疑态度，也没有批判，因此其他选项均不正确。
64.B 有关tachyons的讨论仅仅是涉及文章的一小部分，因此可以排除C、D两项，作者文中提到的各种理论推测，无论是“notation derived from musical notations”还是“a field effect”，均是与时间这一维度的标注方法有关，因此A项应为正确答案。文中并没有提到需要发展新的理论，因此B项错误。
65.C 根据第三段可知，可知穿越时间目前不太可能。因此选C项。
Section B. Question andanswer (共5小题，每小题2分，共10分)
Directions: Read thefollowing passage and answer the questions that followed.
Twice as many girls as boys are being born insome Arctic villages because of high levels of man-made chemicals in the bloodof pregnant women, according to scientists from the Arctic Monitoring andAssessment Programme (Amap).
Thescientists, who say the findings could explain the recent excess of girl babiesacross much of the northern hemisphere, are widening their investigation acrossthe most acutely affected communities in Russia, Greenland and Canada to try todiscover the size of the imbalance in Inuit communities of the far north.
In the communities of Greenland and eastern Russiamonitored so far, the ratio was found to be two girls to one boy. In onevillage in Greenland only girls have beenborn.
The scientists measured the man-made chemicalsin women’s blood that mimic human hormones andconcluded that they were capable of triggering changes in the sex of unbornchildren in the first three weeks of gestation. Thechemicals are carried in the mother’s bloodstream through the placenta to thefoetus, switching hormones to create girl children.
Lars-Otto Reierson, executive secretary forAmap, said: “We knew that the levels of man-made chemicals were accumulating inthe food chain, and that seals, whales and particularly polar bears weregetting a dose a million times higher than that existing in plankton, and thatthis could be toxic to humans who ate these higher animals. What was shockingwas that they were also able to change the sex of children before birth.
The sex balance of the human race—historically aslight excess of boys over girls—has recently begun to change. A paperpublished in the US National Institute ofEnvironmental Health Sciences earlier this year said that in Japan and theUS there were 250,000 boys fewer than would have been expected had the sexratio existing in 1970 remained unchanged. The paper was unable to pin down acause for the new excess of girls over boys.
The Arctic scientists have discovered that manyof the babies born in Russiaare premature and the boys are far smaller than girls. Possible links betweenthe pollutants and high infant mortality in the first year of life is alsobeing investigated.
Scientists believe a number of man-madechemicals used in electrical equipment from generators, televisions andcomputers that mimic human hormones are implicated. They are carded by windsand rivers to the Arctic where they accumulatein the food chain and in the bloodstreams of the largely meat-and fish-eatingInuit communities.
The first results of the survey were disclosedat a symposium of religious, scientific and environmental leaders inGreenland’s capital, Nuuk, yesterday, organized by the Patriarch of theOrthodox Church, Bartholomew I, which is looking at the effects ofenvironmental pollution on the Arctic.
Dr Reierson said the accumulation of DDT, PCBs,flame-retardants and other endocrine disrupters has been known for some timeand young women had been advised to avoid eating some Arctic animals to avoidexcess contamination and possible damage to their unborn children.
Dr Reierson said blood samples from pregnantwomen were subsequently matched with the sex of their baby. Women with elevatedlevels of PCBs in their blood above two to four micrograms per litre andupwards were checked in three northern peninsula’s in Russia’s far east—theKola, Taimyr and Chukotka—plus the Pechora River Basin.
To check the results the survey was widened andfurther communities, including those on Commodore Island,were investigated. The results were now in for 480 families and the ratioremained the same.
He said full results for the widening of thesurvey would not be published until next year but preliminary results for Greenland showed the same 2:1 ratio in the north.
Aqqaluk Lynge, the former chairman of the InuitCircumpolar Conference who hails from Greenland, said: “This is a disaster,especially for some 1,500 people who make up the Inuit nations in the far northeast of Russia.
“Here in the north of Greenland,in the villages near the Thule American base, only girl babies are being bornto Inuit families.
“The problem is acute in the north and east of Greenland where people still have the traditional diet.
“This has become a critical question of people’ssurvival but few governments want to talk about the problem of hormonemimickers because it means thinking about the chemicals you use. “I think theyneed to be tested much more stringently before they are allowed on the market.”
66. Why are their moregirls than boys born in some Arctic villages?
67. How did man-madechemicals in women’s blood affect the sex of the unborn children?
68. What is the case inJapan and the US had the sexratio existing in 1970 remained unchanged?
69. How did scientists believe thata number of man-made chemicals used in electrical equipment get to the Arctic?
70. When is the fullresult for the widening of the survey expected to be published?
【答案与解析】
66. Because there exists high levelsof man-made chemicals in the blood of pregnant women in these areas.
（根据第一段可知，由于孕妇血液里面高含量的人工化学物质，一些北极地区的村庄出生的女孩是男孩的二倍。）
67. The chemicals are carried in themother’s bloodstream through the placenta to the foetus, switching hormones tocreate girl children. The chemicals were capable of triggering changes in thesex of unborn children in the first three weeks of gestation.
（根据第四段可知，化学物质从母亲血液运输到胎盘，然后到胎儿，从而转变荷尔蒙来创造女胎。这些化学物在孕期前三周可以改变胎儿的性别。）
68. There were 250,000boys fewer than would have been expected in Japanand the US.
（根据第六段第二句可知，由于日本和美国出生的男孩比预期的少了25万，1970年存在的性别比例问题仍然没有改变。）
69. They are carded by winds andrivers to the Arctic.
（根据第八段最后一句可知，电器设备中的人工化学物质通过风和水流进入北极地区。）
70. Full results forthe widening of the survey expected not to be published until next year.
（倒数第五段提到，到明年才会公布完整的结果。电器设备中的人工化学物质通过风和水流进入北极地区。）
四、写作题（30分）
Directions: Write inabout 400 words on the following topic
Children who are brought up in families that donot have large amounts of money are better prepared to deal with the problem ofadult life than children who are brought up by wealthy parents. Do you agree ordisagree?
【参考范文】
Children in Wealthy Family and Relatively Poor Family
Once children grow up, they need to deal with problemsby themselves. Some people think that the kids raised in families that do not possesslarge amounts of money are better prepared than children in wealthy families asto deal with problems of adult life. For this opinion, I certainly agree.
To begin with, I need first point out that the familiesdiscussed here don’t mean the extremity. Though the family is relatively poor,it can still afford the general school education for the children. The wealthyfamily does own enough money to satisfy all the needs and desires of a kid, butit may lacks the power to tackle every problem existed in life.
My first argument to support that the childrenin wealthy families are less prepared is that they are easily spoiled by theirparents. Children in a wealthy family usually have their life comfortablyprepared by their parents. They can travel by car, feed by nannies andentertained by numerous toys. They don’t need to make efforts to get what theywant. While the situation for the children born in poor families are different.They have to compromise toys and snacks for something more necessary due tolimited disposable allowance. They need to help doing housework and work outmany problems by themselves, for example an entrance to a desired school. Therefore,these children know better than the kids how to deal with their own problem.Secondly, children in poor families try harder to prepare for their adult lifebecause they know they are poor and they need to work out their life by themselvesin the future. They may learn harder in school in order to gain more knowledgeand techniques or they may begin to have a part-time job to earn moreexperience as well as more money. Consequently, their independent abilities aswell as their interpersonal skills are improved, which is beneficial for theiradult life. On the contrary, the children in the wealthy families tend to thinkthat their parents can help them and they don’t need to work so hard. They lackthe motive to make progress. They just need to do what they want or behave asthey please. They care little about others and take everything for granted.
Admittedly, children brought up by wealthyfamilies may receive better education and be offered better job opportunities.However, since they are used to being cared by others, once they met a problemfor themselves, they are more easily to give up or become frustrated. To sumup, I believe that children in wealthy families are less prepared than those inpoor families.
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