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考研英语新题型速成胜经

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xuchang4444 发表于 07-8-23 23:56:01 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |倒序浏览 |阅读模式
考研英语新题型速成胜经
第一章7选5填空题
2005年考研开始考7选5填空题,该题型中有2个误导选项需要考生予以排除,难度系数是4种新题型中最高的。
一、怎么考
(1)大纲规定
7选5填空题,是2005年考研英语试卷中首次增加的一种新题型。本题型分为两个部分:主干部分和选项部分。主干部分的原文约600词,其中有5段空白处——空白处的位置可能在段首、段落中间、段末,一般情况下不会是文章的第一句或最后一句,但是这个也不是绝对的。选项部分为7段文字,每段可能是一个句子,可能是两三个句子,也有可能是完整的段落。其中5段分属于主干部分的空白处。要求考生依据自己对文章的理解从选项中选择5段文字放回文章中相应的5段空白处。
从考试大纲和考试大纲分析,以及2005年的真题来看,考查的文章依旧是以说明文和议论文为主。由于考查的是篇章结构,因此文章脉络清晰,层次分明,格式具有代表性,各段之间联系紧密,段中有过渡句及表示不同逻辑关系的信号词等,这是考生正确答题的基础。可以预见,在将来考查7选5填空题的考查中,文章的题材依旧将会集中在经济、法律、教育、科普以及社会类说明文和议论文中。所以广大考生们在条件允许的情况下,应该尽量多阅读相关的文章,以适应这种文章的风格和结构。
(2)   命题形式
①段首:即5个题目全部是出现在某段的段首;
②段中:即5个题目全部是出现在某段的段中;
③段末:即5个题目全部是出现在某段的段末;
④段落:即5个题目全部是文章中的某个段落;
⑤混合:即5个题目既有出现在段首的、段中的,也有在段未的,还有是整个段落的。
二、 怎么学
(1)研习真题,强化大纲:认真研究2005年真题,仔细分析《考试大纲》和《考试分析》里的相关理论部分和例题,从中寻觅解答此类题型的切入点;只有在掌握了正确的解题方法的前提条件下去做大量的练习才能起到事半功倍的作用。
这种题型难度比较大,主要考查考生的逻辑能力,要求考生能够弄清楚文章的结构安排和段落关系,将选项和空白处上下文连接起来。
(2)题型分类,专项突破:考生需要按照前面的5种题型分项强化自己的每一种题型的解题技能。
(3)大量练习,迅速提升:Practice makes perfect! 考生需要在掌握了正确的阅读和解答方法后做大量的练习去强化自己。
三、怎么解
此类题目主要是考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性、逻辑联系等语篇、语段整体性特征的理解,即要求考生在理解全文的基础上弄清文章的整体和微观结构。
(1)解题方法
①段落主旨解题法
A.段落的主旨句一般不是事实,也不是真理,更不是个人的嗜好,而应该是本段落需要证明的论点;段落的开头句通常就是本段的主旨句;
B.如果题目出现在段落的中间,一般段落的中间句是对本段论点的论证和说明,所以应该参照本段的主旨句去从选项中选择一个阐述、说明论点的选项;
C.如果题目出现在段落的末尾,那么正确的选项一般是对整个段落的总结,并且这个总结是与本段主旨句相呼应的。当然在少数情况下,尾句也可以作为过渡句引起下文或者是排比和举例子等细节内容。
②文章结构解题法
因为阅读理解的文章全部是议论文或说明文,这就决定了这些文章本身的叙述和展开方式,弄清楚这些文章的结构自然在选择答案时就简单了许多:
A.问题解答型:此类文章,一般采用原因性结构,然后分析其成因,包括主观的、客观的、直接的、间接的等;
B.现象解释型:此类文章,一般采用释义性结构,解释某一事物、现象、科学理论等,通常用举例子,打比方等方法来进行阐述论证;
C.结论说明型:此类文章,一般采用比较性结构,把人或事物的功能、特点等进行比较从而引出一个结论;
D.新老观点型:此类文章,一般采用驳斥性结构,通常这样的文章会先阐述说明一个观点,然后对这个观点进行驳斥,再进一步分析这个观点的正负面,最后阐明自己的观点;

所以,建议广大的考生在正式做题之前知晓所考文章的类型。
③复现关系解题法
复现,是保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种写作手段,即作者在文章上下文不同的位置对同一个概念进行重复描述,从而使得同样的意思在文章不同的地方重复出现。复现关系,主要是指同义复现、近义复现、反义复现、平行结构复现、搭配复现等。
④无关连词解题法
其实,这种方法是一种反正法。即把所有选项中的连词找出,在考生已经通读全文知道文章大意的基础上判断含有特定连词的选项是否在意思上和其所在段落相吻合,否则就予以排除。
⑤逻辑关系解题法
逻辑关系主要有:并列递进关系、转折关系、因果关系、解释关系、例证关系、定义关系等:
A.并列递进关系:标志词汇有 and, indeed, also, besides, similarly, like, accordingly, in the same way, meanwhile, furthermore, moreover等;
B.转折关系:标志词汇有 but, yet, although, however, on the contrary, on the other hand, instead等;
C.因果关系:标志词汇有 for, because, since, therefore等;
D.解释关系:标志词汇有 that is, that is to say, for example, such as, namely, in other words等。
(2)解题步骤
A.第一步:通读全文,尤其是首末段,迅速得知文章的主旨大意;
B.第二步:通读选项,在每个选项下边用笔标记本选项的大致中文意思,以做到心中有数,至少应该能知道可以供考生选择的选项的意思范围,并且在很短的时间里找到考生想找到的选项;
C.第三步:回到文章中的空白处,分析空白处的上下文,结合前面的解题方法得出需要的选项;
D.第四步:把自己选择的选项带入原文,检测是否文章前后连贯,检测所选的选项是否和文章的主旨大意相吻合。
(3)解题技巧
A.“就近原则”,在文章空白处的上下文中寻找解题的线索;
B.“时间原则”,出现时间、年代等词语时,要注意文章中的时间和选项中的时间的对应关系;
C.“代词原则”,指示代词,因为是指代前面的内容,所以一般不能作为段落的开头;
D.“相近原则”,如果有两个选项非常的相似,那么其中一个往往是正确答案;
E.“重复原则”,如果一个选项中的单词与文章中的单词重复比较多或意思相近的比较多,那么这个选项往往就是正确答案;
F.“排除原则”:做7选5填空的时候,建议大家最好使用排除原则,由易到难地去解题。
四、大纲样题(Sample One)
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 45, choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals.Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now.  41).Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago.That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land,often of the plants that grew on it,and even of its climate.
42).Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action,and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water.Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.
43).There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance.The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming.The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses.They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.
44). Of these,the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.
45).About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse.  Many of the later mammals though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.
[A]The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.
[B]Nevertheless,we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.
[C]The first animals with true backbones were the fishes,first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water,  appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.
[D]The best index fossils tend to be marine creature. There animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.
[E]The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forma are more complex,and among these are the sealilies,  relations of the starfishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.
[F]When an animal dies,the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.
[G]Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.
[试题分析]
本篇是一篇科普文章,介绍的是史前类动物。文章结构比较清晰,首先用一般性的介绍来引入史前类动物和记载它们形体和活动的化石,接下来的几段就逐渐按照进化的顺序来一一介绍各种动物。
具体分析一下五个空白处的内容。
41.首先来看一下空白处的上下文。上文讲的是许多生物都已经灭绝,没有后代生活在这个世界上。下文讲的是化石使我们了解了这些生物的形态。可以推断,空白处是一个衔接的句子,应该是从生物到化石介绍的过渡,再看选项中,[A][B][E]都提到了这两方面内容,但[A][E]谈的是具体的一些生物,不是这段泛泛而谈的所有生物,因此不契合。[B]是正确答案。
42.本题考查寻找特征词的能力。在该题中,根据就近原则在该题后的句子中找到“the fossils”和“water action”为特征词。“the fossils”说明“fossils”一词是至少是第二次出现,因为它前面加了定冠词the,通过仔细观察并不难发现,42以及其前面的内容中都没有fossils,这就确定fossils一词必定出现在41,42中。根据意群相一致原则,在42中必定要与“water action”同现或复现的语言点。综上所述,有同时满足以上两个条件的选项才是正确答案。虽然[G]项一开始就有“how fossils are preserved”, 但是[G]项讲的是动物遗体上的有机组织转化形式,没有提及水的活动。选项[F]中就多次提到水在化石形成过程中的重要作用,与上下文相符合。
43.本题选择的特征词是“also”。“also”表并列关系,这就证明在43前面的句子中应当also后的crablike creatures相并列,即空白处显然有关于另一动物的内容;从本段开始,文章转向讨论由低级高级变化(进化)中的动物。[E]项开始的部分是“The earliest animals whose remains have been found.”,符合文章写作的顺序。[B]项与上文相符,但与下文不符,且与全文结构不相吻合。
44.本题选择的特征词是these以及与其具有同指关系的ammonites 和They 。通过阅读44以后的两个句子不难发现,these,ammonites ,They是指同一事物,意即有“shell”的事物。同时44后一开始就有“Of these,...”,也就是说,空白部分应该有“some, several, many”或类似的词,答案只能是[A]。由于文中有了“The first animals”,为避免句式上的重复,作者改变句子起始的模式。这种做法很多见,因而也是考生阅读和写作中应该注意的。
45.该题目是一道简单试题,一方面这是一道段落题,这就决定了有可能选最长的选项为答案,另一方面根据就近原则在下一段首句中发现的About 75 million years ago成为我们解题的关键。从文章的整体结构看,这里需要一个内容的“高潮”:前面几段,动物都在不断地进化,而下文中“About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over”,这里需要有一个“交代”。只有[C]项符合这一条件;同时,“reptile”在本题空白处前文章中从没有提到,在下文中又没有作为新信息,因而作为正确答案的选项中一定有这个词,只有[C]项中有“The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea,and in the air”。所以正确答案只能是[C]。
答案:41.B42.F43.E44.A45.C
第二章5选5排序题
第二章5选5排序题
5选5排序题是4个新题型中相对而言最为简单的一种,它着重考查考生对文章内部结构和逻辑关系的把握程度。
一、 怎么考
(1)   大纲规定
在一篇长度约为500600词的文章中,各段落的原有顺序已经被打乱。要求考生根据文章内容和结构将所列段落(78个)重新排序,其中23个段落在文章中的文字已经给出。这就要求考生在阅读各个段落时要把握它们的中心大意,并将各段的大意整合,理清它们之间的逻辑顺序。
(2)   命题形式
文章的两段已经给出,命题者将其余的5个段落打乱,从而要求考生将这5个段落重新排序。
二、 怎么学
(1)研习大纲,精析样题:认真阅读2006年考试大纲和考试分析里有关本题型的相关规定,仔细分析、反复研究考试分析里的样题,从样题的分析中去寻找和探究命题者的心态,从而发现解答此类题型的方法。
考试分析中指出,该题型是一个排序题,要求考生将一组段落排序,使其意思通顺。
从考试分析可以看出,命题者设立这种题型的目的在于考查考生的逻辑分析能力,也考查其综合概括能力。因此,在做这种题的时候,找出段落之间的逻辑关系至为重要。考生始终要记住,这篇文章已经成形,是命题者故意将次序打乱。一篇完整的文章先写什么后写什么,肯定遵循着一定的章法,或者是事件的先后顺序,或者是因果顺序等等。那么要做的就是通读这些选项,明了整篇文章的大致结构,然后结合细节将这些段落归位。首先要掌握各段落的大意,掌握了各段大意,那么整篇文章大概在叙述什么也就清楚了,也就能分析出这篇文章整体的一个脉络;接着要根据已经给出的两段未打乱顺序的原文来顺藤摸瓜,看看与之相契合的是哪个段落;然后根据选好的段落再继续选择下面的段落。每选出一个段落,就是往前进的方向走了一步,就好像拼图一样,每拼出一块就为下一块打下了基础。要注意的一点就是,要充分利用一些表示逻辑关系的细节,如一些表示逻辑关系的词语,字里行间的意思等等。从文章的整体出发,抓住细节,最后回到整体,这样就是一个合理的轮回。
从样题解析中可以看出,基本的做题方法就是“顺藤摸瓜”,这也是逻辑题一般采取的手段。样题解析一开始从给出的首段出发,根据首段的信息来推断接下来的段落应该是讲述什么方面的,然后从选项中筛选、判断。筛选出来以后再根据细节进行检查。接着根据已经选出的段落再推断下一个段落,如此一步步完成排序。要注意的就是,样题中的题型是给出首尾段的,考生要做好心理准备,就是有可能考题会给出其他中间的段落。这种情况下,考生就要分辨出那一段是文章的开头,再结合给出的段落进行排序。
(2)大量练习,寻求突破:因为排序题在我们小学语文考试中经常考查,换句话说,我们现在其实考查的还是小学时常考的那种排序题;不同的是,我们现在考查的时候给题目换了件“外衣”,即考查用英文包装了的语文排序题。面对这样的题目,首先在心理上要打个胜仗,因为我们已经做过很多这样的练习了,现在是换汤不换药,以前的方法可以拿过来用。要注意的就是现在面对的文章是说英语国家的作者写的,要注意他们逻辑、思维习惯和我们的不同。没有其他的办法,就是要大量做题,从中逐渐掌握规律。
三、 怎么解
此类题型主要考查文章的逻辑关系,对于考生从整个文章结构上把握写作脉络的能力要求比较高。
(1)解题方法
①文章结构解题法
因为阅读理解的文章全部是议论文或说明文,这就决定了这些文章本身的叙述和展开方式,弄清楚这些文章的结构自然在选择答案时就简单了许多:
A.问题解答型:此类文章,一般采用原因性结构,然后分析其成因,包括主观的、客观的、直接的、间接的等。那么文章的首段应该是提出问题,接下来就是具体的原因;原因也应该有相应的次序,考生可以自己判断进行选择。
B.现象解释型:此类文章,一般采用释义性结构,解释某一事物、现象、科学理论等,通常用举例子、打比方等方法来进行阐述论证。这种文章首段一般是摆明现象,然后进行解释和阐述。
C.结论说明型:此类文章,一般采用比较性结构,把人或事物的功能、特点等进行比较从而引出一个结论。这种文章对比性比较强,那么肯定是一方面一方面地进行比较,考生要分清这种不同进行排序。
D.新老观点型:此类文章,一般采用驳斥性结构,通常这样的文章会先阐述说明一个观点,然后对这个观点进行驳斥,再进一步分析这个观点的正负面,最后阐明自己的观点。考生就要根据这种先后关系进行推断、排序。
所以,建议广大的考生在正式做题之前知晓所考文章的类型。
②逻辑关系解题法
逻辑关系主要有:并列递进关系、转折关系、因果关系、解释关系、例证关系、定义关系等:
A.并列递进关系:标志词汇有 and, indeed, also, besides, similarly, like, accordingly, in the same way, meanwhile, furthermore, moreover等;
B.转折关系:标志词汇有 but, yet, although, however, on the contrary, on the other hand, instead等;
C.因果关系:标志词汇有 for, because, since, therefore等;
D.解释关系:标志词汇有 that is, that is to say, for example, such as, namely, in other words等;
熟悉表示不同逻辑关系的词语后,考生就可以在掌握各段落大意的前提下,根据这些细节词语来推断彼此之间的关系,然后进行排序。
(2)解题步骤
A. 第一步:阅读已经固定的段落。如果固定段落是首末段,那么通过阅读首末段就可以得知整个文章的主旨大意,还要注意将已经确定的两个选项从卷子上划去,防止引起不必要的混乱;如果固定段落没有首段,那么就要阅读选项后选出首段,然后结合已知段落来确定全文大意和大致结构。
B.第二步: 阅读选项,并用笔在每个选项下方标注本选项的中文意思(大概意思就可以),从而明确整个文章的大致内容,了解各个选项之间的内在逻辑关系;
C.第三步:确定语篇模式,排列各个选项的顺序;
D.第四步:把自己已经选好的顺序带进文章里检查答案是否合理。
(3)   解题技巧
A.“同一原则”:因为排序题是5选5,所以如果五道题目全部选择同一个答案的话,那么你至少可以做对一道,获得2分。当然,这个方法只建议大家在时间不够或自己根本就看不懂文章不知道如何解答的情况下使用;
B.“排除原则”: 这种题目往往只需要做对四个就可以了,最后一个答案不用做就水到渠成;
C.“局部同一原则”:也就是说,当考生在5个题目中只有1个或2个或3个确定的情况下,就把剩余的所有题目均选同一个选项,这样至少可以选对一道题。否则极有可能剩余的题目全部猜错,考研的每一分都相当宝贵,不要浪费;
D.“无序原则”:因为考生经常会遇到前面的题目不会做的情况,所以建议大家不用按照题目的顺序答题。
四、大纲样题(Sample Two)
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions 41 45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list AE to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
[A]I just don’t know how to motivate them to do a better job. We’re in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we’ll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It’s hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn’t—it’s boring, routine paperwork, and there isn’t much you can do about it.
[B]Finally, I can’t say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it’s not true.If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and intervetions that get noticed.
[C]I’ve got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat, They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies.
[D]“Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that’s not fair—too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff.”
[E]The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor.
[F]So I just don’t know What to do. I’ve been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work.
[G]A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation—how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.
Order:
G→41→42→43→44→45→F
[试题分析]
样题中共有七个段落,其中已给出篇首和篇尾段落。首先我们看一下已知段落。首段说的是整个文章的背景,一个大都市的市政厅举行全市各部门管理、行政人员的研讨会,其中有一个研讨会的主题是如何发动公务员做好工作。这个研讨会上一个警察局警长的难题成了讨论的焦点。尾段是一个引语:“所以我不知道该怎么办。多年来我一直在黑暗中探索。我希望这次研讨会能给我的难题带来些启发,能帮我应对未来的工作。”然后我们再看一下其余的选项,发现都是引语,可以推断,除第一段外剩下的部分都是警长说的话。尾段似乎是一个结语,第一段是介绍背景,那么第二段应该是话语的开端。接着,我们将选项,即其余的五段都通读一遍。[A]大意是说警长不知道采取什么样的措施才能调动起警员的积极性,因为面临许多困难;[B]大意是为什么警长说警员不能因为报告写得不好而得不到提升;[C]大意是警长叙说起警员对实际工作的爱好;[D]是说将报告作为评判警员表现的标准不太合理,实施效果不明显;[E]大意是讲述警长碰到的具体难题是什么。
那么我们首先来看第二段,已经推断出第二段是发言的开始,而由第一段可知是警长讲述难题,那么就需要在选项中辨别哪个关于这个问题发言的开始了。[C][E]都提到了problem这个词,但[E]一开始就讲警员回到警察局什么的,显得很突兀;而[C]感觉像一个娓娓道来的故事,比较切合。
由第二段来推断第三段,第二段第一句是说警长的难题出在警员身上,而接下来讲述了警员们喜欢自己的工作,这是正面的表现;可以推断,真正问题应该在后面,选项中[E]就是讲的一个难题,而且开头和上文连接自然,“一回到警局问题就来了”,正好形成一个转折。
由第三段来推断第四段,第三段最后一句是“写得不好的报告给我们带来的损失最大”。[A][B][D]中[A]是针对这种情况采取的措施,比较符合逻辑关系。
由第四段来推断第五段,第四段是说采取的措施,剩下的选项中[B]是解释无法实施解雇措施;[D]是说将撰写报告作为警员表现标准没有效果,可以看出,[B]和上段联系更为紧密,说了措施后马上就说出这种措施的不可实施的方面。
剩下的[D]选项就是第六段了,再看[D]和最后一段的衔接如何。最后一段是警长向大家求助,而第六段是说措施无效。因为措施无效才会向别人求助,逻辑关系上成立。
考生在做这样的题型时,如果没有把握,可以多列出几种可能的顺序,然后根据这些顺序重读文章,看是否思路顺畅。
[答案]41.C42.E43.A44.B45.D
第三章6选5论点找论据
第三章6选5论点找论据
6选5论点找论据,主要考查的是考生对文章段落内部分论点与支持该分论点的论据的匹配。在很大程度上反映出考生写议论文的水平。一、怎么考
(1)大纲规定
在一篇长度约500词的文章后有6段文字。这些文字分别是对文章中某一部分的阐述或举例。要求考生根据文章的内容,从这6个选项中选出最恰当的5段文字填入文章的空白处。
(2)命题形式
这个题型主要的形式就是文章中给出五个论点,文章末尾有六个选项,其中五个是用来分别阐述这五个论点的,要求将选项与原文论点一一对应。需要说明的是,选项并不一定都是具体的事例,也可能是进一步的阐释和说明。样题中只是给出其中一种可能性,本书的练习题将列出各种可能出现的形式供考生参考。
二、怎么学
(1)参透用意,依题施法:认真阅读2006年考试大纲和考试分析里有关本题型的相关规定,仔细分析、反复研究考试分析里的样题,从样题的分析中去寻找和探究命题者的心态,从而发现解答此类题型的方法。
考试分析指出,这一题型主要是考查考生把握论点论据一致性的能力。如样题所示,该题型要求考生根据文章内容,从多个选项中找到能支持相应论点的论据。这就要求考生理解各个论点的重点和含义,并能找出与论点一致的依据。
从分析中可以看出,命题组出这样的题,目的在于考察考生的演绎能力,就是给出论点,要求考生根据论点拓展开来,或是找出可以说明该论点的例子(如考试样题),或是找出进一步的阐释和论证。重要的一点就是要明确这些论据是从原文中抽出来的,论点和论据是一体的,要始终保持语段的一致性。论据是为论点服务的,论据不仅要和论点相关,而且还要可以证明论点。命题组会给出六个备选答案,其中多余的那个也肯定与本文中的小论点有关。一定要提高警惕,这些和论点有点关系但并不能说明论点的,只是一些“假朋友”,注意要抵制他们的“诱惑”。而除去这个假朋友以外的五个选项,也会因其叙述的内容相关联而容易被混淆,要始终清醒地明确只相关不行,必须要能说明这个论点。
从考试分析中样题的具体分析可以看出,命题者十分注意考查考生对文章的整体把握能力,提醒考生注意不能直接根据小标题(即论点)来找论据,而是要结合正文理解来进行选择。因此,考生不能过于投机取巧,起码要做到通读全文,然后再回到论点来进行选择。要记住,不能过于贸然。
(2)依法练习,寻求突破:论据题,实际上就是根据文章中已经明示的论点从选项中寻找支持该论点的论据。在做练习时,一定要明确本题的主旨是考查考生对语段一致性的把握,要始终在“一致”这个大原则下做题,逐渐熟悉这种题型的解题思路和方法。只有通过大量的做题,才能发现其中的思路,才能找到“感觉”。
三、怎么解
这类题目主要是考查考生区分论点、论据,把握论点论据一致性的能力。
(1)解题步骤
A.第一步,阅读六个选项,在每个选项下方标注该选项的中文意思的几个关键词,做到解题前就已经心中有数,对备选的几个论据有个大概把握。对于谈论相似主体的选项,需区别内容的相同处和不同处,并牢记体现不同处的关键词语。
B.第二步,通读全文,精读标题以及解释标题的文字,在阅读标题及其解释性文字的同时应该将后面的论据逐一与选项相对照。
C.第三步,再次将选项与文中已选择的标题进行比较,检查它们是否是一致的。
(2)解题技巧
A.“排除原则”:解题时要使用排除法逐一缩小可供选择的范围。
B.“黑体原则”:始终要抓住黑体字以及其解释,根据黑体字以及其解释一定可以选出答案。
四、大纲样题(Sample Three)
Directions:
You are going to read a text about the tips on resume writing, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list AF for each numbered subheading (41 45).There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview. There are two kinds. One is the familiar“tombstone”that lists where you went to school and where you’ve worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the “functional”resume—descriptive, fun to read, unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview.
It’s handy to have a “tombstone”for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those unrequested“tombstone”lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead.
What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read—a resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers.
41. Put yourself first:
In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm, you have to feel important about yourself.
42. Sell what you can do, not who you are:
Practice translating your personality traits, character, accomplishments and achievements into skill areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work.
Toot your own horn!
Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punch-if only you show it.
43.Be specific, be concrete, and be brief!
Remember that “brevity is the best policy.”
44.Turn bad news into good:
Everybody has had disappointments in work. If you have to mention yours, look for the positive side.
45.Never apologize:
If you’ve returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent, simply write a short paragraph(summary of background)in place of a chronology of experience. Don’t apologize for working as being a mother; it’s the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education, just don’t mention education.
The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself. Take four or five hours off, not necessarily consecutive, and simply write down every accomplishment in your life, on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Don’t worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns. As you study your list, you will come closer to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns, give names to your cluster of accomplishments (leadership skills, budget management skills, child development skills etc.)Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more, and several weeks, before you’ve ready to show it to a stranger(friends are usually too kind)for a reaction. When you’ve satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you regard job hunting as serious work, worth doing right.
Isn’t that the kind of person you’d want working for your?
[A]A woman who lost her job as a teacher’s aide due to a cutback in government funding wrote:“Principal of elementary school cited me as the only teacher’s aide she would rehire if government funds became available.”
[B]One resume I received included the following:“invited by my superior to straighten out our organization’s accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule, reconciled accounts weekly, and improved cash flow 100 per cent. Rewarded with raise and promotion.”Notice how this woman focuses on results, specifies how she accomplished them, and mentions her reward—all in 34 words.
[C]For example, if you have a flair for saving, managing and investing money, you have money management skills.
[D]An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the statement“Ready to learn though not so well educated”.
[E]One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote resumes in three different styles in order to find out which was more preferred. The result is, of course, the one that highlights skills and education background.
[F]A woman once told me about a cashflow crisis her employer had faced. She’d agreed to work without pay for three months until business improved. Her reward was her back pay plus a 20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvelous story wasn’t in her resume. She answered,“It wasn’t important.”What she was really saying of course was“I’m not important.”
[试题分析]
这是一篇如何写好个人简历的文章。
首先,我们要通读全文,了解大意。作者在文中强调了这么一点:简历应该要引起招聘者的兴趣,应该是有趣的,具有个性的,同时又能与招聘要求吻合的。在文章中,作者给出了写简历时的一些诀窍,每个诀窍都提炼出一个小标题,给出解释和举例。考生应该明确一点,这些小标题不一定等同于论点或段落总结句。小标题一般都较短,只看小标题不参考其解释,就会出现“只见树木,不见森林”的现象,很容易出现偏颇。因此,考生碰到这种情况时,一定要保持冷静,不要急于求成,而是应该结合正文理解观点的含义,然后再结合小标题提炼出论点,最后再去和选项结合。
第一点,“Put yourself first”。字面意思是把自己置于第一位。什么意思呢?下面的句子进行了解释,“要想让自己的简历使人读起来富有激情,那么你首先要对自己有自信”。再看选项中哪个例子能进一步说明这一点呢?从选项中可以发现,有些例子是成功的例子,有些是不成功的例子。那么就有可能从正反两方面举例了,[F]就是一个反例,证明了第一个观点。作者通过例子说明,不要认为自己做过的事情不值一提,瞧不起自己的人别人又怎么会重视呢?
第二点,“Sell what you can do,not who you are ”。字面意思是给别人展示你能干什么,而不是你是什么样的人。要强调能力而不是性格。下面的解释是这样的:“要学会把自己的个性和成就转变限制到某个具体技能领域中,世界上有至少5000种技能领域”(意思是,这么多技能中,总有一种和你自己的经验相吻合)。再带着这个观点来看后面的选项,文后的例子中[C]项是这么说的:“例如,如果你有节约、投资、管理钱财的天分,那么你拥有理财的能力。”这就是把一般的个性特征和相关的技能领域结合起来的例子。
第三点,“Be specific,be concrete,and be brief!”意思就是说要简洁、具体。可以推断,相关的例子应该是表现出简历具体、简洁的一面。哪个选项说明了这一点呢?[B]项描写一位女士仅用了34个词就把重点说明白了,这反映的是简洁这一特色。
第四点,“Turn bad news into good”字面意思是将坏消息变成好消息。下面解释道:“每个人在工作中总有不尽如人意的地方。如果要提到这些事,那么从积极、正面的角度去看。”可以看出,这点就是要让应聘者把自己不利的方面换一种表达方式,变不利为有利。[A]选项描述了一个女助教因为政府缩减资金而被解雇,这本来是工作经历中不太好的一面,但是这位女士谈起此事时提到这么一句,“校长说了,如果政府的资金够的话,她第一个重聘的就是我”,从而变不利为有利,使人看到她的优势。
第五点,“Never apologize”字面意思是不要道歉。下面的文字举例说明了,不要为自己的弱势感到自卑,要看到弱势中的发光点;也不要提及严重影响求职的方面,可以适当避讳。个人简历不是进行道歉的地方。[D]项以一个失败的例子说明了这一点:作者的一位朋友在简历中写了“好学,但教育程度不高”,这点正好和解释中的一点吻合:“如果你没有接受过专业训练或高等教育,就不要提及教育这个方面。”
[答案]41.F42.C43.B44.A45.D
第四章6选5论据找论点
第四章6选5论据找论点
6选5论据找论点,主要考查考生从论据中提炼论点的能力。
一、怎么考
(1)大纲规定
在一篇长度约500词的文章前有6个概括句或小标题。这些标题分别是对文章某一部分的概括。要求考生根据文章内容,从这6个选项中选出最恰当的5个标题填入文章的空白处。
(2)命题形式
该题型一般是一篇有七个段落的文章,除首末两段外,其余五个段落每段前都有一个空格,要求考生从选项中选出可以概括这个段落的句子或短语,充当这个段落的小标题。选项共有五个,多余的一个也是和某个段落内容有关,但并不一定是这个段落的概括,可能只是其中一部分的概括,这点要引起注意。
二、怎么学
(1)以纲为准,依题定法:认真阅读2006年考试大纲和考试分析里有关本题型的相关规定,仔细分析、反复研究考试分析里的样题,从样题的分析中去寻找和探究命题者的心态,从而发现解答此类题型的方法。
考试分析中指出,该题型考查的是考生把握主旨大意,进行概括总结的能力。如样题所示,该题型要求考生为文章中的若干段落选出最恰当的小标题。其实,就是要求考生选出最能概括段落主题或要点的标题。
从考试分析中可以看出,这个题型的目的在于检测考生的归纳能力。其实这种能力的练习我们已经做过许多,最典型的就是中学语文课文中的概括每段大意练习;还有就是我们平常做阅读理解时碰到的某个段落说明了什么这种练习。因此,这种概括能力我们每个人都有,这种练习也不陌生。不同的就是现在面对的是一些英语文章,而且大意都已给出,只是要求与各段相配。虽然语言不同,但是做法是相同的,就是通读文章的每一段,分析清楚重点说的是什么,然后对之进行归纳总结,再和选项配对。
考试的样题分析也是这样进行的,首先通读全文,明晰文中讲了几个主体意思。然后再细看每个段落,每个段落分别说明了一个方面,将这个方面的大意概括出来。最后再看选项,将选项与概括出的大意相对照,选出一致的答案。基本方法就是这样。
(2)大量练习,掌握规律:主旨题,实际上就是根据文章中已经给出的论据去从选项中去寻找支持该论据的论点。这样的题型,就是要掌握一定的方法,也就是提炼、概括的方法,然后做大量练习,逐渐掌握规律。
三、怎么解
(1)解题步骤
A.看选项,从选项中就可以推断出相关段落大致的内容是关于什么的。
B.读所考段落,抓住每段主题句和核心词汇。正确答案常常是主题句的改写。
C.将从段落中提炼出的主题句和选项相对照,选出答案。
(2)解题技巧
A.“重点词原则”:阅读整个段落,将段落中的重点词句找出,重点词句主要是指:
a.反复出现的词
b.括号里的词
c.引号里的词
B.“干扰排除原则”:段落中未展开详细例证说明的选项往往是干扰选项,应该予以排除。
C. “排除原则”:某段话的答案确定后,将该选项划去,以防止影响其他题目的作答。
四、大纲样题
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list AF for each numbered paragraph (41 45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
[A]What to do as a student?
[B]Various definitions of plagiarism
[C]Ideas should always be sourced.
[D]Ignorance can be forgiven.
[E]Plagiarism is equivalent to theft.
[F]The consequences of plagiarism
Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person.s ideas. In the Englishspeaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply stated,plagiarism is“the wrongful appropriation or purloinning, and publication as one’s own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.”
41
The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.
42
Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being selfcritical in their use of other scholars’ ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequentces may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.
43
Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it secondhand or thirdhand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.
44
Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentationnotetaking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography—are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them, the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.
45
The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.
The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.
[试题分析]
首先,通读全文,了解大意。这篇文章是关于抄袭的,介绍了抄袭的形式,以及如何合理引用、避免抄袭的建议。
然后,再具体看每段文章各自说明的重点。文章第1段是解释抄袭是怎么回事。第2段的第一句话已经暗示了41题的答案,“The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation.” 中penalties是plagiarism的结果,而在6个选项中, [F]项中的The consequences of plagiarism (抄袭的后果)刚好与penalties相对应。第3段又说到,学生们应该避免抄袭,而造成抄袭又可以分为3种情况:偶然、无知和故意。这段主要将抄袭限制在学生身上,选项中[A]提到了学生,与这段内容一致。接下来的三段是对学生三种抄袭情况的进一步说明。第4段是关于偶然因疏忽抄袭的,提到原因是不知道出处,并且提到这种抄袭是最不恶劣的,选项[C]是说出处问题,[D]是说这种忽视可以谅解,是关于惩罚的,似乎两个选项都有关系。再看第5段,强调的是作者都应该学会标注引用的来源,如果没有标注,免不了要受到抨击。因此选项[C]最能体现这一点,最为切合。那么利用排除法,43题选[A]。再看43题所处段落中说,这种抄袭的情况是最轻的一种,是可以饶恕的,所以[D]选项最贴切。
[答案]41.F42.A43.D44.C45.E
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