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2011年对外经济贸易大学考博英语真题
考试科目：1101经济英语
基础英语部分（共50分）
Please write all youranswers on the Answer Sheet.
Part One Reading (15 points)
Directions: Read the article below and fulfill the tasks that follow thearticle.
AS the planet warms, floods, storms, rising seas anddrought will uproot millions of people and with dire wider consequences. BarackObama, collecting his Nobel peace prize, said that climate change “will fuelmore conflict for decades”, He took the analysis not from environmental scaremongers but from a group of American generals.
The forecast is close (1) becomingreceived wisdom. A flurry of new books with titles such as “Global Warring” and“Climate Conflict” offer near-apocalyptic visions. Cleo Paskal, at the Royal Institute ofInternational Affairs in London, predicts those floods, storms, the failure ofthe Indian monsoon and agricultural collapse will bring “enormous mad specific,geopolitical, economic, and security consequences for all of us...the world oftomorrow looks chaotic and violent”. Jeffrey Mazo of the InternationalInstitute for Strategic Studies, also in London, calls climate change an“existential threat” and fears it could usher (2) “statefailure and internal conflict” in exposed places, notably Africa.
Yetsurprisingly few facts support these alarming assertions. Widely toutedforecasts such as for 200m climate refugees in fire next few decades seem to have been plucked (3) the air. Littleor no academic research has looked at questions such as whether Bangladeshisdisplaced by a rising sea would move a series of short distances over a longperiod, or (more disruptively) a greater distance immediately.
Soscientists preparing the fifth report of the Intergovernrnental Panel onClimate Change, due in 2013, are for the first time including a chapter onthreats to human security. An early effort came at a conference last month inNorway, (4) the auspices of the Peace ResearchInstitute in Oslo.
Oneidea is to find previous occasions when big environmental changes came (5)social, political and military shifts. Droughts in the Central Asiansteppe, for example, led to mass westward migration and the “barbarian”invasions that helped topple the Roman Empire. Hunger and drought led to thecollapse of Mayan civilization a millennium ago. Sudden cooling wiped out anearly European settlement on Greenland. The Dust B0wl of the 1930s forced over 2m people to migrate within the United States.
Those examples may be relevant in Africa, where in many countries aroundthree-quarters of the population survive by cultivating a few varieties ofcrops watered directly by rain, the form of farming most vulnerable (6)climate change. Africa has warmed by 0.5℃ on average in the past half century, and mayheat by 1.5-4℃ more this century. Heat hits cereal yields(especially maize), perhaps by 10-20% for a 1℃ rise. Rainfall patterns will also shift.
The hardest evidence for a link so far comes from a team led by Marshall Burkeof the University of California, which studied African wars from 1980 to 2002and found that rising temperatures are indeed associated with crop failure,economic decline and a sharp rise in the likelihood of war. It predicted a “50%increase” in the chance of civil war in Africa by 2030.
Butthat claim is now heavily revised, since researchers redid their sums to takeaccount of the more peaceful period of 2002-08. Others say that political andother factors such as ethnic conflict and outside intervention arefar better indicators of the likelihood of fighting.
Takethe widely cited case of the war in Darfur, the western region of Sudan. Ban Ki-moon, the UN secretary-general, described it as “an ecological crisis,arising at least (7) part from climate change”.Environmental problems have probably worsened the Darfuris’dreadful plight,offering grist to those who call climate change a “threat multiplier”. Averagerainfall in the region fell abruptly (by a third or more) in the early 1970sand Darfur repeatedly suffered droughts. Clashes over grazing and thendisplacement of villagers were followed, from 2003, by horrific war.
Yetthe connection is elusive. Roughly three decades elapsed betweenthe rain stopping and war starting. Many other factors—political, ethnic,demographic and economic—conspired to stoke violence. Those were specific toDarfur, whereas the sharp drop in rainfall hit the whole Sahel, without intensifying conflict elsewhere.
Another commonly cited example is violent competition for scarce grazingbetween nomadic herdsmen in the Horn of Africa. Yet a study of fighting amongpastoralists on the border between Kenya and Somalia in the past 60 years(presented at the conference) showed instead that conflict worsened whengrazing was abundant and fell (8) droughts.Hungry people ware too busy staying alive, or too exhausted, to fight. Bycontrast, when rains made herdsmen's lives easier, they could release surplusyoung labour for the violent sport of raiding other groups.
Other researchers look at the political or military consequences of phenomenaunrelated to weather, such as rapid urbanization, migration or earthquakes. Yetthe evidence here too is mixed (9) best. Wherenatural disasters do show predictable political outcomes, they are very slight.A study of the short-term impact of hurricanes on Haiti and the Dominican Republic from 1850-2007, for example, suggests that the storms have grown moreintense (if not more frequent), but their arrival is not associated with mornpolitical violence. Another study showed that natural disasters usuallyproduced shoo-term economic pain but no sign of increased political violence
Earthquakes, too, tend to produce mixed outcomes. A Mexican quake in 1985 mayhave stoked an insurgency. But the tsunami of 2005 offered a moment forsecessionists in Aceh and the central Indonesian government to co-operate.Climate change could indeed cause woes aplenty. That is all the more reason to beprecise (10) them.
1. Fill in each blank in the article with anappropriate preposition (介词) (5 points, 0.5 point each)
2. Read the article carefully and explain themeaning of the words according to the context. (5 points, 0.5 point each)
(1) scaremonger (inparagraph 1)
(2) apocalyptic (inparagraph 2)
(3) tout (in paragraph3)
(4) topple (inparagraph 5)
(5) intervention (inparagraph 8)
(6) elapse (inparagraph 10)
(7) stoke (in paragraph10)
(8) intensify (inparagraph 10)
(9) grazing (inparagraph 11)
(l0) woe (in paragraph13)
3. The above article mentioned the widely citedcase of the war in Darfur, the western region of Sudan. Ban Ki-moon, the UNsecretary-general, described it as “an ecological crisis…” Why? Some peoplecall climate change a” threat multiplier'. What does that mean? (5 points)
Part Two Translation (20 points)
1. Translate tilefollowing passage from Chinese into English (10 points)
历代的智慧，几个世纪以来人类一直籍以为乐的故事，所有这些都可以从书中方便而又便宜的获得。但是我必须懂得如何利用这份宝藏，懂得如何才能使它对我们最为有益.世界上最为不幸的人，也就是那些从未体验过读好书之乐趣的人吧。
我对人最为感兴趣,喜欢结识他们，喜欢了解他们。我认识的一些非凡之人，首先存在于作者的想象之中，然后表现在作品的字里行间，最后在我的想象中重新显现。我在书中找到了新的朋友，新的社会,还有新的语言。
把你的一部分空闲时光用来培养阅读好书的爱好吧。爱读书的人从好书中不但得到乐趣，他们从中获得的那种精神食粮，从其他地方是很难得到的。尽管他们未必有意识地想到读书是为了提高才智。在不知不觉中，他们从书中吸取的知识积累起来，经过想象力的加工，对将来大有用处。
2. Translate thefollowing passage from English to Chinese (10 points)
Nature contains the elements, in color and form, of all pictures, as thekeyboard contains the notes of all music.
Butthe artist is born to pick, and choose; and group with science, these elements,that dm result may be beautiful - as the musician gathers his notes, and formshis .chords, until he brings forth from chaos glorious harmony.
Tosay to the painter, that Nature is to be taken as she is, is to say to theplayer, that he may sit on the piano...
Thedignity of the snow-capped mountain is lost in distinctness, but the joy of thetourist is to recognize the traveler on the top. Tile desire to see, for filesake of seeing, is, with the mass, alone the one to be gratified, hence thedelight in detail.
Part Three Writing (15 points)
Directions: Write a composition of about 300 words based on the following:
Thepast 10 years has witnessed the unprecedented development of the Internet andthe online world, which have already transformed the way most of us live.Please write a composition entitled “Is the Internet a blessing or curse forus?” What's your opinion about the advantages and disadvantages of tileinternet? Do you think its advantages outweigh its disadvantages or the otherway round? How to make the best use of the internet?
专业英语部分（共50分）
Part Four Translation
Translate the followingEnglish into Chinese. (10 points)
Historically, economists have said that well-being is a simple function ofincome. However, it has bean found that once wealth reaches a subsistencelevel, its effectiveness as a generator of well-being is greatly diminished.This paradox has been referred to as the Easterlin paradox. This meansthat aspirations increase with income; after basic needs are met; relativerather than absolute income levels influence well-being. Happiness economistshope to change the way governments view well-being and how to most effectivelygovern and allocate resources given this paradox. However, other researchsuggests that no paradox exists, and happiness is linearly related to thelogarithm of absolute (real, PPP-adjusted) income, with little or no relativeincome component.
Money correlates with happiness, but the rate diminishes with more money. In2010, two economists found that higher earners generally reported better lifesatisfaction, but people's day-to-day emotional well-being only rose withearnings until a threshold annual income of $75,000. Other factors have beensuggested as making people happier than money. One study, when corrected forsocial status, showed no correlation between income and happiness.
Part Five
Make some comments inEnglish on Chinese Primer's promise to make people happier in his congressaddress. (5 points)
Part Six
汉译英：(10 points)
对于希望利用中国大量廉价劳动力的国内外企业来说，多年来，中国沿海制造业中心一直是生产基地的上上之选。然而，自今年5月份以来，中国境内劳资争端明显增多，加之人民币走强以及政府采取行动遏制污染和产能过剩，表明这种低成本的生产模式已不再稳固。
Part Seven
Read the followingpassage and answer the questions: (25 points)
Theconclusion of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations in 1994, andthe establishment of the WTO in 1995 to provide the institutional support tothe multilateral trade agreements, constituted a significant milestone in theevolution of the multilateral trading system. The principle of “singleundertaking” bound all WTO members to all the results of the Uruguay Roundnegotiations (with the exception of plurilateral agreements), therebyreinforcing the fundamental principle of most-favored nation (MFN) treatment.With the conclusion of the Uruguay Round and the strengthened multilateraltrading system (MTS), there was an expectation that exceptions tomultilateralism, such as regional trade agreements, even though legally coveredby the WTO under certain conditions, would either become less of an alterativepolicy option for countries or will need to be adapted and conducted in such amanner as to become outward-oriented; not inward-looking, and has constitutebuilding blocks for the new multilateralism ushered in by the WTO.
Thisobjective has been continually emphasized in WTO Ministerial Declarations thatreaffirm commitment to the supremacy of multilateralism while recognizing theimportant role that regional trade agreements (RTAs) can play. This is apparentfrom paragraph 4 in the Doha Declaration where WTO Members stressed their “commitment to the WTO as the unique forum for global trade rule-making andliberalization, while also recognizing that regional trade agreements can playan important role in promoting the liberalization and expansion of trade and infostering development”. In the work programme adopted at Doha. WTO Members alsoagreed to negotiations aimed at clarifying and improving existing WTOprovisions applying to RTAs while taking into account their developmentalaspects (paragraph 29). Such “developmental aspects” are a concrete expressionof the wider emphasis in the Doha Work Programme (DWP) on development issues,including implementation-related issues and concerns, special and differentialtreatment and technical assistance.
Asrecognized by these Declarations, the growth, expansion and deepening ofregional trade agreements has been remarkable. Almost all countries in theworld and virtually all WTO Members (the exception being Mongolia) today areparty to, or are in the process of negotiating, at least one RTA. Thus, regionalismhas become a policy option for most countries and is a permanent feature of theinternational trading environment for the foreseeable future.
A notable feature in the recent rise of regionalism is thatcountries that have traditionally favored the multilateral approach to tradeliberalization, including Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Singapore, India and the Republic of Korea have joined the RTA bandwagon. The United States has also given more attention to concluding RTAs. A different composition ofRTAs involving the widening of country coverage beyond the traditional regionalzone has emerged. Significantly, RTAs have emerged between countries andentities in different regions/continents (e.g. EU-Mexico, EU-South Africa,US-Israel. Jordan, Morocco, Chile). In most cases, these agreements arebilateral in membership, concluded by two countries/entities, including thecase of free trade agreements negotiated and concluded by the two distinct RTAs(e.g. EU-MERCOSUR under negotiation).
Theexpansion, widening and deepening of RTAs has resulted in, a situation wherebyintra-RTA trade accounted for some 40 per cent of world trade (merchandiseimports) in 2000 and will account for over 50 per cent in 2005. Furthermore,intra-RTA trade has been significant, or has become more important for RTAmembers. Thus, international trade flows are increasingly concentrated withinregional groupings formed by large trading nations.
Thequalitative dimension of RTAs in respect of coverage of policy areas has alsoevolved. Recent “new-generation” RTAs increasingly cover not only trade ingoods, but also other “behind the border” regulatory areas, including trade inservices, investment, competition policy, intellectual property rights,government procurement, labour, environment and development cooperation,thereby going beyond multilateral disciplines and liberalization commitments(“WTO-plus”). These are part and parcel of “deeper” integration efforts.
Developing countries are no exception to the process of expansion andreinvigoration of the RTAs. They have actively participated in regional tradeagreements among themselves (South-South) and with developed countries(North-South). In addition to these subregional agreements, various bilateralpreferential trade agreements (PTAs) have been launched among, or involvingdeveloping countries, often on an interregional basis.
Q1: What is WTO's stance toward regionalism? Howis the development of regionalism in the world right now? (5 points)
Q2: Please briefly analyze the positive andnegative effects of regionalism to developing countries. (10 points)
Q3: With the thriving of regionalism in theworld, what do you think is the future of WTO's multilateral trading system(MTS)? (10 points)