刘炳善《英国文学简史》（第3版）笔记和考研真题详解

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目录                                                                                        封面
内容简介、编委
目录
第1章　早期和中世纪的英国文学
　1.1　复习笔记
　1.2　考研真题与典型题详解
第2章　英国文艺复兴
　2.1　复习笔记
　2.2　考研真题与典型题详解
第3章　英国资产阶级革命时期
　3.1　复习笔记
　3.2　考研真题与典型题详解
第4章　十八世纪的英国文学
　4.1　复习笔记
　4.2　考研真题与典型题详解
第5章　英国浪漫主义
　5.1　复习笔记
　5.2　考研真题与典型题详解
第6章　英国批判现实主义
　6.1　复习笔记
　6.2　考研真题与典型题详解
第7章　19世纪中后期的散文家和诗人
　7.1　复习笔记
　7.2　考研真题与典型题详解
第8章　二十世纪英国文学
　8.1　复习笔记
　8.2　考研真题与典型题详解
第9章　二战前后的诗人和小说家
　9.1　复习笔记
　9.2　考研真题与典型题详解
                                                                                                                                                                                                    内容简介                                                                                            


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　　《英国文学简史》（第3版）（刘炳善主编，河南人民出版社）一直被用作高等院校英语专业英国文学教材，被许多院校指定为英语专业考研必读书和学术研究参考书。为了帮助读者更好地学习这套教材，我们精心编著了它的配套辅导用书（均提供免费下载，免费升级）：
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第1章　早期和中世纪的英国文学
1.1　复习笔记
早期英国文学
Early English Literature

I. Background  Knowledge—The Making of England  1. The Roman Conquest (55  B.C-410 A.D.)   A. Brief Introduction  Before the  Roman Conquest, the early inhabitants in the island we call England were Britons, a tribe of Celts.  In 55 B.C, Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar, the Roman conqueror. Britain was not completely  subjugated to the Roman Empire until 78 A.D. But at the beginning of the fifth century, the Roman Empire   was in the process of declining. In 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.        B. Influence  ①The Roman mode of  life was brought into Britain while the native Britons were treated as  slaves.  ② The Romans  brought Christianity to the island and this religion was spread widely. (This  is a profound religious effect up to today).  ③ Roman road was built for military purposes.  ④ Along the Roman  roads, many towns grew up, London was one of them, and it became an important  trading center.    2. The English  Conquest  A. Brief Introduction  While the Romans retreated, the Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the  Angles, Saxons and Jutes. Before the conquest, they still lived in the tribal  society.  By the 7th century, a untied kingdom called England, or, the land    of Angles was established.    B. Influence  ①The three tribes  had developed into a whole people called English. And the three dialects had  grown into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English.  ②The Britons  experienced a transition from tribal society to feudalism because of the  English Conquest.  ③The  Anglo-Saxons were heathen people, believing in old mythology of Northern Europe. Later, The Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the 7th century.    Ⅱ. Literary Features of Early English Literature  The settlement of Anglo-Saxons in England marked the beginning of English literature. The early English literature mainly  consisted of the Anglo-Saxon poetry, which was sung by the minstrels to the  chiefs and warriors in praising of the old heroes’ deeds in the feasting  hall. The Old English regularly used alliterations and rhymes, at the same  time, metaphors and understatements were also put into the poetry. Beowulf  is the most widely spread early poem.      Ⅲ. Literary Terms  1. Anglo-Saxon poetry  Poems or, songs by the Anglo-Saxon minstrels who sang of  the heroic deeds of old time to the chiefs and warriors in the feasting-hall.  The typical work of Anglo-Saxon is Beowulf.      2.Alliteration  It means the repetition of the initial consonant sounds  in poetry. There are generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show  alliteration. There is an obvious use of alliteration in Beowulf.    Ⅳ. Major Writers and Works   ◆Beowulf  English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement.  Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon poetry and the national epic of the English  people.    1. The Story of Beowulf  Beowulf  tells a story of Beowulf fighting against monsters Grendel and his mother,  winning the battle and protecting his people.    2. Analysis of Its  Content  Beowulf  is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental  homes. Its main stories are folk legends of primitive Northern tribes.  Beowulf is a brave hero whose spirit and deeds reflect  the life of tribal society on the continent. The historical significance of Beowulf  lies in reflecting the features of the tribal society of ancient times.    3. Artistic Features  of Beowulf  a. The most striking  feature is the use of alliteration.  b. Other features of this work are the use of  metaphors and of understatements.

I.背景知识——英国的形成  1. 罗马征服（公元前55年—公元410年）  A. 简介  罗马征服之前，在英格兰岛上居住的早期居民被称为不列颠人（Britons），不列颠人是凯尔特（Celt）部落的一支。  公元前55年，该岛被罗马的朱利尤斯·凯撒(Julius Caesar) 侵略。直到公元78年，不列颠才完全臣服于罗马帝国，但是在5世纪初，罗马帝国开始没落。公元410年，所有的罗马军队撤离该岛。  B. 影响  ①罗马人的生活方式被带到了英国，而当地的不列颠人却沦为奴隶。  ②罗马人带来了基督教，基督教得以广泛传播。  ③出于军事目的，罗马人修建罗马大路。  ④沿着罗马大路，许多城镇得以发展，伦敦就是其中之一，并在那时成为重要的商业城市。  2. 盎格鲁-撒克逊征服  A. 简介  当罗马人撤离不列颠的同时，大群海盗入侵岛内。他们是来自北欧的三支部落：盎格鲁，撒克逊和朱特。征服之前，他们仍旧过着部落生活。  到7世纪，一个统一的王国—英国成立了，也被称作盎格鲁人之国。  B. 影响  ①这三支部落发展成一个统一的民族称为英国人。三种方言逐渐成为一种单一的语言，称为盎格鲁—撒克逊语言，即古英语。  ②不列颠人经历了从原始部落社会向封建社会过渡的时期。  ③盎格鲁—撒克逊人是无神论民族，相信古老的北欧神话，但后来在7世纪被基督教化了。  Ⅱ. 早期英国文学的特征  英国文学始于盎格鲁-撒克逊人在英国定居时期。古英国文学中所保留的作品多为诗歌或者盎格鲁—撒克逊游吟诗人所唱的歌曲，这些游吟诗人在宴会大厅里为那些首领和勇士歌唱古时的英雄事迹。古英语中有规律地运用了头韵和韵律，同时也用到了比喻和轻描淡写手法。流传最广的早期英语诗歌是《贝奥武甫》。  Ⅲ.文学术语  1. 盎格鲁-撒克逊诗歌  是由盎格鲁—撒克逊游吟诗人吟唱的古代英雄事迹的诗歌或者歌曲。这些诗歌或者歌曲主要是在宴会厅唱给首领或者武士们。代表诗作是《贝奥武甫》。  2. 头韵  就是诗歌里开头辅音字母的重复。一行诗歌里一般有4个音节，三个音节能够显示出头韵的效果。在《贝奥武甫》里对头韵有明显的运用。    Ⅳ. 英国早期主要作家及作品  ◆《贝奥武甫》  英国文学始于盎格鲁—撒克逊人的定居。《贝奥武甫》是一首盎格鲁—撒克逊诗歌，同时也是一首英国人民的国家史诗。  1.《贝奥武甫》主要情节  该书讲述了贝奥武甫这位英勇的武士与怪物格兰戴和他母亲斗争取得胜利并保护了他的人民的故事。  2.《贝奥武甫》内容评析  《贝奥武甫》是一部民间传说，由盎格鲁—撒克逊人从他们本土带到英格兰。它的主要故事情节来源于原始北欧部落的民间传说。  贝奥武甫是一个英雄，他的精神和行为都反映了当时的部落生活。它的历史意义在于反映了古代部落社会的特征。  3.《贝奥武甫》的文学特征  a. 多用头韵。  b. 多用暗喻和轻描淡写手法。

中世纪英国文学
Medieval English Literature

Ⅰ. Background Knowledge  1. The Danish Invasion  About 787, the English began to be troubled by bands of  Danish Vikings. Before 1031, King Alfred the Great (849-901) succeeded in  driving the Danes off with force. He was the one who also laid emphasis on  education and literature. In 1031, the Danes occupied the country and held it  for 30 years.    2. The Norman Conquest  A. Brief Introduction  In 1066, the French-speaking Normans came under Duke  William and defeated the English at Hastings. The Norman Conquest marks the  establishment of feudalism in England. The chief feature of the feudal  society was distinct division into class, mainly two classes: landlords and  peasants.      B. Influence  a. The establishment  of feudalism in England.  b. The Old English  was influenced by French words.  3. The Rising of 1381  In 1381，the famous Peasants Rising broke out in  England. Its leaders were Wat Tyler and John Ball.    Ⅱ. Literary Features of Middle English  Literature  1. Values of Christianity began to influence  English literature.  2. The Middle Ages constantly emphasized the  spirit of chivalry, which was showed in the  prevailing literary genre—romance, of that period. Romances of Middle Ages  are written by and for the court.  3. The popular folk literary form—ballad is  the oral literature. The typical ballads of Middle Ages are the ballads about  Robin Hood.   4. The writer and work that should be  especially emphasized is Chaucer and his Canterbury Tales.    Ⅲ. Literary Terms  1.  The Romance  ⑴ The Content of the Romance   Romance was the most prevailing kind of literature in  feudal England. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in  prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central  character of romances was the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use  of weapons. The code of manners and morals of a knight is known as chivalry.  Typical representative work is Le Morte D’Arthur,  a collection of stories about King Arthur, translated from French by Sir  Thomas Malory.  ⑵ The Romance Cycles  The romances are divided into such groups or cycles as  the “matters of Britain”, “matters of France” and “matters of Rome”. The “matters of Britain” are about adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the  Round Table. The “matters of France” are of Emperor Charlemagne and his  peers. The “matters of Rome” are about Alexander the Great and so forth.  ⑶ The Class Nature of the Romance  The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly  emphasized in romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone of feudal morality.  The romances had nothing to do with the common people. They were composed for  the noble, of the noble.   2.  Ballad  (1) Ballads are oral  literature of the English people.   (2) A ballad is a story told in song, usually  in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.  (3) The subjects of ballads are various such  as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the  conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, and the criticism  of the civil war.   (4) “Robin Hood” is  the most important ballad of that time.    Ⅳ. Major Writers and Works   1. the Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle  It was written under the encouragement and supervision  of King Alfred the Great and is a monument of Old English prose.  2. The “Robin Hood”  Ballads  The various ballads of Robin Hood are gathered into a  collection called The Geste of Robin Hood. Robin Hood, a partly historical and partly  legendary character, is depicted in the ballads as a valiant outlaw, famous  in archery, living under the greenwood tree with his merry men, taking from  the rich and giving to the poor, fighting against bishops. The dominant key  in his character is his hatred for the cruel oppressors and his love for the  poor and downtrodden.  3. Malory   ◆Le Morte D’Arthur  Translated by Malory from French, the legends of King  Arthur are the foundation of Le Morte D’Arthur. Malory selected the  most interesting parts, such as the adventures of the Knights of the Round  Table, the quest of the Holy Grail, the death of Arthur, and the dissolution  of the fellowship of the Knights of the Round Table. Malory treated the  legends in the spirit of medieval knighthood and chivalry and used simple,  idiomatic English prose and told the stories in a vivid manner.      4.William Langland  ◆Piers the Plowman  A. Social Significance  of this Work  (1) The poem sets forth a series of wonderful  dreams, through which we can see a picture of feudal England.  (2) Piers is not the conservative of the most  oppressed section of the peasantry and he has no intention of upsetting the  feudal order of society, which speaks for the conservatism of his political  attitude.   (3) In spite of this limitation, the poem  remains a classic of popular literature. The exaltation of the oppressed  kindled the peasants’ sense of human dignity and equality. The poem played a  part in arousing the oppressed people’s sentiment on the eve of the Rising of  1381.  B. Artistic Features  of Piers the Plowman  a. It is written in  the old alliterative verse.   b. It is written in  the form of a dream vision.  c. The poem is an allegory which uses  symbolism to relate truth. But in the main, it is a realistic picture of  medieval England.  d. Its artistic merit may be shown by its  portraits of the Seven Deadly Sins.  5. Chaucer(1340-1400)   ⑴ Life   Geoffrey Chaucer, born about in 1340 in London, is the founder of English poetry. He was the son of a wine merchant who had  connections with the Court.   Chaucer’s learning was wide in scope. He obtained a good  knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. He had broad and intimate  acquaintance with persons high and low in all walks of life, and knew well  the whole life of his time, which left great impressions upon his works and  particularly upon the variegated picture of the English society of his time.   He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus  founding the “Poets’ Corner”.  ⑵ Chaucer’s Literary Career  Chaucer’s literary career can be divided into three  periods, which is closely related to his life experiences. The first period  consists of works translated from French; the second consists of works  adapted from the Italian, as Troilus and Criseyde. The third period  includes The Canterbury Tales, which is purely English.    (3)  Chaucer’s Major Works   Troilus and Criseyde  The Canterbury Tales (1387-1400)   (4)  Analysis of Major Works  ◆ Troilus  and Criseyde  ①Troilus and Criseyde is Chaucer’s  longest complete poem and his greatest artistic achievement.   ②It tells the love story between Troilus and  Criseyde. Troilus is a son of the King of Troy. Criseyde is a beautiful  daughter of Calchas, a priest. For three years the two young people are  united in mutual love until the appearance of Diomede, a handsome Greek  warrior. Criseyde gives her love to the warrior, while Troilus, left in  despair, is at last killed in the war.   ③In this poem Chaucer didn’t write a full and  finished romance, but has endowed it with what medieval romance lacked-interest  of character as well as of incident. With Troilus and Criseyde Chaucer  becomes mature in versification.    ◆ Canterbury Tales (1387-1400)   A. Main Plot of The  Canterbury Tales  Twenty-nine travelers set off for Canterbury on a  pilgrimage. When they met at the inn, they decided to tell stories one by  one. This becomes the content of the story. In The Canterbury Tales,  there are 24 tales written, covering all the major types of medieval  literature. The stories which the pilgrims tell are well suited to their  different characters, ranging from the knight, the monk, the pardoner etc.       B. Important Parts of The  Canterbury Tales  ☆“The Prologue”  The Prologue provides a framework for the tales. All classes of the English feudal  society, except the royalty and the poorest peasant, are represented by these  pilgrims in the Prologue.  ☆“The Wife of Bath”   Chaucer’s keen observation and his unsurpassed talent for  characterization are especially showed in his famous “The Wife of Bath”. She  is the owner of a cloth factory, lighthearted, merry, vulgar and talkative.  She relates the whole story of her married life. She has married five husbands  and she expects one or two more.   Through this Bath woman, we may see a very vivid sketch  of a woman of the middle class, and a colourful picture of the domestic life  of that class in Chaucer’s own day.  C. Social Significances  of The Canterbury Tales  a. It shows a  true-to-life picture of Chaucer’s time.  b. Taking from the stand of rising  bourgeoisie, Chaucer affirms men and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached  by the Church.  c. He praises man’s energy, intellect, quick  wit and love of life.  d. His tales expose and satirize the evils of  his time, attack degeneration of the noble, the corruption of the Church.   (5) Chaucer’s Language  a. Chaucer’s language, now called Middle  English, is vivid and exact. He is a master of word-pictures. His verse is  among the smoothest in English.  b. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry  lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of  various types, especially the heroic couplet to English poetry.  c. Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.  d. Chaucer is good at the terza rima, which  makes his language a high style. This is what other poets cannot reach.

Ⅰ. 背景知识  1. 丹麦人入侵  约787年，英国开始为成群的丹麦海盗所困。1031年之前，阿尔弗雷德大帝(King  Alfred the Great) 成功击退了丹麦人。1031年，丹麦人占领了英国并盘踞30年。    2. 诺曼征服   A. 简介  在1066年，说法语的诺曼底人在威廉公爵（Duke  William）的带领下入侵，并在赫斯汀打败了英国人。诺曼征服标志着封建制度在英国的建立。封建国家的主要特征是明显的等级划分，主要是地主和农民两个阶级。  B. 影响：  a.在英国建立了封建制度。  b.古英语受法语单词影响。  3. 1381年农民起义  1381年爆发农民起义。领导者为瓦特·泰勒（Wat Tyler）和约翰·鲍尔（John Ball）。  Ⅱ. 中世纪英国文学特征  1. 基督教的世界观渗透到中世纪英语时期的文学中。   2. 中世纪文学不断强调骑士精神，这种精神通常反映在封建英国最流行的文学形式——传奇文学中，它们取材于贵族，为贵族而创作。  3. 与之对应的是民间的口头文学——歌谣，这一时期歌谣的典型代表是罗宾汉系列歌谣。  4. 尤其需要注意的文学者和作品是乔叟和他的《坎特伯雷故事集》。  Ⅲ. 文学术语  1. 传奇文学  ⑴ 传奇定义  传奇文学是封建英国最为盛行的文学体裁。它一般是长篇作品，主要描述高尚的英雄的生平和冒险。传奇的中心人物是武士，武士出身高贵并且善使武器。武士以其侠气著称。  传奇典型代表作是由托马斯·马洛里由法语翻译成的《亚瑟王之死》，是关于亚瑟王生平故事的选集。  ⑵ 传奇分类  传奇可分为“英国类”，“法国类”和“罗马类”。“英国类”传奇是关于亚瑟王和他的圆桌武士的冒险。“法国类”是关于查理曼大帝和他的贵族们。“罗马类”是关于亚历山大大帝。  ⑶ 传奇的阶级本质  对国王和主上的忠诚是传奇中反复强调的主题。传奇与平民无关，传奇是由贵族而作也是为贵族而写的。      2. 歌谣  (1) 歌谣是英国人民大众的口头文学。  (2) 歌谣是以歌的形式讲述的故事，通常由4行组成一节，其中第二和第四行押韵。  (3) 歌谣内容多样，有关于年轻爱侣反对封建家长的，有爱情和财富冲突的，有关于嫉妒残忍行动的，有批判国内战乱的。  (4) 其中，罗宾汉歌谣是最重要的。  Ⅳ. 中世纪主要作品作家  1. 《盎格鲁-撒克逊 编年史》  它是在罗阿尔弗雷德大帝(King Alfred the  Great) 的鼓励和监督下写成，是古英语散文史上的丰碑。  2. 罗宾汉歌谣  关于罗宾汉的歌谣被收集在《绿林英雄罗宾汉民谣》。罗宾汉是一个部分属实部分是传奇的人物。在歌谣中，他是一个勇敢的亡命之徒，以其箭术闻名，同他的伙伴们一起逍遥地生活在绿林中，劫富济贫，与教会作斗争。罗宾汉最明显的性格特征便是对压迫者的仇视和对受难者的热爱。  3. 马洛里  ◆《亚瑟王之死》  经马洛里由法语译成，《亚瑟王之死》是基于亚瑟王的一生传奇。但是马洛里选择了其中最有趣的部分，例如圆桌武士的冒险，寻找圣杯，亚瑟之死，圆桌武士的志同道合的关系的消亡。马洛里用中世纪的骑士精神和侠气处理了传奇，并且是用简单，惯用的英语，讲述了栩栩如生的故事。  4. 威廉姆·朗兰德  ◆《农夫皮尔斯》  A. 作品的社会影响  (1) 这首诗设置了一系列的梦境。通过梦境我们能够看到一幅描写中世纪英国的画卷。  (2) 皮尔斯不是最底层的农民的代表，这说明了他政治态度上的保守主义。  (3) 虽然作品存在这样的局限性，但是作品中描述的农民受压迫剥削的事件点燃了受苦人民的斗志。1381年的农民起义便受到了此作品的影响。  B. 《农夫皮尔斯》的文学特征  a. 采用旧时的头韵诗体。  b. 以梦境手法来叙述。  c. 本身是个寓言，运用象征与现实联系起来，但主要是中世纪英国的现实主义的描写。  d. 主要艺术特色在于对七宗罪的描写。  5. 乔叟（1340-1400）  ⑴ 生平  杰弗里·乔叟于1340年出生于伦敦，他是英语诗歌的创始者。他是一个与宫廷有联系的酒商的儿子。  乔叟知识渊博。他精通拉丁语，法语和意大利语。他结交广泛且易与人深交，无论是贵族还是贫民,因此他深谙所处世事。这尤其有益于他的作品中的英国社会的刻画。  他逝于1400年，被葬在威斯敏斯特教堂，“诗人角”开始出现。  ⑵ 文学生平  乔叟的文学生平可划分为三个阶段，这三个阶段与其个人生活经历有关。第一阶段乔叟的作品主要是从法语翻译过来的，第二阶段则改编于意大利，如《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》。第三阶段包括《坎特伯雷故事集》，这是纯英语创作阶段。  (3) 主要作品  《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》  《坎特伯雷故事集》（1387-1400）  (4) 主要作品分析  ◆《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》  ①该诗是乔叟的最长的诗歌，也是他最伟大的文学成就之一。  ②它讲述了特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达的爱情故事。特洛伊罗斯是特洛伊国王的儿子。克瑞西达是一个牧师的女儿。两人相爱了三年直到一个英俊潇洒的希腊勇士狄俄墨得斯的出现。克瑞西达改变了自己的心意，特洛伊罗斯则深陷绝望，在战争中战死。  ③乔叟并没有写一个圆满美好的浪漫故事，而是赋予了中世纪传奇故事所缺少的人物和事件的重要性。由于这部作品，乔叟在诗律方面已经很成熟了。  ◆《坎特伯雷故事集》（1387-1400）  A. 主要情节  29名朝圣者前往坎特伯雷去朝圣。当他们在酒馆相遇，他们决定每个人轮流讲故事。这些故事就构成了《坎特伯雷故事集》中的故事。共有24个故事被写进故事集，故事涵盖了中世纪文学的各个方面。每个故事都与讲述者的身份相符，讲述者包罗各种阶层的人，有武士，僧侣，赦罪僧等。  B. 重要部分  ☆《总序》  《总序》提供了故事的框架。《总序》的朝圣者中囊括了当时英国封建社会中除了皇族和最底层的农民以外的形形色色的人物。  ☆《巴斯妇人》  通过《巴斯妇人》，读者可以尽情感受乔叟的细致入微的无人可比的人物塑造天赋。这位妇人是布店的经营者，为人开朗乐观，有时略带粗俗，喜欢讲话。她所讲述的是她与五位丈夫的婚史。  通过这位巴斯妇人，我们能够了解当时中层阶级的妇女及家庭生活。  C. 社会影响  a. 展示乔叟时代的真实生活画面。  b. 站在发展中的小资产阶级的立场，乔叟肯定了人的力量，反对教会宣扬的禁欲主义。  c. 赞扬了人的力量，智慧和对生活的热爱。  d. 展现并批判了时代的罪恶，批判了贵族和教会的堕落。  (5) 乔叟的语言  a. 乔叟的语言属于中英语，非常形象准确。他是用语言构建图画的大师。他的诗歌位列最顺畅的英语中。  b. 乔叟对英语诗歌的贡献主要在于他将法国的韵脚重复的诗节（尤其是英雄双韵体）介绍到英国。  c. 乔叟在使伦敦方言成为现代英语的标准中发挥了重要作用。  d. 乔叟善于使用三行体，这种诗体使他的语言很高雅。这是其他诗人无法匹敌的。

1.2　考研真题与典型题详解
I. Fill in the blanks.
1. Beowulf probably existed in its oralform as early as the ________century and its hero and his adventures are placed in ________ and southern Sweden rather than in England. （国际关系学院2010研）
2. ________conquered England on October 14, 1066. From then on began the medievalperiod. （南开大学2008研）
3. The English great writer Geoffrey Chaucer was born in 1343 anddied in 1400. His most important work is ________,a long poem made up of a general introduction and 24 stories. （南开大学2007研）
4. The ________ periodwitnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.
5. The most magnificent prose work of the 15th century is Le MorteD’ Arthur concerning with ________ legend.
6. The only important prose writer in the15th century is Sir ________ .
7. In 55 B. C., Britain was invaded by ________ ,the Roman conqueror. Along with the invasion came the________ into Britain.
8. Angles, Saxons and ________ usuallyknown as Anglo-Saxons are the first Englishmen. Language spoken by them iscalled _________, which is the foundation of English language and literature.
9. The literature of the Anglo-Saxonperiod falls naturally into two divisions, ________ and Christian.
10. In the 8th century, Anglo-Saxonprose appeared. The famous prose writers of that period were Venerable Bede and________.
11. Inthe year 1066, the Normans defeated the Anglo-Saxons at the battle of ________.
12. The fifteenth century has beentraditionally described as the barren age in English literature. But it is thespring tide of English ________.
13. ________ is Chaucer’s longestcomplete poem (about 8, 000 lines) and his greatest artistic achievement.
14. The Canterbury Tales containsin fact a general prologue and only ________ tales, of which two are leftunfinished.
15.After the ________ Conquest, feudal system was established in English society.
II. Multiple Choice
1.The history of English literature begins in the ________ century. （北二外2009研）
A. 7th
B. 6th
C. 5th
D. 4th
2.In English poetry, a quatrain is ________.（北二外2008研）
A. a four-line stanza
B. a couplet
C. a fourteen-line stanza
D. a terza rima
3. Knights of the Round Table are characters serving ________ in legends, which depict chivalry in earlyliterature. （北二外2007研）
A. Sir Lancelot
B. Sir Godwin
C. King Arthur
D. King Henry Ⅷ
4. Romance was a type of literature that wasvery popular in the ________. （四川大学2008研）
A. Renaissanceperiod
B. seventeenthcentury
C. Middle Ages
D. eighteenthcentury
5. ________, the "father of English poetry" and one of thegreatest narrative poets of England, was born in London about 1340.
A. GeoffreyChaucer
B. Sir Gawain
C. FrancisBacon
D. John Dryden
6. ________ is the first important religious poet in Englishliterature.
A. John Donne
B. George Herbert
C. Caedmon
D. Milton
7.The Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the ________ century.
A. 5th
B. 6th
C. 7th
D. 8th
8. ________ was the greatest of English religious reformers and thefirst translator of the Bible.
A. Langland
B. Gower
C. Wycliffe
D. Chaucer
9. Beowulf describes the exploits of a ________ hero,Beowulf, in fighting against the monster Grendel, his revengeful mother, and afire-breathing dragon.
A. Danish
B. Scandinavian
C. English
D. Norwegian
10. ________ was the first to be buried in the Poet’s Corner ofWestminster Abbey.
A. Chaucer
B. Shakespeare
C. Marlowe
D. Spenser
III. Explain thefollowing terms.
1.heroic couplet （人大2006研；厦门大学2007研；北航2010研）
2.Freudianism （国际关系学院2007研）
3.epic （天津外国语学院2007研；厦门大学2008研）
4.Alliteration （南开大学2010研）
IV. Questions 1 to 3 are based on the followingpassage of The Canterbury Tales. （南开大学2009研）
From The Canterbury Tales
Speaking ofhis equipment, he (the knight) possessed
Fine horses,but he was not gaily dressed.
He wore afustian tunic stained and dark
With smudges where his armor had left mark.
1. What does the factthat the knight owns fine horses indicate?
2. What does theclothes he wears indicate?
3. What does GeoffreyChaucer want to show through these details?
V. Short answerquestions
1. Why is the Knight first in the General Prologue to tell atale in Canterbury Tales? （北航2009研）
2. What are the artistic features of OldEnglish poetry?
3.What is Chaucer’s contribution to the English language?
4. What are the essential features of romance in themedieval English literature?
VI. Essay questions
1. How did Chaucer’s creative work reflect the changes of theEnglish society in the second half of the 14th century? How much was Chaucerinfluenced by foreign authors such as Dante or Boccaccio? What are some of the significancesof such influences? （人大2007研）
2. Compare Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales with OldEnglish poetry and the works of other Middle English poets to illustrate thatChaucer is the first realistic writer in English literature.
参考答案及解析
I. Fill in the blanks.
1． 6th；Denmark
(《贝奥武夫》最早在公元六世纪开始口头传诵，故事发生在丹麦和瑞典南部，诗中并没有提及英国。)
2.Duke of Normandy
(公元1066年，诺曼底公爵，或者叫William,the Conqueror(征服者威廉)，占领英格兰，从此开始了中世纪时期。)
3.The Canterbury Tales
(乔叟的代表作是《坎特伯雷故事集》，是一首由一篇序言和24个故事组成的长诗。)
4.Anglo-Saxon
(盎格鲁-撒克逊时期，英国由部族社会步入封建社会。)
5.Arthurian
(15世纪左右公认的集大成作品为《亚瑟王之死》，是关于亚瑟王的传奇故事。)
6.Thomas Malory
(十五世纪最著名的散文家是托马斯·马洛礼爵士，他将众多的关于亚瑟王的传奇故事收录为集大成之作《亚瑟王之死》，是英国散文第一部重要的散文。)
7.Julius Caesar, Roman mode of life
(公元前凯撒大帝率军征服不列颠。在罗马统治期间，罗马生活方式传入不列颠。)
8.Jutes; the Old English
(盎格鲁-撒克逊人通常指盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特人三个部族的人，他们的语言是古英语。)
9.pagan
(盎格鲁-撒克逊时期的英国文学主要是世俗诗和宗教诗两类。)
10.Alfred the Great
(阿尔弗雷德大帝和比德是盎格鲁-撒克逊时期的散文家。)
11.Hastings
(1066年黑斯廷之战，盎格鲁-撒克逊人溃败，诺曼征服开始。)
12.ballads
(十五世纪英国歌谣开始兴起。)
13. Troilus andCriseyde
(《特罗勒斯和克丽西德》是乔叟最长的一首完整诗篇，长达8000多行。)
14． 24
(乔叟的代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》计划写120个故事，但最后只完成总序和24个故事，其中两个未完成。)
15.Norman
(诺曼征服后英国封建主义制度建立。)
II. Multiple Choice
1.C 英国文学始于盎格鲁-撒克逊人定居英国，即公元450年，所以是五世纪。
2.A quatrain即四行诗；a couplet是对句；a fourteen-line stanza是十四行诗，也就是sonnet；a terza rima是三韵句。
3.C圆桌骑士是中世纪传说中亚瑟王宫廷里最高等的骑士，因聚会的桌子是圆桌而得名。
4.C Romance是富有浪漫色彩的恋爱故事或冒险故事，是中世纪在欧洲非常流行的一种文学体裁，著名作品如《亚瑟王之死》、《特里斯坦和伊瑟》等。
5.A 乔叟被誉为“英国诗歌之父”；培根被认为是现代科学的奠基人，他的《培根散文集》被誉为英国散文发展的里程碑。
6.C 英国最早的宗教诗人是Caedmon。
7.C 七世纪基督教传入英国。
8.C 威克里夫是一位宗教改革家，同时也是把《圣经》翻译成英文的第一人。
9.B 《贝奥武夫》讲述的故事发生在北欧斯堪的纳维亚半岛。歌颂了主人公贝奥武夫先后战胜巨怪Grendel，Grendel的母亲以及火蛇的英勇事迹。
10.A 第一个被安葬于威斯敏斯特大教堂“诗人一角”的是乔叟。斯宾塞安葬于其师乔叟的旁边。
III. Explain thefollowing terms.
1. heroic couplet: A heroic couplet is atraditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrativepoetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs ofiambic pentameter lines. The rhyme is always masculine. The use of the heroiccouplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer in The Legend of Good Womenand The Canterbury Tales.
2. Freudianism: Freudianism derives from SigmundFreud, an Austrian neurologist who founded the psychoanalytic school ofpsychology. Freudianism emphasizes the importance of unconscious forces indetermining the beliefs and actions of human beings. The theory also has great influenceon literature in the 20th century. A lot of modern writers such as Woolf, Joyceand Lawrence are deeply influenced by Freudianism.
3. epic: It is, originally, an oral narrativepoem, majestic both in theme and style. Epics deal with legendary or historicalevents of national or universal significance, involving actions of broad sweepand grandeur. Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual, therebygiving unity to the composition. Great epics include The Iliad and TheOdyssey by Homer.
4. Alliteration: ①(also known as ‘headrhyme’ or ‘initial rhyme’), the repetition of the same sounds—usuallyinitial consonants of words or of stressed syllables—in any sequence of neighboringwords. ②Now an optionaland incidental decorative effect in verse or prose, it was once a requiredelement in the poetry of Germanic languages (including Old English and OldNorse) and in Celtic verse. ③ Such poetry, in which alliteration rather than rhyme is the chiefprinciple of repetition, is known as alliteration verse; its rules also allow avowel sound to alliterate with any other vowel.
IV. Read the followingquotations and answer the questions.
1. The fact indicates that the knight representsa real knight and the ideal of a medieval Christian man-at-arms.
2. The knight wears a fustian tunic stained anddark with smudges, which indicates that he has recently returned from anexpedition.
3. Through these details, Chaucer wants to showthat the knight is brave, experienced, devout and prudent. The Knight rides atthe front of the procession described in the General Prologue, and his story isthe first in the sequence. The Host clearly admires the Knight, as does thenarrator.
V. Short answerquestions
1. Accordingto Chaucer’s words before he introduces the pilgrims, he judges each one by whomthey are, what is their degree and their arriving sequence. At that time, theupper class or nobility is represented chiefly by the Knight and his Squire,which means that the Knight has the highest degree among the pilgrims. They arenoble for their bravery in the battles and their loyalty to the woman. TheKnight tells his tragic love story which was treasured by people at that time. Sothe Knight is the first to tell a tale. This shows the social class at thattime.
Secondly, according to Chaucer’s description, theKnight is in the front of the other entire persons.
2. ⑴Theuse of alliteration. Each full line has four stresses with a number ofunstressed syllables, three of which begin with the same sound or letter.
⑵The use of the strong stressand the predominance of consonants. Almost all this poetry is composed withoutrhyme. Each line is divided into two halves and each half has two heavystresses.
　⑶The use of vivid poetic diction and parallelexpressions for a single idea, such as the sea is called “swan-road” or“whale-path”, a soldier is called “shield-bearer”, “battle-hero” or“spear-fighter”, etc.
3. (1) Chaucer’slanguage is vivid and exact. His words are easy to understand.
(2) He introduced from France the "heroiccouplet" to English poetry.
(3) Though influenced by French, and Italianliterature models, he is the first important poet to write in the currentEnglish language. His production of so much excellent poetry was an importantfactor in establishing English as the literary language of the country.
4. The romance was the prevailing form of literaturein the Middle Ages. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes inprose, used to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. Its essentialfeatures are:
(1) The central character of the romance is theknight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons. He is commonlydescribed as riding forth to accomplish some missions—toprotect the church, to attack infidelity, to rescue a maiden, to meet achallenge or to obey a knightly command.
(2) Romantic love is an important part of the plot in theromance.
(3) It lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.
(4) The structure is loose and episodic, and the languageis simple and straight forward.
VI. Essay questions
1. (1) At that time, the feudal system hadalready begun to crumble. His work，for the first time inEnglish literature，created a comprehensive realistic picture of themedieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters fromall walks of life. For example, his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales isa collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury which are from all walks of life. His characterization is very vivid and thetrue side of society at that time is revealed.
(2) Dante and Boccaccio not only had directinfluence on Chaucer’s poem in form and content, but also had determined effectson his world value. Since then, his literary activities turned into an activeand creative phase which is marked by his two long poems, The House of Fameand Troilus and Criseyde. Chaucer mainly wrote three longer poems usingthe heroic stanza of seven lines. From the perspective of newly citizen class,he held positive attitude towards love and individual happiness and rejected feudalismand religious abstinence.
(3) Chaucer’s poetry traces out a path to theliterature of English Renaissance. Chaucer’s poem marks a new step in theauthor’s progress to maturity and is distinguished for its profound delineationof characters and truthful description of human relations. Chaucer chose themetrical poetry which laid the foundation of the English tonico-syllabic verse.He did much in making the dialect of London.
2. ①TheOld English poetry is specifically Christian, devoted to religious subjects.More importantly, it is almost all in the heroic mode due to the greatinfluence of the heroic ideal, i.e. Beowulf is the ideal of kinglybehavior. The idealized hero figures predominantly in Old English literature. ②Middle English romancegenerally concerns the knight. It makes liberal use of the improbable, often ofthe supernatural. ③Religiouswriting reflects the unchanging principles of medieval Christian doctrine,which looks to the world to come for the only answer to men’s troubles. WilliamLangland’s Piers the Plowman reflects the great religious and social issuesof his day, yet it is written in the form of a dream vision. ④ It is Chaucer alone who, forthe first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realisticpicture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vividcharacters from all walks of life in his masterpiece The CanterburyTales.

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