Free考研资料

标题: 2017年英语专业四级历年真题与预测试卷详解【附高清视频讲解】 [打印本页]

作者: ooo 时间: 17-8-13 16:15
标题: 2017年英语专业四级历年真题与预测试卷详解【附高清视频讲解】
下载地址:http://free.100xuexi.com/Ebook/133189.html
目录                                                                                     封面
内容简介
目录
第一部分　英语专业四级考试指南
　1.1　大纲要求
　1.2　试题分析及应试技巧
第二部分　历年真题及详解[视频讲解＋听力音频]
　2016年英语专业四级真题及详解[听力音频]
　2015年英语专业四级真题及详解[听力音频]
　2014年英语专业四级真题及详解[视频讲解]
　2013年英语专业四级真题及详解[视频讲解]
　2012年英语专业四级真题及详解[视频讲解]
　2011年英语专业四级真题及详解[视频讲解]
　2010年英语专业四级真题及详解[视频讲解]
　2009年英语专业四级真题及详解[视频讲解]
　2008年英语专业四级真题及详解[视频讲解]
　2007年英语专业四级真题及详解[视频讲解]
　2006年英语专业四级真题及详解[视频讲解]
　2005年英语专业四级真题及详解[听力音频]
　2004年英语专业四级真题及详解[听力音频]
　2003年英语专业四级真题及详解[听力音频]
第三部分　预测试卷及详解[听力音频]
　英语专业四级预测试卷及详解（一）[听力音频]
　英语专业四级预测试卷及详解（二）[听力音频]
　英语专业四级预测试卷及详解（三）[听力音频]
                                                                                                                                                                                                内容简介
本书是专门为提高考生参加英语专业四级成绩而编写的复习资料。其内容包括14套真题（2003～2016）和3套预测试卷及详解。历年真题从文章导读、答案详解、全文翻译、审题构思、范文点评等多角度予以分析，为考生分析了解题技巧，指明了解题思路。模拟试题根据最新一年（2016年）的真题及样题，在参考众多相关考试用书、国内外权威杂志以及优秀论文等大量素材的基础上精心设计而成，具有很强的针对性和实用性。
不同于一般意义的传统图书，本书是一种包含高清视频课程的多媒体“图书”，是用“高清视频”和“传统电子书”两种方式结合详解英语专业四级考试历年真题的3D电子书【电子书+高清视频课程】。本书提供历年真题的答案解析，同时提供部分真题的高清视频讲解（最新视频课程，可免费升级获得），每题从难易程度、考察知识点等方面进行全面、细致的分析。通过视频学习，学员可充分了解出题风格，熟知解题思路，从而能够有针对性地备考。
                                                                                                                                 本书更多内容>>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  使用说明


内容预览
1.2　试题分析及应试技巧
I.听写
1．试题分析
听写文章要求考生逐字逐句写下听到的文章，考查的是听与写的配合。听写文章共朗读四遍，在第四遍结束后，会有两分钟的时间留给考生再次复查写下的内容。听写文章的难度适中，涉及的内容不会因为太过专业化而影响考生理解，词汇方面也不会出现超纲词汇和特别生僻的词汇。
◇考点分析
听写文章共分为8-10个意群，意群可能是词组、分句或者单句，考生不仅要准确无误地听取内容，逐步写出这8-10个意群，而且要判断这些意群之间的逻辑关系，通过标点符号断句，把意群组合成一个个完整的句子，最后形成一篇文章。
2．应试技巧
①根据题目进行预测
正式考试时，考生在未开始听录音之前，都已经拿到了答题纸。答题纸上一般有要听写的短文的题目，考生可以根据看到的题目展开联想，预测可能会出现的内容和相关词汇，做到心中有数，避免紧张。
例如：2015听写题目为Male and Female Roles in Marriage，根据题目我们可以推测文章可能会详细讲述婚姻中男人和女人分工的不同等，做出此类联想预测，听写质量定会有所提高。
②加强记忆和速记能力
除了听力的能力，考生平时还应该加强自己的记忆能力和速写能力。只有这三者互相配合，才能成功的完成听写的任务。
·缩略语的使用和还原
由于时间原因，在朗读的第二遍写句子时，对于比较长的单词可以暂时采用缩略词来代替，例如student可以记为“stu”或者“std”，professor记为“prof”或者“prf”，缩写没有规定的标准形式，考生平时多训练，找到符合自己的方法即可。在听写第三遍朗读的时候，考生再将这些缩略词尽量还原。
·简单符号的使用和还原
除了缩略语，考生还可以适当运用一些特殊符号，例如上升、上涨、提高、发展可以用“↗”；而表示下降、下沉、变差、削减、情况变坏等可以用“↘”。同样地，在听写第三遍朗读的时候，考生再将这些符号尽量还原。
③认真检查，全面分析
在听写时和听写后，特别是在检查听写的时候，考生需要运用所学的语法知识对听写的内容进行分析。要注意时态的一致性，冠词的正确使用，名词的单复数以及词语的搭配等。
④注意书写
书写要整洁、清晰。按要求用圆珠笔或钢笔书写，便于阅卷老师评阅。注意：如果用铅笔书写，听写部分会酌情扣分。
II. 听力理解
听力理解Section A为一个微型讲座，讲座后有10道填空题。SectionB一般包含2篇对话，每篇对话后有5道选择题。
Section A
1．试题分析
◇考点分析
◆要点题
要点题即针对讲座的要点设置空缺，主要指体现讲座的主要内容和主要脉络的句子，多为段落的主题句。解答要点题需要考生从宏观上把握讲座的脉络结构。
◆细节题
细节题是要点之下细节内容上的填空，是专八讲座采用最多的出题形式。细节主要是对要点的解释说明，常用的方法有名词解释、举例、类比、数据等，所以考生必须适当记下相关内容。同时，根据填空时采用的不同方法，细节题大致分为：直截了当型，细节理解型和推断题。
◆归纳总结题
归纳总结题需要考生跟进听到的一部分内容，用3个或以下的词进行归纳总结。这类题不仅仅考查学生听力和笔记的能力，而且考查了学生的归纳能力，一般来说，考生可以根据听到的内容归纳出他们的共性、特点；或者归纳出这段说明中共同表达的意图和主旨。同时，归纳题是基于同一层次的内容作出总结，所以，考生在做笔记时，一定要注意文章的层次结构，把阐明同一观点的内容记录在一个层级上，以便填空的时候将其整合起来分析。
2．应试技巧
Section A部分讲座涉及广泛，但内容多与英语专业知识相关，这就要求考生平时应该拓宽阅读范围，加大相关词汇量，注重背景知识的积累。语言方面，除了相关的专业术语以外，讲座的词汇都不难，而且文章结构清晰，所以考生必须熟悉讲座形式的文章结构，这样才能在做笔记时更好地抓住相关要点和细节。
(1)浏览试题
有些考场会在听力之前把试题发下来，针对此，考生应该抓紧时间浏览试题，做到带有目的地去听(listening for purpose)，熟悉（familiarize）讲座的文章脉络，预测(anticipate)讲座重点内容。一般来说讲座的标题就能反映文章的主题思想，在这个基础上，考生才能做到有的放矢。如果在听力之前没有试题，考生也不必惊慌，只要平时多熟悉讲座文章的一般结构，并注意积累相关的语言知识背景及词汇量，在听力时一样能够抓住重点内容。
(2)记笔记
记笔记时要注意四点：速度、要点、细节、结构。
a) 速度：提高速度最常用的方法就是使用一些特殊符号或者缩写来表示意思和单词。例如上升、上涨、提高、变好等都可以用“↗”表示；而表示下降、下沉、变差等都可以用“↘”表示。另外，在记单词的时候也没有必要把整个单词记下来，只需记下这个单词的辅音字母或者开头的几个字母即可。例如student可以记为“stu”或者“std”，professor记为“prof”或者“prf”，符号和缩写没有规定的标准形式，考生平时多训练，找到符合自己的方法即可。
b) 要点与细节：讲座形式的文章一般都会有清晰的结构，考生平时应该熟悉一般讲座的结构和常用的信息词。在阐述要点时，讲话人都会有一定的提示词，比如“Let uslook at…”、“Pleasenotice…”、“First…”、“Second…”，或者干脆以提出问题的形式引起听话人的注意。所以当听到这些提示词或者问句时，考生必须特别留心，记下提示词后面或者问题相关的内容和细节。
c) 结构：为了便于答题时整理笔记，所以考生在记笔记时一定要结构清晰，建议每记下一个要点后另起一行，在要点的下面记下相关的细节，当听到另外一个要点时，再另起一行。
(3)答题
考生需要根据做笔记的内容完成答题。考生需按照试题要求填写相关内容词汇就可以了。如不能回忆起讲座中的原词，用其他同义词代替也可以，有的时候还要适当对内容做一些概括总结和推断，但一定要注意所填写的字数不要超过三个。对历年的考题进行分析可发现，填空题的内容基本上都是对讲座内容的浓缩和总结，考查学生的思维归纳能力和用词能力。
Section B
1．试题分析
◇考点分析
◆事实细节题
细节题是出现频率比较高的一种题型。一般的细节题都可以在录音原文中直接找到答案，考生只要细心听就能解答。关于细节的提问一般在who，what，when，where，why，how等六方面（对于新闻听力，还需要注意数字及表示数字增减、数字比较的词汇的听取）。有些题目里包含NOT，BUT，EXCEPT，INCORRECT等词，这时针对的不只是一个细节，而是若干处。考生在做这类细节题时应保持耐心，切忌浮躁。
◆推理判断题
这种类型既考察要点细节上的内容，又测试考生的灵活推断能力。考生需要根据所听的内容、所记的笔记，进行推理判断，才能得出恰当的答案。
◆主旨大意题
主要是测试考生对听力材料总体或者某个部分内容的理解。提问的方式有：What is the main idea of the passage? What is the news／passage mainly about? What canwe learn from the dialogue／passage／news?What is the best title for the passage? What is the speaker talking about? 等等。考生在听录音时要特别注意听力材料的首尾句，因为首句往往会交待主题，而尾句常常会进行总结。如果是针对听力材料的某个部分，就需要特别注意这个部分的听力内容，例如“At the end of the conversation, the speakers talk about”就是对听力材料末尾部分的提问。
◆观点态度题
态度题考查各类人物就某一件事的态度。考生一般可以根据说话人的口气来确定说话人对某件事的态度；但是在新闻听力中，由于新闻播报讲究客观性，一般不会出现有鲜明态度特点的播报。因此，在这一部分的试题中，考生要从播报的事件和各方面对其的反馈而得出答案。
2．应试技巧
①预读与预测
快速浏览各选择项中的句子，预测谈话的主题，利用平时已获知的背景知识，推断谈话的主要内容范围，并在所认为的关键词、短语或句子下面做下记号以便在实际听的过程中获取相关信息。需要注意的是，试卷中只给出选项，题目要从听力中获取，所以在浏览选项的同时要进行推测问题可能是什么，以方便答题。尤其对于四个选项相似的题目，可以在读题时就标出各选项的不同之处，以便在听录音时能够抓住重点。
②抓住关键信息
一方面，针对听前预测内容所记下的关键词、短语及句子，带有目的地去听，及时记下你所认为能帮助你完善答案的重要词汇和短语。
另一方面，听取关键信息点的句子，一般来说，开头部分及结尾部分比较重要，经常作为该段内容的主题句。另外，文中出现因果连词(because，as，since，for等)和转折连词(but，yet，though等)引导的句子时一定要小心，因为它们往往是考点。
③迅速答题
根据笔记迅速做出选择，对于不确定的题，可以根据自己的笔记选择和主旨内容相关的选项。切忌在不确定的题上花太多时间而影响下一个听力题。答题后，考生迅速转换思路，进入下一个听力题。
④注重背景知识积累
听力的时候，经常出现一些人名﹑地名﹑国名﹑组织机构等，如果提前对这些特定词汇有一定的了解，无疑会帮助考生迅速理解听到的内容，从而帮助答题。因此，考试平时应该注意相关背景知识的积累，定期阅读“ChinaDaily”﹑“Times”﹑《参考消息》等报刊杂志，一方面拓展自己的知识面，另一方面熟悉一些时下流行的特定词汇。
III. 语言知识
1．试题分析
近年专业四级考试语法与词汇部分，语法题和词汇题大约各占50%。相对于完型，该部分定向考查语法和词汇知识，少了其他语篇理解等方面的影响，因此容易取得高分。
◇考点分析
语法词主要涉及：时态语态、句子成分、情态动词、非谓语动词、句子语气和含义、特殊句式及结构等。
词汇题主要涉及：近义词或者近形词的辨析、单词的不同形式的辨析、单词的特殊含义及特定用法、词组和固定搭配等。
2．应试技巧
◆语法题解题技巧
①分析句子结构
通过句子结构了解题干缺失的是句子的哪个成分，再通过相关的语法知识确定这个成分的正确选项。对于单纯的考句子成分的题，比如“Which of the following italicized parts modifiesan adverb?”，就应该对相关的四个选项的每个句子进行句子结构分析，得出相应的句子成分。
②利用排除法和代入法解题
通过排除法，先去掉几个错误的选项，再对剩下的几个选项进行分析代入得出正确答案。
◆词汇题解题技巧
①利用固定搭配
有些考题看似是考查词义的辨析，但其实是要求考生对这些词固定搭配进行区分，考生解题时应该适当予以注意。
②区分动词的及物与不及物性质
在一些动词辨析的题中，应该注意给出选项的动词的词性，不及物动词不能接宾语，而需要与相关介词搭配才能接宾语，所以通过判断题干中缺少的动词类型而对选项进行分析选择。
③区分形容词所能修饰的对象
有的形容词只能用来形容人或者事物，有的可以修饰二者，所以在相关形容词辨析的题目中，考生可以对此进行一定分析。
IV. 完型填空
1．试题分析
完型填空是对考生阅读能力、语法分析能力、词汇熟练掌握程度的综合考查。考生不仅需要利用词汇语法的知识，而且需要时刻注意整篇文章的上下文语境、内容和结构，从而得出正确答案。
◇考点分析
完形填空大致可分为语法词汇题和语篇理解题。语法词汇题通常涉及单词词组、习惯用法、固定搭配、语法结构等。语篇理解题需要考生对文章整理进行理解的基础上进行意义或者逻辑上的推理，选出符合文章意思的选项。
注意：无论是语法词汇题和语篇理解题，都需要考生对文章的整体进行把握，选项必须符合上下文语境。
2．应试技巧
①快速阅读全文，抓住文章大意。
在分析选项之前，考生先利用2到3分钟对全文进行整理的理解，包括全文大意、体裁和结构。对于作者观点态度比较明显的文章，还应该注意作者的立场，语言风格和所用的修辞方法等。同时，对于文中反复出现的词，应该引起注意。
②分析词性词义
分析选项，将单词按词性分类，对所考的15个实词进行名动形副等简单归类，同时细读全文，分析句子找选项，可以通过分析空格前后句子的逻辑关系，确定句中缺少单词的词性，然后根据全文的逻辑关系和语义排除干扰项。重中之重，要明确句子前后的逻辑关系，或句子内部的逻辑成分以及搭配，因为此部分是篇章词汇的考查重点。在此步骤中，一个好方法就是把选项词汇和标号都填写在句子空格中，使之成为一句或者一段完整的话语。
③检查审核，消除漏洞。
填空完成后，需要通读全文进行检查，尤其是不确定的选项，应该提前做出标注，检查时进行重点查看。检查主要包括三方面：语法、词汇、和篇章理解。
◇解题注意事项
①留意一词多性和一词多义
分析选项时要注重一词多性，即有些单词既是名词又是动词，有些单词既是形容词又是名词，有些分词也可以充当形容词。此外，选项中很多单词是一词多义，考生在根据词义排除选项时应全面考虑，不可急于判断。
②寻找近义词和反义词
篇章词汇阅读既考查考生对词汇的精确理解，要求考生准确把握词汇间细微的区别，同时又考查考生对于上下文语义的准确理解和整篇文章感情色彩的把握。因此如果选项中出现一组近义词或一组反义词，其中一个往往是干扰选项。
③利用词语的语义色彩
由文章的感情色彩及空白处前后文的语境，通常可以判定所填词是表达积极意义还是消极意义。例如文章描述的是优点或好处，空白处就应是积极意义的词；描述的是缺点或危害，空白处就应是消极意义的词。由此可以进一步缩小选择范围。
④寻找复现和共现关系
复现包括近义复现、反义复现、上义词（抽象性说明）复现、下义词（具体性说明）复现和同根词复现。共现是指语义场共现，即属于描述同一个语义场景的词汇的共现。篇章词汇阅读中，每一个空格都不是孤立地存在的，它往往与上下文形成某种复现或共现关系，由此可以排除不符合该复现或共现关系的选项。
V. 阅读理解
1．试题分析
英语专业四级考试一般包括数篇阅读文章的理解。采用多项选择题和简答题的形式。而且阅读文章的题材广泛，体裁多变，所以考生在阅读和做题时注意针对不同的文章进行一定的调整。
◇考点分析
◆主旨题
测试考生对整篇短文的理解。有的文章会在开头部分或者结尾部分给出相关的主题句，所以解答时找到相关主旨句即可。而有的文章主题是通过文章中各部分内容及其内在联系体现出来，对于这类文章，应该通过总结每个段落的主题来得出整篇文章的主题。主旨题的考点主要包括主题思想、文章写作目的、文章主要话题、文章标题等。
◆细节类
细节题是常见的题目类型。这类题是根据短文提供的信息和事实进行提问，选择的依据必须是短文本身提供的信息。做这类题的关键在于关键词的定位。首先在题干或选项中关键信息词，然后再回到原文，根据这些词找出含有关键词的原句。
◆推断类
对于某些观点和事实，文章没有直接给出，而是要求考生通过原文的上下文的含义来进行推导。这就要求考生在阅读时不仅要理解字面上的含义，而且要理解作者说这句话的意图。考生首先根据题目中信息定位到原文相关句子，然后通过上下文来理解句子的含义。
◆判断正误题
这类题型一般在四个选项中各给出一种论述或观点，这些观点多与文章中的信息相关联，但是其中有些是混淆性的观点和事实。在解答这类题型时，一般可用排除法，将其他三项逐一排除，便可得到正确答案。
◆语义类
语义题考点设置主要为确定文章中特定词语的意义以及it，they，this，that，those等代词的指代关系。一般来说，特定的词语包括一词多义或者超纲词汇，考生只有通过上下文，才能理解这个词语在文章中的真正含义。尤其是一词多义题，往往考查的是比较特别的用法，而比较常用的含义在文章的特定语境中一般不适用。
◆态度语气类
作者对某一问题的看法和态度有时是直接说出，有时则是暗示，专四阅读中涉及到的观点态度的表达往往属于后者。观点态度题一般与全文的主旨相联系，所以考生可以结合全文主旨来答题。对于某些特定句子或话语的态度，考生一定要注意通过上下文来理解，同时，还需要注意这些句子或者话语是否使用了特殊的修辞，比如反讽、夸张、反问等。
2．应试技巧
①浏览试题明确目标
在阅读文章之前，先浏览一遍试题及相关选项，对文章内容有个初步的预判。同时，确定每个题的题型，并针对性的制定解题思路。尤其是简答题要明确题目的考点，以方便在原文中定位，同时要注意答案不超过十个单词。
②确定文章体裁
阅读文章体裁广泛，应该针对不同的体裁确定不同的解题步骤。对于文学作品或者记叙文体裁的文章，往往句子短，段落意思零碎，作者态度及观点隐晦，所以建议考生先通读文章再解题。而对于议论、说明等体裁的文章，往往每个段落都有自己的主题句，所以考生可以采取边看文章边做题的方式进行答题，这样可以省去反复查找定位的步骤，节省阅读时间。
③找出段落的中心思想
一篇文章、一个段落、甚至一句话都有中心思想，而对于非小说体的阅读材料，如议论文和说明文，通常文章的开头或者结尾会给出整篇文章的主题，并且针对每段都会有一个段落的主题句，所以在阅读文章时，必须先对这些主旨有一定的了解，这样，做起任何题型就都不会偏离主题。
④主旨题的灵活对待
如果文章中没有明确的主题句，建议先做其他题，等把其他题做完后考生将会对文章的理解更加深刻，这样再做主旨题的时候会相对有利。
⑤解决生词问题
提高阅读速度的一个重要内容是扩大词汇量。但阅读过程中不可避免地要遇到生词。遇到生词不要停顿，应该继续阅读，如果发现不影响意思的理解，可以直接略过。如果对文章理解有影响，可以稍微标注一下，通过上下文进行一定猜测：
·联想法：根据上下文的关键词汇和给定的相关句子和语境，进行联想猜测词义;
·逻辑关系法：有的上下文会涉及到对这个词的相关定义、解释、举例、类比、反比等，所以通过判断词语与上下文的这种关系而猜测词义。；
·构词法：通过词语的构词结构如前缀和后缀等猜测词义。
⑥利用篇章连接词
连接词是指在文章中用连接上下句或前后句意思之间关系的词或词组。在阅读过程中，如果我们能够利用这些连接词，便能快速理清文章的思路，理解上下文的相互关系，这就在一定程度上提高了英语的阅读效率。常见的几种连接关系有：
·平行：and, also, as well (as),at the same time, besides, both...and...
·递进：further more, in addition(to),likewise, moreover, similarly, worsestill…
·转折：although, but, however, nevertheless, on the contrary, otherwise, tothe opposite, while, yet…
·目的：in order to, to, so as to…
·因果：as, as a result, because (of), consequently, due to, for, now that,since, so, so...that..., therefore, thus…
·列举：for example, for instance, for one thing, for another, such as…
·顺序：after (that), before, first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), at last,finally, later on, next, then
·层次：on the one hand..., on the other hand…
·总结：as a result, briefly, in a word, in brief, in short, on the whole,to sum up…
VI. 写作
1．试题分析
写作主要考查学生根据所给的作文题目、图表或阅读材料进行展开论述的能力，一般考查的是议论文写作。
◇考点分析
作文内容主要涉及社会、文化或日常生活的一般常识。主要有社会热点（环境、就业、健康、能源、媒体等）、生活领悟（生活娱乐，学校生活，人际关系等）等。
2．应试技巧
①审题
认真审题是写好作文的基础，否则就会犯方向性的错误。在命题作文中，审题构思需要完成的任务有：明确自己的观点、找出2到3个分论点论证自己的观点，每个分论点下找出相关的例子或者数据等论证。而在图表作文中，首先要对图表进行描述，观察其中有几个变量，和它们的变化趋势，接着进行原因解释，提出自己的观点。材料作文审题构思主要有两个方面：第一，阅读和分析材料，总结出材料中的主要内容或者观点。第二，通过阅读材料及题干要求，确定写作的体裁，并且完成作文构思：确定自己的观点，找出相关的分论点论证自己的观点，每个分论点下找出相关的例子或者数据等论证。
②明确结构
命题作文结构分为三个部分：a) 开头段用来引出话题的方法有：背景知识介绍、名词解释、提出问题、名人名言及个人经历等等。引出话题后，考生必须清晰的表达自己的观点，这也是整个文章的主题句。b) 正文用来论证文章观点的论点论据。一般来说，一个论点单独形成一个段落，每个段落的开头句表明论点，也就是段落的主题句。接着对论点进行具体的阐述，可以通过解释、举例分析等方法展开。为了保证文章的说服力，完成试题的字数要求，一般需要2到3个分论点。c) 结尾段对整个文章的总结，包括观点重申、论点总结，适当的时候可以针对文章主题提出相关的意见建议，对未来进行展望。
图表作文结构也分为三个部分：a) 第一段描述图表内容，也就是图表中最直观的内容，并选择能充分说明主题的典型数据进行概述。b) 第二段对数据进行仔细地分析比较，总结图表传达的信息，并分析产生变化的原因。c) 第三段对作文内容进行总结，并得出自己的观点或者提出解决该问题的方法。
材料作文结构分为四个部分：1）总结阅读材料的主要内容；2）针对阅读材料提到的问题或者观点等，提出自己的观点；3）论证自己的观点；4）总结。
③常用句型和表达
要写好一篇作文，优美而实用的句子必不可少，考生平时可以背诵一些优秀范文，积累一些常用的句型和表达，比如说作文的开头、结尾句、中间展开、过渡句，以及比较、图表说明等的常用句型和表达等。注意，在积累了这些表达法以后一定要多进行练习，才能化为己用。
图表作文：
The table showsthe changes in the number of…over the period from…to…
The graphprovides some interesting data regarding…
This is a curegraph which describes the trend of…
According to thefigure/number/statistics/percentages in the chart/line/graph，it can be seen that…while….Obviously,…
材料作文：
Recently thephenomenon has aroused wide concern, some people are in alarm that....
As societydevelops, there is a wide-spread concern over……
Some peoplecontend that ... has proved to bring many advantages (disadvantages)
As far as I amconcerned, I am inclined to be on the side of…
It is widelybelieved…… is vitally important…
There is nodenying that…
④修改检查
作文完成后，考生需要把文章再通读一遍，尽量发现文章中的错误并且改正。一般而言，检查包括三个方面：第一是句法，要确保每句话都是完整的，主谓分明。第二是时态，全文时态要保持一致。一般情况下，文章绝大部分使用的是一般现在时，举例子描述过去发生的事例时要用过去时。第三是要检查书写和其他语法错误，包括单词拼写错误、大小写错误、名词单复数、主谓是否一致、标点符号以及词性问题等。最后的复查阶段不需要很长的时间，但是对于提高文章质量十分重要的。
第二部分　历年真题及详解[视频讲解＋听力音频]
2016年英语专业四级真题及详解[听力音频]
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2016)
-GRADE FOUR-
TIME LIMIT: 130 MIN

PART I　 IDICTATION[10 MIN]
Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passagewill be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be done atnormal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second andthird readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase byphrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be read at normalspeed again and during this time you should check your work. You will then begiven 1 minute to check through your work once more.
Please write the whole passage on ANSWER SHEET ONE.
【答案与解析】
Think Positive and Feel Positive
①Are you confident or insecure in adifficult situation? ②Do you react positively or negatively? ③The answer maydepend in part on whom you’re around. ④A study found that negative thinking canbe contagious in some cases. ⑤For example, the researchers studied 103 college roommates. ⑥They measured eachroommate's tendency towards negative thinking. ⑦It was found that thinking patternscan be contagious. ⑧Students with a negative thinking roommate became more depressedthemselves, ⑨andstudents with more positive thinking roommates ⑩were more likely to become morepositive as well.
【难点点评】
（1）句①中注意insecure的拼写，同时注意本句为一个一般疑问句，所以需以问号结尾。
（2）句②也是一个一般疑问句，以问号结尾，注意react一词的听写。
（3）句③中in part表示“部分地，某种程度地”，注意不要遗漏介词in，同时注意around一词的听写，不要误听为round。
（4）句④中注意contagious一词的拼写，其意思为“感染性的；会蔓延的”。
（5）从句④到句⑩都是在介绍一项研究发现，注意，在描述观点时使用的是一般现在时，而在描述这项研究本身的情况时使用的是一般过去时。听写时尤其需要注意一般过去时态和一般现在时态的切换。
（6）句⑥中注意roommate’s使用了所有格的形式。tendency表示“倾向，趋势；癖好”。
（7）句⑧中注意depressed一词的拼写。depressed在这里表示“沮丧的”。
PARTII　 LISTENINGCOMPREHENSION[20 MIN]
SECTION A TALK
In this section you will hear a talk. You will hear thetalk ONCE ONLY. While listening, you may look at ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NOMORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are)both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet fornote-taking.
You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.
Now listen to the talk. When it is over, you will be givenTWO minutes to complete your work.
What Is Grit?
My questions
? Why isn’t I. Q. the only differencebetween students?
? What is the key to (1) ______? 　 (1)________
My Research
? investigation of all kinds of (2) ______, including： (2) ________
—West PointMilitary Academy
—(3) ______ (3) ________
—privatecompanies
My finding : grit aspredictor of success
? Grit is (4) ______ for very long-term goals. (4) ________
? Grit is working hard for years to make (5) ______. 　 (5) ________
? Grit is living your life like a (6) ______.  (6) ________
My survey
? high school juniors took gritquestionnaires.
?(7) ______ kids were more likely to graduate. (7) ________
Grit-building
? little is known about how to build gritin students.
? data show grit is unrelated to (8) ______.　 (8) ________
? growth mindset is the belief that theability to learn is (9) ______.　 (9) ________
? kids with grit believe failure is (10) ______.　 (10) _______
Conclusion
We need to be gritty about getting our kidsgrittier.
【答案与解析】
1.success
(录音一开始演讲者就提到，要讨论的主题是“my researchproject concerning the key to success”，即讲座围绕“成功的关键”展开，故该空填入success。)
2.challenging settings
(录音中演讲者介绍到，自己在发现问题后决定研究孩子和成年人在各种具有挑战性的场景下的表现，因此本题填入challenging settings。)
3.National Spelling Contest
(演讲者介绍了进行调查的三个地方：West PointMilitary Academy（西点军校）、National Spelling Contest（全国拼写比赛）和private companies（私企）。因此本题答案为National Spelling Contest。)
4.passion and perseverance
(演讲者通过调查得出结论，能够预测成功的品质是grit（毅力），接着作者开始解释grit，“grit is passion andperseverance for very long-term goals.”因此可知，本题填入passion and perseverance（激情与坚持）。)
5.future a reality
(演讲者提到，毅力就是年复一年“working reallyhard to make future a reality”，也就是说持之以恒，努力使自己对未来的展望成真。注意不要遗漏不定冠词a。)
6.marathon
(录音中明确提到“Grit is living your lifelike it’s a marathon, not a sprint.”，即把生活当作一场马拉松，而不是短跑，因此填入marathon。)
7.grittier
(演讲者在介绍自己几年前开展的关于grit的调查时说道“It turned out thatgrittier kids were significantly more likely to graduate”，由此可知，更有毅力的学生（grittier kids）更容易毕业，故答案为grittier。)
8.measures of talent
(关于如何增强毅力，演讲者首先分析了相关数据，并提到“根据数据，毅力与衡量才华的标准通常无关”，因此填入measures of talent。)
9.not fixed/changeable
(录音中还提到，“Growth mindset is thebelief that the ability to learn is not fixed, that it can change with youreffort.”，成长型思维模式认为学习的能力不是固定的，会随着你的努力改变，因此答案为not fixed或changeable。)
10.a temporary condition
(关于增强毅力，录音最后还提到“Kids with gritare much more likely to persevere…because they don’t believe that failure is apermanent condition.”有毅力的孩子不会把失败看成是一种长期不变的状态，也就是说他们把失败看成是暂时的，因此本题填入a temporary condition。)
【录音原文】
What Is Grit?
Good afternoon,everyone. [1]Today, I would like totalk about my research project concerning the key to success.I would like to start my topic with my own story.
When I was 27years old, I left for a demanding job—teaching seventh graders math in the NewYork City public schools. And like any teacher, I made quizzes and tests. Igave out homework assignments. When the work came back, I calculated grades.
What struck mewas that IQ was not the only difference between my best and my worst students.Some of my strongest performers did not have super IQ scores. Some of mysmartest kids weren’t doing so well. Then, I felt very interested in knowingthe reason why the students’ math performance is not that closely related totheir IQ scores. [2] I startedstudying kids and adults in all kinds of challengingsettings, and in every study my question was, who is successful here andwhy. My research team and I went to West Point Military Academy. We tried topredict which students would stay in military training and which would dropout. [3]We went to the National Spelling Contest and tried to predict whichchildren would advance furthest in competition. We worked with privatecompanies, asking which of these salespeople is going to keep their jobs, andwho’s going to earn the most money. We went to many places and finally, onecharacteristic emerged as a significant predictor of success. And it wasn’tsocial intelligence. It wasn’t good looks, physical health, and it wasn’t IQ.It was grit.
What is grit?Well, [4]grit is passion and perseverance for very long-term goals. [5]Grit is sticking with your future, day in,day out, not just for the week, not just for the month, but for years, andworking really hard to make future a reality. [6]Grit is living your life like it’s a marathon, not a sprint.
A few years ago,I started studying grit in the Chicago public schools. I asked thousands ofhigh school juniors to take grit questionnaires, and then waited around morethan a year to see who would graduate. [7]Itturned out that grittier kids weresignificantly more likely to graduate, even when I matched them on everycharacteristic I could measure, things like family income, test scores, and soon.
To me, the mostshocking thing about grit is how little we know, how little science knows,about building it. Every day, parents and teachers ask me, “How do I build gritin kids? How do I keep them motivated for the long run?”
Our data showsvery clearly that there are many talented individuals who simply do not followthrough on their commitment. [8]Infact, in our data, grit is usually unrelated to measuresof talent.
So far, the bestidea I’ve heard about building grit in kids is something called “growthmindset”. [9]Growth mindset is thebelief that the ability to learn is not fixed,that it can change with your effort. [10]Kidswith grit are much more likely to persevere when they fail, because they don’tbelieve that failure is a permanent condition.
So growthmindset is a great idea for building grit. But we need more. And that’s whereI’m going to end my talk, because that’s where we are. That’s the work thatstands before us. We have to be willing to fail, to be wrong, to start overagain with lessons learned.
As a conclusion,we need to be gritty about getting our kids grittier. Next time, I would liketo share with you my experience in building up students’ grit.
SECTION BCONVERSATIONS
In this section, you will hear two conversations. At theend of each conversation, five questions will be asked about what was said.Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken ONCE ONLY. After eachquestion there will be a ten-second pause. During the pause, you should readthe four choices of A，B, C and D, and mark the best answer to eachquestion on ANSWER SHEET TWO.
You have thirty seconds to preview the questions.
Now, listen to the conversations.
Conversation One
1. A. To tell the manthat he has been short listed for interview.
B. To ask the man a few questions about his interview.
C. To explain to the man how to make a presentation.
D. To tell the man the procedure of the interview.
2. A. Questions relatedto the job.
B. General questions about himself.
C. Specific questions about his CV.
D. Questions about his future plan.
3. A. Questions fromthe interviewers.
B. Questions from the interviewee.
C. Presentation from the interviewee.
D. Requests from the interviewee.
4. A. Educational andprofessional background.
B. Problems he has faced and solved.
C. Major successes in his career so far.
D. Company future and his contribution.
5. A. 11 a. m., nextTuesday.
B. 11 a. m., next Thursday.
C. 9 a. m., this Tuesday.
D. 9 a. m., this Thursday.
【答案与解析】
1.D 考点：细节题。录音中女士给男士打电话，首先提到男士已经入围面试名单，然后说道，“I just want to talk you through the procedure for the day.”因此女士打电话的目的是告知男士当天的面试流程，因此选D项。
2.A 考点：细节题。录音中，女士提到，男士有机会问问题，问题主要是“aboutthe job itself, or ABC Company in general.”因此A项正确。
3.C 考点：细节题。关于面试的流程，女士最后介绍了一点，即在男士提问环节后，“we’d like you to give a short presentation”，也就是希望男士能够进行一个简短的展示，因此C项正确。
4.D 考点：细节题。关于展示的内容，女士提到是“how you seeABC as a company progressing, and how you see yourself taking us there.”即希望男士在展示中陈述他对ABC公司发展的看法，和他可以为公司的发展做出的贡献，因此选D项。
5.B 考点：细节题。录音最后，女士说道，“I’ll see you at11 a. m., Thursday next week.”因此面试时间为下周四上午11点。因此正确答案选B项。
【录音原文】
W: Hello, this is Kate Smith. I’m callingfrom ABC Company.
M: Oh, hello, Kate. Great to hear from you.
W: You’ve already been told that you’vebeen shortlisted for interview.
M: Oh, yes.
W: Well, we are very excited about meeting you. OK, [1]I just want to talk you through theprocedure for the day. Someone will meet you when you arrive, and then bringyou up to meet myself and Arthur Miller, the CEO.
M: OK, sounds good. So will you be the onlymembers of the interview panel there then?
W: Yes, it’ll be just me and Arthur who will talk to you. Theinterview will be in three parts. First of all, we’ll ask you some generalquestions about yourself and your educational and professional background, andthen we’ll move on to specifics.
M: Oh, er, specifics? Well, er... what kindof questions will you be asking?
W: Well，it’llbe very similar to the personal statement you submitted with your CV. We’ll beexpecting you to... to give actual examples of problems you’ve faced andsolved, and of what you feel are the major successes in your career so far.
M: OK, well. Yeah, that sounds great. Can’twait!
W: [2]Then there’ll be achance for you to ask us any questions—about the job itself, or ABC Company ingeneral.
M: Oh, um...OK. I’ll think of something!
W: [3] [4]After that,we’d like you to give a short presentation on how you see ABC as a companyprogressing, and how you see yourself taking us there.
M: OK, so will I be expected to give like aformal style presentation?
W: It can be as formal or informal as you like. There’ll be acomputer and a data projector there available. If you need anything else, justlet us know.
M: Oh, um...OK, a presentation! I'll thinkof something. I haven’t done one of those in a while.
W: Is that all clear?
M: Yes.
W: [5]Great.So, Daniel, I’ll see you at 11 a. m., Thursday next week.
M: OK, great. I look forward to meetingyou! Thanks, bye.
W: Bye.
1.Why does the woman call the man?
2. What kind of questions can the man askin the interview?
3.Which is the last part of the interview?
4. What might be expected from the man’spresentation?
5.When is the interview scheduled?
Conversation Two
6. A. The disadvantagesof college loans.
B. Government financing in college education.
C. How to handle the problem of college loans.
D. How college students pay for their education.
7. A. It has increasedby 6 to 8%.
B. It has increased by 8 to 10%.
C. It has decreased by 6 to 8%.
D. It has decreased by 8 to 10%.
8. A. Student's familyincome.
B. First year salary after graduation.
C. A fixed amount of 30,000 dollars.
D. Payment in the next ten years.
9. A. Students canborrow money first.
B. Students pay no tax on savings.
C. Students pay less tax after graduation.
D. Students withdraw without paying tax.
10. A. Giving upcharitable or volunteer work.
B. Neglecting their study at college.
C. Giving up further education.
D. Neglecting high salary in job-seeking.
【答案与解析】
6.C 考点：主旨题。录音一开始女士的开场白就提到了学生债务问题，并且在接下来的讨论中也紧紧围绕这一主题展开，比如“good debt”和“bad debt”，比如贷款多少的评估、多种贷款的方式及减轻负债的一些途径等等，由此可知，本题选C项。
7.A 考点：细节题。录音中男士提到，“the cost ofcolleges has been going up at 6 to 8 percent a year”，也就是说大学教育费用每年会上涨6%—8%，故选A项。
8.B 考点：细节题。录音中男士说道，“Well, one guidelineis that you look at the first year salary in your field after graduation”，由此可知，判断学生贷款的一个指导原则就是参照你所在行业毕业后第一年的薪水，由此可知，B项正确。
9.D 考点：细节题。录音中提到其他的贷款方式，其中男士提到了acollege savings plan,并且提到这种高校储蓄计划“let you save on a tax advantage basis”，并解释道，“So you can put money away in these accountsand withdraw tax-free to pay for that education.”也就是说不用缴纳税款就可以取款，因此D项正确。
10.A 考点：推断题。当女士提到慈善和志愿工作时，男士说这是社会成本，并且解释说人们会放弃慈善机构或非盈利组织中的工作，因为他们必须获得更高的薪水来还债，由此可知，A项正确。passup拒绝，放弃。
【录音原文】
W: It says a growing number of students are making a major hole fromthe minute they enter the real world because they are already, some of them,more than 100,000 dollars in debt. With us now is Mark Spenser. He is thesenior financial analyst from SBC Bank. Welcome to you.
M: Thank you. Nice to be with you.
W: Now, I guess there are two kinds ofdebts, good debt and bad debt. Where does this go?
M: [7]Well, student loandebt is traditionally considered good debt, but the problem for many studentsand their families is that the cost of colleges has been going up at 6 to 8percent a year, far faster than the income, far faster than the standard ofliving. That means debt’s taking on a bigger and bigger role in financingeducation.
W: How much debt is too much debt for...forone student?
M: [8]Well, oneguideline is that you look at the first year salary in your field aftergraduation, and use that as a barometer, but even then...
W: Is that right?
M: Well, you are talking big payments even in that instance, forexample, 30,000 dollars worth of debt. If you are gonna repay that over 10years, you are talking more than 300 dollars a month that, in payments everymonth for 10 years.
W: But there is surely more than one way to get a loan for college.There are government programs. There are so many kinds of grants.What’s...what’s the best advice for people who are looking for these loans totry to keep themselves from going under?
M: I understand that loans are just one way of college finance. Takeadvantage of the other opportunities. [9]Thingslike a college savings plan let...let you save on a tax advantage basis. So youcan put money away in these accounts and withdraw tax-free to pay for thateducation.
W: So, it’s important to start early andthat really reduces that reliance on debt later.
M: Another thing, leave no stone unturned, looking at grants,scholarships, even on-campus jobs. I mean every dollar you get that way is seenas another dollar you don’t have to borrow later.
W: The kinds of jobs that so many students, fresh off students, liketo go into, er, charity stuff, volunteer work. This debt is eliminating a lotof that, isn’t it?
M: [10]I think that’sthe social cost. Really, I mean...you know, when you consider that, you know,people may pass up a rewarding career in charitable work, or non-profitorganization because they have to get a higher salary someplace else to pay offthat debt.
W: Yeah, that’s for sure. Mark Spenser, senior financial analystfrom SBC Bank. Mark, good you could be here.
M: Thank you.
6.What is the interview mainly about?
7. How does the cost of college educationchange every year?
8. What is used to measure student loandebt as a guideline?
9. What is the advantage of joining acollege savings plan?
10. What is the possible social cost of acollege loan?
PARTIII　 LANGUAGEKNOWLEDGE[10 MIN]
There are twenty sentences in this section. Beneath eachsentence there are four words, phrases or statements marked A, B, C and D.Choose one word, phrase or statement that best completes the sentence.
Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.
11. How can I concentrate if you _____ continually _____ me withsilly questions?
A. have...interrupted
B. are...interrupted
C. had...interrupting
D. were...interrupting
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】考点：时态语态。句意：如果你不断地用这些愚蠢的问题来打扰我，我怎么能够集中注意力呢？本题中if后面引导条件状语从句，从continually一词可知，从句中也应该使用现在时态，因此排除C项和D项。由于这里表示你打扰我，因此应该为主动语态，B项排除。A项使用了现在完成时态，表示“打扰”这一动作持续了一段时间，并对现在造成影响，符合题意，因此选A项。
12. Among the four sentences below, Sentence _____ expresses thehighest degree of possibility.
A. It may take a long time to find a solution to the problem.
B. It might take a long time to find a solution to the problem.
C. It could take a long time to find a solution to the problem.
D. It should take a long time to find a solution to the problem.
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】考点：情态动词。问题：下面四个句子中，哪一句表示了最高的可能性。分析四个选项中的句子，主要区别在于使用的情态动词不同。情态动词语气从弱到强的顺序为：might, may, could, can, should, ought to, would, must。故选D项。
13. She is a better speaker than _____ inthe class.
A. any boy
B. the otherboys
C. other anygirl
D. all
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】考点：限定词。句意：她比班上任何男孩都要擅长演讲。A项anyboy指的是任何一个男孩，即把她是和班上所有的男孩进行比较，符合语境，因此选A项。B项中the other boys指的是其他男孩们，言下之意，主语应当是the boy。C项应该为any other girls。D项中的all包括主语“she”，所以二者之间不能进行比较。
14.Nobody heard him sing, _____?
A.did one
B.did he
C.didn’t they
D.did they
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】考点：反意疑问句。句意：没有人听见他唱歌，是吗？陈述部分使用了表示否定的nobody，反义疑问部分的助词应该使用肯定的形式，同时当陈述部分的主语是somebody, someone, everybody, everyone, nobody等不定代词时，反意疑问部分的主语用they，因此选D项。
15.I can’t put up with _____.
A. that friendof you
B. that friendof yours
C. the friendof you
D. the friendof yours
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】考点：限定词。句意：我无法忍受你的那位朋友。该句中使用了双重所有格，表示“你的朋友中的那一个”，因此of后面需要接名词性物主代词yours，所以排除A项和C项。由于这里特指“那一个朋友”，因此选B项。
16. There hasbeen an increasing number of _____ in primary schools in the past few years.
A. man teacher
B. men teacher
C. man teachers
D. men teachers
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】考点：名词作定语。句意：过去几年里，小学中的男教师数量不断增加。这里教师不止一个，所以应该使用teachers，A项和B项排除。一般情况下，不管被修饰的词是单数名词还是复数名词，作定语的名词都需要使用单数形式，但是man或woman作定语时，当后面的名词是单数时，man或woman使用单数形式，当后面的名词是复数时，需使用复数形式，故选D项。
17. This is one of the issues that deserve_____.
A. beingmentioned
B. mentioning
C. to mention
D. for mention
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】考点：非谓语动词。句意：这是值得提到的问题之一。sth. deserve doing和sth. deserve to be done均表示被动意义，意思为“某事值得做”，因此B项正确。同样用法的词还有need，want和 require等。
18. The audience _____ excited on seeing______ favorite star glide onto the stage.
A. were...their
B. were...its
C. was...their
D. was...one’s
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】考点：主谓一致。句意：当看到他们最最喜爱的明星走上舞台时，观众们非常兴奋。audience属于集体名词，在这里强调所有的观众人员，表示复数意义，谓语动词使用复数，相应的后面的代词应该使用their，因此本题选A项。
19. _____ your advice, I would have made thewrong decision.
A. Hadn’t itbeen for
B. Had it notbeen for
C. Had it beenfor
D. Had not itbeen for
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】考点：虚拟语气。句意：要不是你的建议，我可能已经做出了错误的决定。这里是对过去事实的虚拟，因此if引导的虚拟条件句中，应该使用过去完成时态。同时，在if引导的虚拟条件句中，助动词were，should或had可以提前，构成倒装结构。因此选B项。否定词not应置于主语之后，因此排除A项和D项。B项不符合题意，排除。
20. The sentence I wish I had been morecareful in spending money expresses the speaker’s _____.
A. hope
B. joy
C. regret
D. relief
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】考点：虚拟语气。问题：句子“I wish I had been more careful in spending money”表达了说话人的什么感情？本句wish后面使用了过去完成时态had been表示对过去事实的虚拟，是对与过去事实相反的愿望，表达了对过去发生的事情的后悔或者遗憾，因此C项正确。
21. The Attorney General ordered a federal autopsy of Brown’s body,seeking to _____ the family and community there would be a thoroughinvestigation into his death.
A. ensure
B. insure
C. assure
D. ascertain
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】考点：近义词辨析。句意：司法部长命令联邦相关部门对布朗的遗体进行尸检，试图让其家人及社区放心，会对其死亡进行彻底调查。assure和ensure都有“保证，确保”的意思，但是assure有让人放心的意思，而ensure侧重于表示某事一定会发生，而且ensure后面往往不跟间接宾语sb.，因此C项符合题意。insure“投保”。ascertain“查明，弄清楚”。
22. The police department came under strong criticism for both thedeath of an unarmed man and its handling of the _____.
A. consequence
B. outcome
C. result
D. aftermath
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】考点：近义词辨析。句意：警察局受到强烈谴责，原因是一位手无寸铁的男子的死亡以及对其的善后工作的处理。四个选项意思相近，均有“结果，后果”的意思。consequence多指随某一事件引起的，必然或自然的不良结果。outcome指预先不知道的结果或结局。result指做某事产生的直接结果。aftermath强调天灾人祸之后随之而来的不良的，甚至更严重的后果或余波。本题主要指男子死亡事件后续工作的处理，而不是男子死亡造成的结果，因此D项aftermath符合题意，选D项。
23. The Foreign Secretary tried to _____doubts about his handling of the crisis.
A. dispel
B. expel
C. repel
D. quell
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】考点：形近词辨析。句意：外交部长试图消除关于他处理这次危机的质疑。dispel驱逐；消除（烦恼等）。expel驱逐；开除。repel抵制；使……厌恶。quell制止；平息；镇压。因此本题选A项。
24. Mutual funds are thus best for investors who don’t want to takethe time to study stocks in detail or who _____ the resources to build aportfolio.
A. deprive
B. lack
C. yearn
D. attain
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】考点：动词辨析。句意：因此，共同基金最适合那些不想花时间详尽研究股票的投资者或者那些想要投资但是缺乏资源的投资人来创建投资组合。lack“缺乏；不足；没有”，符合题意，选B项。deprive使丧失，剥夺。yearn渴望。attain得到，获得。
25. Chris ran _____ John at a sporting-goods trade show and the twoquickly struck _____ an easy rapport.
A. into...up
B. on...into
C. across...on
D.against...into
【答案】A查看答案
【解析】考点：动词词组。句意：Chris在一次体育用品贸易展上偶然遇见了John，这两个人迅速建立了融洽的关系。run into偶然遇见；撞上。strike up使开始；建立起；开始演奏。因此本题选A项。runon继续，继续下去。runacross偶然遇见；跑着穿过。runagainst, 偶然遇见；与……相撺。strike into突然进入；突然开始。strike on发现；想出。
26. “I am leaving the country soon,” hetold a _____ convened group of reporters.
A. especially
B. particularly
C. specially
D. specifically
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】考点：副词辨析。句意：“我很快就要离开这个国家了，”他告诉专门被召集的一群记者。specially“特意地，专门地“，符合题意，因此选C项。especially尤其，特别是。particularly特别地，独特地。specifically明确地，具体地。
27. Israel and Hamas had reached a deal on extending the _____ceasefire by an extra 24 hours until Tuesday at midnight.
A. contemporary
B. makeshift
C. spontaneous
D. temporary
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】考点：形容词辨析。句意：以色列和哈马斯已达成协议，延长临时停火时间24小时，至周二午夜。temporary“临时的，哲时的”，符合题意，选D项。contemporary当代的，同时代的。makeshift权宜之计的；凑合的。spontaneous自发的，自然的。
28. _____to unplugging the alarm clock and trusting your ability towake on time on your own，you should probably ease yourself into the new arrangement by keepinga very regular schedule for several weeks.
A. Due
B. Prior
C. Related
D. Thanks
【答案】B查看答案
【解析】考点：固定词组。句意：在关掉闹钟相信自己能准时醒来之前，你可能应该通过几周较有规律的作息来让自己逐步适应新的安排。prior to“在……之前”，符合题意，选B项。dueto由于。related to与……有关。thanks to由于，幸亏。
29. If you are an athlete, strong abdominal muscles help you ensurea strong back and freedom from injury during _____upper-body movement.
A. valiant
B. variable
C. vigilant
D. vigorous
【答案】D查看答案
【解析】考点：形容词辨析。句意：如果你是一名运动员，强壮的腹肌能够帮助你在剧烈的上半身运动中确保你拥有结实的后背并免于受伤。valiant英勇的，勇敢的。variable多变的，易变的。vigilant警惕的，警醒的。vigorous强有力的；精力充沛的。D项符合题意，选D项。
30. Finning is a cruel _____in which the shark’s fins are loppedoff, and the live shark is thrown back to sea.
A. reality
B. truth
C. practice
D. skill
【答案】C查看答案
【解析】考点：名词辨析。句意：猎取鱼鳍是非常残忍的行为，鲨鱼的鱼鳍被割下后再把还活着的鲨鱼扔回大海。practice“做法；行为”，符合语意，因此选C项。reality用作可数名词时，意为“事实；实际经历”。 truth“真理”。skill技能，技术。
PARTIV　CLOZE　[10 MIN]
Decide which of the words given in the box below would bestcomplete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. The words can beused ONCE ONLY. Mark the letter for each word on ANSWER SHEET TWO.

A) ample B) combinations　 C) directly D) disseminated E) generations F) genuinely　 G) instead H) lists I) promulgated J) publicized K) scant L) shaped 　 M) sophisticated N) transplanted O) virtual

Imagine a worldwithout writing. Obviously there would be no books: no novels, noencyclopedias, no cookbooks, no textbooks, no telephone books, no scriptures,no diaries, no travel guides. There would be no ball-points, no typewriters, nocomputers, no Internet, no magazines, no movie credits, no shopping lists, nonewspapers, no tax returns. But such (31) _____of objects almost miss thepoint. The world we live in has been indelibly marked by the written word, (32)_____by the technology of writing over thousands of years. Ancient kingsproclaimed their authority and (33) _____their laws in writing. Scribesadministered great empires by writing, their knowledge of recording andretrieving information essential to governing complex societies. Religioustraditions were passed on through (34) _____, and spread to others, in writing.Scientific and technological progress was achieved and (35) _____throughwriting. Accounts in trade and commerce could be kept because of writing.Nearly every step of civilization has been mediated through writing. A worldwithout writing would bear (36) _____resemblance to the one we now live in.Writing is a (37) _____necessity to the societies anthropologists callcivilizations. A civilization is distinguished from other societies by thecomplexity of its social organization, by its construction of cities and largepublic buildings, and by the economic specialization of its members, many ofwhom are not (38) _____involved in food procurement or production. Acivilization, with its taxation and tribute systems, its trade and its publicworks, requires a (39) _____system of record keeping. And so the earlycivilizations of Egypt, China, and (probably) India all developed a system ofwriting. Only the Peruvian civilization of the Incas and their predecessors didnot use writing but (40) _____invented a system of keeping records on knottedcolor-coded strings known as quipu.
【答案与解析】
31.H lists。考点：名词。空格前面是限定词such，后面是介词of，因此空格处应该填入名词。上文提到，假如没有文字，世界上很多东西将不存在，根据列举的这一长串的将不存在的事物名单可知，空格处应填入lists。lists“清单”，故选H项。
32.L shaped。考点：分词作定语。空格前面为完整的被动句，空格后面的成分作句子的状语或者定语。根据句意，这里指文字是由几千年的文字的技术塑造而成，因此填入shaped，作thewritten word的后置定语。shape“形成；塑造”，符合题意，故选L项。
33.I　 promulgated。考点：谓语动词。空格部分与前面的proclaimed their authority通过and连接，构成并列的谓语，因此空格处应该填入过去式形式的谓语动词。promulgate“颁布，公布”，与后面的their laws搭配符合题意，因此选I项。
34.E generations。考点：名词。空格处接在介词through的后面，因此应该填入名词或者名词短语。分析上下文句意可知，这里指宗教传统世代相传，通过文字传播给他人。因此填入E项generations。
35.D disseminated。考点：动词过去分词。空格处与achieved并列，与系动词was一起构成被动语态，因此空格处应该填入与achieved并列的动词过去分词。科技进步通过文字实现和传播。disseminate意思为“宣传；传播”，符合题意，因此选D项。
36.K scant。考点：形容词。空格处修饰resemblance，前面为动词bear，因此可知，空格处应该为形容词作定语。通过上下文句意可知，如果没有文字，世界将与现在的样子大不一样，因此此处填入scant，意思为“不足的；缺乏的”，表示没有多少相似之处。故本题选K项。
37.O virtual。考点：形容词。空格处前面为不定冠词a，后面是名词necessity，所以空格处应该填入非元音音素开头的形容词。文字是社会文明实际必需的，因此本题选择O项。virtual虚拟的；实质上的，事实上的。
38.C directly。考点：副词。空格处所在的从句结构完整，因此空格处应该填入副词。根据句意，很多社会成员并不是直接参与食品采购或生产，directly“直接地”符合题意，因此选择C项。
39.M sophisticated。考点：形容词。空格部分前面为不定冠词a，后面为名词system，所以空格处应该填入非元音音素开头的形容词。sophisticated“复杂的”符合题意，指这里指需要一个复杂的系统来保存记录。因此选M项。
40.G instead。考点：副词。空格前面提到印加人和他们的先辈创造的秘鲁文明没有使用文字，空格后面提到发明了“结绳记事系统”，instead“代替；反而”，填在此处符合上下文语境。因此选G项。
【全文翻译】
想象一个没有文字的世界。显然将没有书本：没有小说，没有百科全书，没有食谱，没有课本，没有电话簿，没有经典著作，没有日记，没有旅游指南。不会有圆珠笔、打字机、电脑、网络、杂志、电影、购物清单、报纸和纳税申报单。但这样的对象列表几乎都错过了一点。我们生活的世界已经打上了不可磨灭的文字的烙印，而文字是由几千年的文字技术塑造而成。古代国王宣布了他们在文字方面的权威，并颁布相关法律。作者用文字来管理伟大的帝国，他们记录和检索信息的知识对于管理复杂社会至关重要。宗教传统世代相传，通过文字传播给他人。科技进步是通过文字来实现和传播的。因为文字，贸易和商业的帐户得以保留。文明的每一步几乎都有文字这一中介。一个没有文字的世界将与我们现在所生活的世界大相径庭。文字是人类学家称之为文明的社会的一种实际必需品。一个文明区别于其他社会，在于其社会组织的复杂性、城市的建设和大型公共建筑，还在于社会成员的经济专业化，其中许多人是不直接参与食品采购或生产的。一个文明，包括它的税收和朝贡体系，它的贸易和公共工程，需要一个复杂的系统来保存记录。所以埃及、中国和（可能的）印度的早期文明都发展了一种文字系统。只有印加人和他们的先辈创造的秘鲁文明没有使用文字，取而代之，他们发明了一种在颜色编码的线上打结的方法，即“结绳记事系统”来保存记录。
PART V　READINGCOMPREHENSION　[35 MIN]
SECTION AMULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
In this section, there are several passages followed by tenmultiple-choice questions. For each questions, there are four suggested answersmarked A，B , C and D. Choose the one that you think isthe best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.
PASSAGE ONE
When I wastwenty-seven years old, I was a mining-broker’s clerk in San Francisco, and anexpert in all the details of stock traffic. I was alone in the world, and hadnothing to depend upon but my wits and a clean reputation; but these were setting my feet in the road to eventual fortune, andI was content with the prospect. My time was my own after the afternoon board,Saturdays, and I was accustomed to putting it in on a little sail-boat on thebay. One day I ventured too far, and was carried out to sea. Just at nightfall,when hope was about gone, I was picked up by a small ship which was bound forLondon. It was a long and stormy voyage, and they made me work my passagewithout pay, as a common sailor. When I stepped ashore in London my clotheswere ragged and shabby, and I had only a dollar in my pocket. This money fedand sheltered me twenty-four hours. During the next twenty-four I went withoutfood and shelter.
About teno’clock on the following morning, dirty and hungry, I was dragging myself alongPortland Place, when a child that was passing, towed by a nurse-maid, tossed abig pear—minus one bite—into the gutter. I stopped, of course, and fastened mydesiring eye on that muddy treasure. My mouth watered for it, my stomach cravedit, my whole being begged for it. But every time I made a move to get it somepassing eye detected my purpose, and of course I straightened up then, andlooked indifferent and pretended that I hadn’t been thinking about the pear atall. This same thing kept happening and happening, and I couldn’t get the pear.
I was justgetting desperate enough to brave all the shame，and to seize it, when a window behind me wasraised, and a gentleman spoke out of it, saying: “Step in here, please.”
I was admittedby a man servant, and shown into a sumptuous room where a couple of elderlygentlemen were sitting. They sent away the servant, and made me sit down. Theyhad just finished their breakfast, and the sight of the remains of it almostoverpowered me. I could hardly keep my wits together in the presence of thatfood, but as I was not asked to sample it, I had to bear my trouble as best asI could.
Now, somethinghad been happening there a little before, which I did not know anything aboutuntil a good many days afterwards, but I will tell you about it now. Those twoold brothers had been having a pretty hot argument a couple of days before, andhad ended by agreeing to decide it by a bet, which is the English way ofsettling everything.
You willremember that the Bank of England once issued two notes of a million poundseach, to be used for a special purpose connected with some public transactionwith a foreign country. For some reason or other only one of these had beenused and canceled; the other still lay in the vaults of the Bank. Well, thebrothers chatting along, happened to get to wondering what might be the fate ofa perfectly honest and intelligent stranger who should be turned adrift inLondon without a friend, and with no money but that million-pound bank-note,and no way to account for his being in possession of it. Brother A said hewould starve to death; Brother B said, he wouldn’t. Brother A said he couldn’toffer it at a bank or anywhere else, because he would be arrested on the spot.So they went on disputing till Brother B said he would bet twenty thousandpounds that the man would live thirty days, anyway, on that million, and keepout of jail, too. Brother A took him up. Brother B went down to the Bank andbought that note. Then he dictated a letter, which one of his clerks wrote out ina beautiful round hand, and then the two brothers sat at the window a whole daywatching for the right man to give it to.
I finally becamethe pick of them.
41. In Para. 1, the phrase “set my feet”probably means _____.
A. put me aside
B. prepare me
C. let me walk
D. start myjourney
42.It can be concluded from Para. 2 that _____.
A. the manwanted to maintain dignity though starved
B. the mancould not get a proper chance to eat the pear
C. the man didnot really want the pear since it was dirty
D. it was verydifficult for the man to get the pear
43. Compared with Brother A, Brother B was more _____ towards the effect of theone-million-pound bank-note on a total stranger.
A. neutral
B. negative
C. reserved
D. positive
【答案与解析】
【文章导读】
文章选自马克·吐温的短篇小说“TheMillion Pound Note”（“百万英镑”）。选文部分主要介绍了故事的缘起：一位美国穷小子流落伦敦街头，并且由于两位富商的打赌而被借予一张无法兑现的百万大钞。
【答案解析】
41.B 考点：语义题。第一段第二句中提到了“these were setting myfeet in the road to eventual fortune, and I was content with the prospect.”，通过上文可知，这里的“these”指的上文中提到的“我是只身混世界，除了自己的聪明才智和一身清白，就再也没什么可依靠的了”，从基本上什么都没有到“eventual fortune”，可知此处作者使用了暗喻的手法，是在说“我”奔赴前程，B项“让我准备走向最后的成功”，符合题意，因此选B项。这里不是指走路或者旅行，因此C项和D项排除。put aside“储存，暂不考虑”，明显不符合题意。
42.A 考点：推断题。第二段主要描述了“我”流落伦敦街头后，关于要不要去捡别人丢弃的一个梨的内心挣扎。虽然“我”很饿，渴望着有这个梨来裹腹，但是每次打算去捡梨时都会因为感到别人在看向自己而退缩。由此可推测，“我”不想被人看到捡别人丢弃的肮脏的食物吃，是为了维持自己的自尊。A项正确。
43.D 考点：态度题。通过关键词“Brother A”和“Brother B”定位到最后一段。由最后一段第四、五句可知。兄弟A认为那个人会饿死，兄弟B认为不会，由此可知，兄弟B态度更加积极乐观。因此D项正确。
【全文翻译】
二十七岁那年，我正给旧金山的一个矿业经济人打工，把证券交易所的门槛摸得清清楚楚。我是只身混世界，除了自己的聪明才智和一身清白，就再也没什么可依靠的了；不过，这反倒让我脚踏实地，不做那没影儿的发财梦，死心塌地奔自己的前程。每到星期六下午股市收了盘，时间就全都是我自己的了，我喜欢弄条小船到海湾里去消磨这些时光。有一天我驶得远了点儿，漂到了茫茫大海上。正当夜幕降临，眼看就要没了盼头的时候，一艘开往伦敦的双桅帆船搭救了我。漫漫的旅途风狂雨暴，他们让我以工代票，干普通水手的活儿。到伦敦上岸的时候，我鹑衣百结，兜里只剩了一美元。连吃带住，我用这一美元顶了二十四个小时。再往后的二十四个小时里，我就饥肠辘辘，无处栖身了。
第二天上午大约十点钟光景，我破衣烂衫，饿着肚子正沿波特兰大道往前蹭。这时候，一个保姆领着孩子路过，那孩子把手上刚咬了一口的大个儿甜梨扔进了下水道。不用说，我停了下来，满含欲望的眼光罩住了那个脏兮兮的宝物儿。我口水直淌，肚子里都伸出手来，全心全意地乞求这个宝贝儿。可是，只要我刚一动弹，想去拣梨，总有哪一双过路的火眼金睛明察秋毫。我自然又站得直直的，没事人一样，好像从来就没在那个烂梨身上打过主意。这出戏演了一回又一回，我就是得不着那个梨。
我受尽煎熬，正打算放开胆量、撕破脸皮去抓梨的时候，我身后的一扇窗子打开了，一位先生从里面发话：“请到这儿来。”
一个衣着华丽的仆人把我接了进去，领到一个豪华房间，里头坐着两位上了岁数的绅士。他们打发走仆人，让我坐下。他们刚刚吃了早餐，看着那些残羹剩饭，我简直透不过气来。有这些吃的东西在场，我无论如何也集中不了精力，可是人家没请我品尝，我也只好尽力忍着。
这里刚刚发生过的事，我是过了好多天以后才明白的，不过现在我就马上说给你听。这对老兄弟为一件事已经有两天争得不可开交了，最后他们同意打个赌来分出高低——无论什么事英国人靠打赌都能一了百了。
你也许记得，英格兰银行曾经发行过两张一百万英镑的大钞，用于和某国公对公交易之类的特殊目的。不知怎么搞的，这两张大钞只有一张用过后注销了；另一张则一直躺在英格兰银行的金库里睡大觉。且说这两兄弟聊着聊着，忽发奇想：假如一位有头脑、特诚实的外地人落难伦敦，他举目无亲，除了一张百万英镑的大钞以外一无所有，而且他还没法证明这张大钞就是他的——这样的一个人会有怎样的命运呢？大哥说这人会饿死；弟弟说饿不死。大哥说，别说去银行了，无论去哪儿这人也花不掉那张大钞，因为他会当场被抓住。兄弟两个就这样争执不下，后来弟弟说他愿出两万镑打赌，这人靠百万英镑大钞无论如何也能活三十天，而且进不了监狱。大哥同意打赌，弟弟就到英格兰银行把大钞买了回来。然后，他口述一信，叫一个文书用漂亮的楷体字誊清；然后，两兄弟在窗前坐了整整一天，巴望来一个能消受大钞的合适人选。
我最终被他们选中。
PASSAGE TWO
The concept ofpeace is a very important one in cultures all over the world. Think about howwe greet people. In some languages, the phrases for greetings contain the wordfor peace. In some cultures we greet people by shaking hands or with anothergesture to show that we are not carrying weapons—that we come in peace. Andthere are certain symbols which people in very different cultures recognize asrepresenting peace. Let’s look at a few of them.
The dove
The dove hasbeen a symbol of peace and innocence for thousands of years in many differentcultures. In ancient Greek mythology it was a symbol of love and the renewal oflife. In ancient Japan a dove carrying a sword symbolized the end of war.
There was atradition in Europe that if a dove flew around a house where someone was dyingthen their soul would be at peace. And there are legends which say that thedevil can turn himself into any bird except for a dove. In Christian art, thedove was used to symbolize the Holy Ghost and was often painted above Christ’shead.
But it was PabloPicasso who made the dove a modern symbol of peace when he used it on a posterfor the World Peace Congress in 1949.
The rainbow
The rainbow isanother ancient and universal symbol, often representing the connection betweenhuman beings and their gods. In Greek mythology it was associated with Iris，the goddess who broughtmessages from the gods on Mount Olympus. In Scandinavian mythology the rainbowwas a bridge between the gods and the earth. In the Bible a rainbow showed Noahthat the Biblical flood was finally over，and that God had forgiven his people. In the Chinese tradition，the rainbow is a common symbolfor marriage because the colours represent the union of yin and yang. Nowadaysthe rainbow is used by many popular movements for peace and the environment,representing the possibility of a better world in the future and promising sunshineafter the rain.
Mistletoe
This plant wassacred in many cultures, generally representing peace and love. Most peopleknow of the tradition of kissing under the mistletoe at Christmas time, whichprobably comes from Scandinavian mythology. The goddess Freya’s son was killedby an arrow made of mistletoe, so, in honour of him, she declared that it wouldalways be a symbol of peace. It was often hung in doorways as a sign offriendship.
The ancientDruids believed that hanging mistletoe in your doorway protected you from evilspirits. Tribes would stop fighting for a period of time if they found a treewith mistletoe. But you will never see mistletoe in a Christian church—it isbanned because of its associations with pagan religion and superstition.
The olive branch
The olive treehas always been a valuable source of food and oil. In Greek mythology, thegoddess Athena gave the olive tree to the people of Athens，who showed their gratitude bynaming the city after her. But no one knows for sure when or why it began tosymbolize peace. There is probably a connection with ancient Greece. Warsbetween states were suspended during the Olympic Games, and the winners weregiven crowns of olive branches. The symbolism may come from the fact that theolive tree takes a long time to produce fruit, so olives could only becultivated successfully in long periods of peace. Whatever the history, theolive branch is a part of many modern flags symbolizing peace and unity. Onewell-known example is the United Nations symbol.
The ankh
The ankh is anancient symbol which was adopted by the hippie movement in the 1960s torepresent peace and love. It was found in many Asian cultures，but is generally associatedwith ancient Egypt. It represented life and immortality. Egyptians were buriedwith an ankh, so that they could continue to live in the “afterworld”. Thesymbol was also found along the sides of the Nile, which gave life to thepeople. They believed that the ankh could control the flow of the river andmake sure that there was always enough water.
44. Which of the following is the besttitle for the passage?
A. Concept ofPeace.
B. PopularPeace Symbols.
C. Origin ofPeace Symbols.
D. CulturalDifference of Peace.
45. The rainbow represents the connection between human beings andtheir gods in all the following countries EXCEPT_____.
A. Sweden
B. Greece
C. Finland
D. China
46. In North Europe mistletoe was oftenhung in doorways to indicate_____.
A. friendship
B. love
C. kinship
D. honour
47.The origin of the ankh can date back to_____.
A. the Nile
B. the“afterworld”
C. the hippiemovement
D. ancientEgypt
【答案与解析】
【文章导读】
本文内容部分节选自Linda Baxter的“Different Sign Equal Values”（“异曲同声盼和平福音”）。主要介绍了与象征和平的几个标志：鸽子、彩虹、槲寄生枝、橄榄枝和十字章。
【答案解析】
44.B 考点：主旨题。本文一开始讲到和平的概念在全世界不同文化中非常重要，从而引出象征和平的标志这一话题，并且在第一段最后指出“And there are certain symbols which people in very different culturesrecognize as representing peace. Let’s look at a few of them.”接着文章的主体部分重点介绍了五种不同的象征和平的标志。由此可知，B项“流行的和平的象征”与本文主旨相呼应。引出选B项。
45.D 考点：推断题。根据rainbow定位到对应的子标题下的段落，从第二句话开始该段落介绍了彩虹在不同文化中的语意。在希腊神话、斯堪的纳维亚神话中，都提到了gods或者goddess及其与人类的联系，并且在文化概念上瑞典和芬兰均属于斯堪的纳维亚，因此A、B、C项排除。只有在中国传统，彩虹象征着婚姻，没有提到神与人的联系，因此本题选D项。
46. A 考点：细节题。根据mistletoe定位到对应子标题下的两个段落，其中的第一个段落最后一句提到“Itwas often hung in doorways as a sign of friendship.”也就是说，槲寄生悬挂在门口是友谊的象征，通过上文可知，这一传统来源于斯堪的纳维亚神话，属于北欧地区，因此本题选A项。
47.D 考点：细节题。根据关键词ankh定位到原文最后一段。最后一段第二句中提到，“It wasfound in many Asian cultures，but is generally associated with ancient Egypt.”，由此可知，埃及被普遍认为与十字章的传统相联系，因此本题选D项。最后一段首句提到十字章在20世纪60年代被嬉皮士运动所采用，但这并不是其来源，因此C项不符合题意。“尼罗河”和“死后的世界”是和十字章相联系的一些意象，并不是其来源，因此排除A项和B项。
【全文翻译】
和平的概念在全世界所有文化中都很重要。想一想我们向他人问候的样子吧。在一些语言中，问候语包含了和平的字眼。在有些文化里,人们用握手或者做其他手势来表示问候,以显示我们没有携带武器——我们是为和平而来。不同文化的人们有各自独特的代表和平的象征,让我们来看看其中几个和平象征的起源。
鸽子
在许多不同的文化中,将鸽子作为和平及清白的象征已有数千年的历史。在古希腊神话中,它象征着爱及生命的重生。在古代日本,佩剑的鸽子则象征战争的结束。
在欧洲有一种传说:如果鸽子在临终者的屋子上空盘旋,则表示他们的灵魂将会得到安息。在一些民间传说里,恶魔可以将自己变成任何一种鸟,但鸽子除外。在基督教艺术中,鸽子被用作圣灵的象征,常常被画在耶稣头像的上方。
但使鸽子成为现代和平象征的人是毕加索,他于1949年将鸽子画在了世界和平大会的海报上。
彩虹
彩虹是另外一种古老而普遍的符号，常常代表人类与众神之间的联系。在希腊神话中，彩虹与带来奥林匹亚山上众神旨意的女神伊利斯相联系。在斯堪的纳维亚神话中，彩虹是连接众神与凡间的桥梁。《圣经》中，一道彩虹向诺亚昭示，大洪水最终结束，上帝已经宽恕了他的子民。而在中国的传统中，彩虹常常象征着婚姻，因为这些颜色代表着阴阳合一。现在，在很多争取和平和保护环境的民众运动中，彩虹被用来代表未来更美好的世界的可能性，寓意风雨过后会有阳光。
槲寄生枝
这种植物在很多文化中都是神圣的,通常代表着和平及关爱。大多数人都知道圣诞节时在槲寄生枝下亲吻的传统,这个风俗可能来自斯堪的纳维亚神话。女神弗蕾娅的儿子被一支用槲寄生枝制成的箭杀死。于是,为了纪念他,女神宣布槲寄生枝将永远作为和平的象征。人们常将它挂在门道以表示友谊。
古代德鲁伊人相信在门口悬挂槲寄生枝可以保护你免受恶灵侵扰。如果发现一棵树上有槲寄生枝，部族间就会休战一段时间。但是，在基督教教堂是永远不会看到槲寄生的——因为它被认为与异教和迷信相联系而禁用。
橄榄枝
橄榄树历来都是食物和油的宝贵来源。在古希腊神话中,女神雅典娜将橄榄树送给雅典人,那里的人为了表示感谢,便以女神的名字来命名他们的城市。但无人确切知道在什么时候、或者是什么原因橄榄枝成了和平的象征,这有可能与古代希腊有关系。在奥运会期间,国家之间的战争会暂停,比赛获胜者会得到用橄榄树枝编成的桂冠。橄榄树的和平象征意义又或者是由于其结果的时间很长,这样,唯有在一个长期的和平环境,人们才能成功地培育橄榄树。不管是何种历史原因,橄榄枝当今是很多旗帜上图案的一部分,象征着和平及团结。其中一个众所周知的例子就是联合国的符号。
十字章
十字章是一个古老的符号，它在上世纪60年代曾被嬉皮士运动用作和平与爱情的象征。这个符号在亚洲的很多文化里都可以见到，但人们通常把它与古代埃及联系起来,象征着生命及永生。古埃及人死后与十字章一起埋葬,他们相信这样就能在“阴间”继续生活。尼罗河孕育了两岸的民族,你会在沿岸地区见到这个符号，因为人们相信十字章能够控制水流量,确保河中总是有足够的水量。
PASSAGE THREE
Two sides almostnever change: That you can manipulate people into self-sufficiency and that youcan punish them into good citizenship.
The firstmanifests itself in our tireless search for the magical level at which welfaregrants are big enough to meet basic needs but small enough to make low-paid workattractive. The second has us looking to the criminal justice system to curebehavior that is as much as anything the result of despair.
The welfareexample is well known. We don't want poor people to live in squalor or theirchildren to be malnourished. But we also don’t want to subsidize the indolenceof people who are too lazy to work. The first impulse leads us to providehousing，food stamps，medical care and a cash stipendfor families in need. The second gets us to think about “workforce”.
We’ve beenthinking about it for two reasons: the “nanny” problems of two high-rankinggovernment officials (who hired undocumented foreigners as household helpers,presumably because they couldn’t find Americans to do the work) and PresidentClinton’s proposal to put a two-year limit on welfare.
Maybe somethinguseful will come of Clinton’s idea, but I’m not all that hopeful. It looks tome like one more example of trying to manipulate people into taking care ofthemselves.
On the criminaljustice side, we hope to make punishment tough enough to discourage crime butnot so tough as to clog our prisons with relatively minor offenders. Too shorta sentence, we fear, will create contempt for the law. Too long a sentence willtake up costly space better used for the violent and unremorseful.
Not only can wenever find the “perfect” punishment, our search for optimum penalties iscomplicated by our desire for fairness: to let the punishment fit the crime.The problem is that almost any punishment—even the disgrace of being chargedwith a crime—is sufficient to deter the middle class, while for members of theunderclass, probation may be translated as “I beat it.”
So how can youuse the system—welfare or criminal justice—to produce the behavior we want? Theanswer, I suspect is: You can’t.
We keep tryingto use welfare and prison to change people—to make them think and behave theway we do—when the truth is the incentives work only for those who alreadythink the way we do: who view today’s action with an eye on the future.
We will takelowly work (if that is all that’s available) because we believe we can make badjobs work for us. We avoid crime not because we are better people but becausewe see getting caught as a future-wrecking disaster. We are guided by a beliefthat good things will happen for us in the future if we take proper care of thepresent. Even under the worst of circumstances, we believe we are in control ofour lives.
And we havetrouble understanding that not everybody believes as we believe. The welfare rolls,the prisons and the mean streets of our cities are full of people who havegiven up on their future. Without hope for the future, hard work at a low-paidjob makes no sense. Working hard in school, or pleasing a boss, or avoidingpregnancy makes no sense. The deadly disease is hopelessness. The lawlessnessand poverty are only the obvious symptoms.
I’m notadvocating that we stop looking for incentives to move poor people towardself-sufficiency or that we stop punishing people for criminal behavior. Therewill always be some people who need help and some who deserve to be in jail.
All I’m sayingis that the long-term answer both to welfare and the crime that plagues ourcommunities is not to fine tune the welfare and criminal justice systems but toprevent our children from getting the disease of despair.
If we encourageour young people to believe in the future, and give them solid evidence forbelieving we’ll find both crime and poverty shrinking to manageableproportions.
48. What is the author’s attitude towardsClinton’s proposal to welfare?
A. Pessimistic.
B. Optimistic.
C. Suspicious.
D. Sarcastic.
49. It can be inferred from Para. 7 thatoptimum penalties are _____ tothe underclass.
A. hopeless
B. useless
C. frightening
D. humiliating
50. Which of the following is the mostappropriate title for the passage?
A. Lawlessnessand Poverty.
B. CriminalJustice System.
C. WelfareGrants.
D. Disease ofDespair.
【答案与解析】
【文章导读】
本文主要从我们社会中一直存在的两个机制：福利政策和刑事司法体系，来探讨社会上存在的贫穷和犯罪问题。文章最后得出结论，要长远地解决福利政策和困扰我们社会的犯罪行为，需要防止我们的孩子染上绝望这种疾病，要让他们相信，我们将会把犯罪和贫困减少到可控范围内。
【答案解析】
48.A 考点：态度题。根据题干中关键词Clinton’s proposal定位到第四段。第四段最后一句提到“PresidentClinton’s proposal to put a two-year limit on welfare”，作者在第五段接着对此进行评价，其中提到“I’m not all that hopeful.”并且指出其只是另一个试图控制人们达到自力更生的例子。由此可知，作者的态度是消极的，因此选A项。
49.B 考点：推断题。原文第七段第一句首先提到不可能存在完美的惩罚，并接着在第二句指出问题所在。由该句中的... while for members of the underclass, probation may be translatedas “I beat it. ”可知，对于下层民众来说，缓刑可能被解读为“我打败了法律。”也就是说法律对他们起的作用很少。因此选B项。
50.D 考点：主旨题。本文首先提出了社会中的两个方面：福利政策和刑事司法体系，接着文章开始具体阐述这两方面的具体内容，并且通过分析这两方面在社会中的局限，得出结论：我们不可能找到完美的福利政策和刑事司法体系，要从长远解决问题，必须防止我们的孩子染上绝望这种疾病。D项符合本文主旨，因此选D项。B项和C项只提到了某一个方面，排除。文中虽然提到了犯罪和贫困的问题，但这只是表层现象，文章探讨这一现象下更加深层的原因或者解决方法，因此A项不符合题意。
【全文翻译】
有两个方面几乎从未改变：你可以通过控制让人们自给自足，也可以通过惩罚使他们变成好公民。
第一个方面体现在我们不知疲倦地寻求一种神奇的状态，在这种状态下，我们能够得到的福利足够大，从而满足我们的基本需求，但又足够小以确保那些低收入的工作仍具有吸引力。第二个方面让我们寄希望于刑事司法体系，希望其来治疗任何因绝望而导致的行为。
福利方面的例子众所周知。我们不想让穷人生活在肮脏的环境中，也不想让他们的孩子营养不良。但我们也不愿补贴那些太懒而不想工作的人。第一个动因引导我们给有需求的家庭提供住房、食品救济券、医疗和现金津贴。第二个动因让我们思考“劳动力”。
我们一直在思考这个问题，原因有两个：两个高层政府官员的“保姆”问题（他们雇用非法入境的外国人作为家庭佣工，想必也是因为他们找不到美国人来做此工作），以及克林顿总统提议的关于福利方面的两年期限。
克林顿的想法或许会激发出一些有用的东西，但我不抱太大希望。在我看来，这只是另一个试图控制人们达到自力更生的例子。
在刑事司法方面，我们希望惩罚足够严厉以阻止犯罪，但又不希望太过严厉以至于把那些只犯了相对较小的错误的人投进监狱。判刑太短，我们担心会导致蔑视法律。判刑太长又会占用昂贵的空间，这些空间最好是用于惩罚那些暴力的、不知悔改的人。
我们不仅永远不会找到“完美”的惩罚，而且这一寻求过程还会因为我们对公平的渴望——希望罪罚相当——而变得复杂。问题是，几乎所有的惩罚——甚至包括那种被指控为罪犯的耻辱感——都足以阻止中产阶级犯罪，而对于下层民众来说，缓刑可能被解读为“我打败了法律。”
所以，如何能够使福利制度或刑事司法来产生我们想要的行为呢？我怀疑答案是：你不能。
我们一直试图利用福利和监狱改变人们——让他们按照我们的方式思考与行事——而事实是，这种激励只对那些思维方式已经和我们相同的人有用，他们用着眼于未来的视角看待当下的行为。
我们将会从事卑微的工作（如果那是所有我们能找到的），因为我们相信我们能让卑微的工作为我们服务。我们避免犯罪，不是因为我们是更好的人，而是因为我们将被发现视作摧毁未来的灾难。有一种信念指引着我们，即如果我们当下的行为适当，那么在将来会有好的事情发生在我们身上。即使在最糟糕的情况下，我们仍相信我们可以掌控自己的生活。
我们很难理解，并不是所有人都相信我们所相信的。福利救济人员名册上、监狱里以及城市中的贫民街上，到处都是已经放弃了自己未来的人。如果对未来不怀希望，努力做一份低收入的工作、在学校努力学习、取悦老板，或避孕都没有任何意义。致命的疾病是绝望的。目无法纪和贫穷只是其最明显的症状。
我不是鼓吹停止寻求激励措施以使穷人走向自给自足，或者停止惩罚犯罪。总会有一些人需要帮助，也总会有一些人应该进监狱。
我想说的是，要长远地解决福利政策和困扰我们社会的犯罪行为，答案不是微调福利和刑事法律体系，而是要防止我们的孩子染上绝望这种疾病。
如果我们鼓励年轻人相信未来，并给予他们可以相信的确凿证据，我们将会发现犯罪和贫困可以被减少到可控范围内。
SECTION B SHORT-ANSWERQUESTIONS
In thissection there are five short-answer questions based on the passages in SectionA. Answer the questions with No more than TEN words in the space provided onANSWER SHEET TWO.
PASSAGE ONE
51. In Para.4, what does the man mean bysaying “I had to bear my trouble”?
52. What can be inferred from the lastsentence of the passage?
【答案与解析】
51. I had to endure hunger and try not toeat.
(考点：语义题。第四段最后一句提到，“I could hardlykeep my wits together in the presence of that food, but as I was not asked tosample it, I had to bear my trouble as best as I could.”根据上文可知，“我”当时正处在非常饥饿的状态，所以当看到面前的食物却没有被邀请品尝时，只好努力忍住饥饿不去吃面前的食物，这也是文章中的“bear my trouble”的含义。)
52. I was chosen to try out themillion-pound note.
(推断题。最后一句提到“I finally became thepick of them.”，根据上文可知，两个兄弟在选择合适的人来试用一张百万大钞（the two brothers sat at the window a whole day watching for theright man to give it to）。由此可知，最后一句话是想说，“我”被这两个富人选中来试用那张百万大钞。)
PASSAGE TWO
53. Why does the UN use the olive branch inits symbol?
【答案与解析】
53. Because it symbolizes peace and unityin modern culture.
(考点：推断题。根据题干中的olive branch定位到对应子标题下的段落。该段落最后两句，其中提到“橄榄枝当今是很多旗帜上图案的一部分,象征着和平及团结。其中一个众所周知的例子就是联合国的符号。”由此可知，联合国采用橄榄枝标志是因为其代表了和平和团结。)
PASSAGE THREE
54. According to the author, what balanceshould we keep in welfare?
55. What does the author mean by saying “Even under the worst ofcircumstances, we believe we are in control of our lives” (Para. 10) ?
【答案与解析】
54. To make basic needs meet and low-paidwork attractive.
(考点：细节题。原文第二段第一句提到，“The firstmanifests itself in our tireless search for the magical level at which welfaregrants are big enough to meet basic needs but small enough to make low-paidwork attractive.”可知福利方面应该达到的平衡状态是既能满足基本需求，又能使得低收入的工作具有吸引力。)
55. Even taking low-paid jobs, we have hopefor the future.
(考点：推断题。第十段最后一句提到“Even under theworst of circumstances, we believe we are in control of our lives.”联系本段语境可知，这里最糟糕的情况指的是当我们不得不从事最卑微的工作时，而根据本段倒数第二句中提到的“有一种信念指引着我们，即如果我们当下的行为适当，那么在将来会有好的事情发生在我们身上。”，可推断最后一句中“we are in control of our lives”指的是对未来怀有希望。)
PARTVI　WRITING[45 MIN]
Readcarefully the following excerpt on term-time holiday arguments in the UK, andthen write your response in NO LESS THAN 200 words，in which you should:
●summarize the main message of theexcerpt, and then
●comment onwhether parents should take children out of school for holiday during term timein order to save money.
You should support yourself withinformation from the excerpt.
Marks will be awarded for content relevance, contentsufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the aboveinstructions may result in a loss of marks.

Term-time holidays will be banned Parents are to be banned by Michael Gove, UK’s Education Secretary, from taking their children out of school to save money on holidays. He is to abolish the right of head teachers to “authorise absence” from the classroom, which has been used to let families take term-time breaks, and will warn them they face fines for their children not being at school. “Any time out of school has the potential to damage a child’s education,” a senior source at the Department for Education said this weekend. “That is why the government will end the distinction between authorised and unauthorised absence.” “This is part of the government’s wider commitment to bring down truancy levels in our schools. There will also be stricter penalties for parents and schools.’’ The tough measures on truancy are part of a wider attempt by Mr. Gove to make education more academically rigorous and to tackle a culture in the educational establishment which he believes has accepted “excuses for failure”. Russell Hobby, the general secretary of the National Association of Head Teachers, said the measure would discourage parents from trying to put pressure on heads to sanction term time holidays. “The high cost of holidays outside of term time is still an issue but ultimately a child’s education is more important than a holiday,” he said.

Write your response on ANSWER SHEET THREE.
【参考范文】
【审题构思】
本题要求讨论家长为了省钱而在学校上学期间带孩子外出旅行的做法，根据材料可知，英国将出台政策对这类行为进行禁止，认为学生的学习是最重要的。考生行文时应该首先对材料内容进行总结，然后发表自己的看法，如果认为父母可以在学校上课期间带小孩出去旅行，那么应该着重讲旅行的好处，或者指明旅行和教育并不冲突等等。而如果对这种做法持反对态度，则应该强调教育的重要性，指明这一行为对孩子的学习、对学校工作等产生负面影响。

【参考范文】 Term-time Holidays Should Be Banned (1) According to the excerpt, UK, in order to bring down the school truancy① levels, will ban term-time holidays. The cheaper cost is the main reason why parents want the (2) family holiday during the term time, but the general secretary of the National Association of Head Teachers thinks that education is more important any way. (3) As far as I am concerned, education is more important, and parents shouldn’t jeopardize② their children’s education and take their children out for holiday during term time. (4)First, for parents, they should set a good example, realizing that education comes first. Just imagine, if you, as a parent, can (5)ask for a leave for your kids just for a cheaper holiday, how can you require your children to understand the importance of schooling and studying? Education is so important for children’s growth and development that parents, instead, should encourage their children to follow the school schedule. (6)Second, for the children, to take a holiday during term time means that they should spend more time later to catch up with other students, which will in result③ lead to more study burden. (7)Thirdly, school is an educational institution which operates well only if all students can follow its rules and their parents can cooperate④ with the teachers and the school. Taking a child out of school during school session⑤will disturb the work of the school and finally influence the whole education system. (8)All in all, taking children out of school during term time just for the sake of⑥ a cheaper holiday is an irresponsible behavior and should be banned.

【行文点评】 (1)第一段总结材料内容，英国政府将禁止家长在学校上课期间带小孩出去旅行。 (2)family holiday家庭假期。 (3)通过As far as I am concerned，表明自己的观点：父母不应该在上课期间带孩子出去旅游。 (4)从父母的角度出发，指明该行为会影响孩子学习的态度。 (5)ask for a leave请假。 (6)从孩子的角度出发，表明该行为会加重孩子的学习负担。 (7)从学校的工作开展出发，说明该行为给教育工作带来的影响。 (8)最后一段重申观点，指出父母为了省钱，在学校上课期间带孩子出去旅游是一种不负责任的表现。

【闪光词汇】
①truancy[?tru:?nsi] n. 旷课，逃学
②jeopardize['d?ep?da?z] v.. 危害，危及
③inresult 结果，因此
④cooperate[k??'?p?re?t] v.. 合作，配合
⑤schoolsession 学校上课期间
⑥forthe sake of 为了；为了……的利益
【经典句型】
1. The cheaper cost is the main reason why parents want the familyholiday during the term time…更便宜的费用花销是父母想要在学校上课期间进行家庭旅游的原因……
2. …to take a holiday during term time meansthat they should spend more time later to catch up with other students, whichwill in result lead to more study burden. ……在学期期间旅游意味着他们之后需要花更多的时间来赶上其他同学，这结果导致了学习负担加重。
3. …school is an educational institution whichoperates well only if all students can follow its rules and their parents cancooperate with the teachers and the school.……学校是一个教育机构，只有所有学生都能遵守规则，并且父母能够与老师和学校进行合作，学校才能很好地开展工作。

下载地址:http://free.100xuexi.com/Ebook/133189.html

欢迎光临 Free考研资料 (http://tool.freekaoyan.com/)