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标题: 2017年新托福题库【历年真题＋章节题库＋模拟试题】 [打印本页]

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作者: ooo    时间: 17-8-13 16:00
标题: 2017年新托福题库【历年真题＋章节题库＋模拟试题】
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目录                                                                                        封面
内容简介
目录
第一部分　真题精选及详解【听力音频】
　　新托福考试真题精选及详解（一）
　　新托福考试真题精选及详解（二）
第二部分　章节题库【听力音频】
　第1章　阅　读
　　◆生命科学类
　　◆自然科学类
　　◆历史地理类
　　◆艺术文学类
　　◆社会科学类
　第2章　听　力【听力音频】
　　◆对　话
　　◆讲　座
　第3章　口　语【听力音频】
　　◆Independent Task 1（Personal Free Choice）
　　◆Independent Task 2 (Personal Paired Choice)
　　◆Integrated Task 3 (Campus Situation)
　　◆Integrated Task 4 (Academic Situation)
　　◆Integrated Task 5 (Problem & Solutions)
　　◆Integrated Task 6 (Lecture & Summary)
　第4章　综合写作【听力音频】
　　◆教育文化类
　　◆历史地理类
　　◆科学领域类
　　◆资源环境类
　　◆社会热点类
　第5章　独立写作
　　◆教育学习类
　　◆工作就业类
　　◆个人成功类
　　◆艺术文化类
　　◆娱乐休闲类
　　◆环境话题类
　　◆朋友关系类
　　◆科技进步类
　　◆社会生活类
　　◆媒体传播类
第三部分　模拟试题及详解【听力音频】
　　新托福考试模拟试题及详解（一）
　　新托福考试模拟试题及详解（二）
                                                                                                                                                                                                    内容简介                                                                                            
为帮助考生顺利通过新托福（TOEFL iBT）考试，我们根据美国教育考试服务中心(简称ETS)为新托福考试编写的官方指南，并完全按照新托福的考试标准，精心编著了“新托福（TOEFL iBT）考试”辅导系列丛书。本套丛书融题型分析、技巧点拨、强化训练、答案详解为一体，目的是让考生快速了解考试内容，把握命题规律，做到有针对性地复习，并且通过强化训练，实现高分突破。本套丛书如下（均提供免费下载，免费升级）。
新托福题库包括真题精选、章节练习和模拟试题三部分。
具体如下：
第一部分为真题精选。精选新托福两套真题，考生既可以体验真实考试，也可以测试自己的水平。每道真题均提供名师详细解析。最新历年真题，可免费升级获得。
第二部分为章节练习。遵循新托福的考试标准，按照最新真题题型的章目编排，共分为五章：阅读、听力（对话和讲座）、口语（Independent Task 1、Independent Task 2、Integrated Task 3等）、综合写作和独立写作。
第三部分为模拟试题。由新托福考试辅导名师根据改革后的托福考试的命题规律及热门考点进行考前预测，其试题数量、试题难度完全仿真最新真题。

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内容预览
第一部分　真题精选及详解【听力音频】
新托福考试真题精选及详解（一）
Reading Section
Directions
The Reading section tests your ability to understandreading passages like those in college textbooks. The passages are about 700words in length.
This is the short format for the Reading section. On theshort format, you will read three passages. After each passage, you will answer12-14 questions about it. You may take notes while you read, but notes are notgraded. You may use your notes to answer the questions. Some passages mayinclude a word or phrase that is underlined in blue. Click on the word orphrase to see a glossary definition or explanation.
Choose the best answer for multiple-choice questions. Followthe directions on the page or on the screen for computer-assisted questions. Mostquestions are worth 1 point, but the last question in each passage is worthmore than 1 point.
The Reading section is divided into parts. Click on Nextto go to the next question. Click on Back to return to previous questions. You may returnto previous questions for all of the passages in the same part, but after yougo to the next part, you will not be able to return to passages in the previouspart. Be sure that you have answered all of the questions for the passages ineach part before you click on Next at the end of the passage to move to the nextpart.
You can click on Review to see a chart of the questions you haveanswered and the questions you have not answered in each part. From this screen,you can return to the question you want to answer in the part that is open.
You will have 20 minutes to read each passage and answer thequestions for that passage. You will have 60 minutes to complete all of thepassages and answer all of the questions on the short format. A clock on thescreen will show you how much time you have to complete the Reading section.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF REFRIGERATION
[1] Cold storage, or refrigeration, is keeping food attemperatures between 32 and 45 degrees F in order to delay the growth ofmicroorganisms—bacteria, molds, and yeast— that cause food to spoil.Refrigeration produces few changes in food, so meats, fish, eggs, milk, fruits,and vegetables keep their original flavor, color, and nutrition. Before artificialrefrigeration was invented, people storedperishable food with ice or snow to lengthen its storage time.Preserving food by keeping it in an ice-filled pit is a 4,000-year-old art.Cold storage areas were built in basements, cellars, or caves, lined with woodor straw, and packed with ice. The ice was transported from mountains, orharvested from local lakes or rivers, and delivered in large blocks to homesand businesses.
[2] Artificial refrigeration is the process of removingheat from a substance, container, or, enclosed area, to lower its temperature.The heat is moved from the inside of the container to the outside. Arefrigerator uses the evaporation of a volatile liquid, or refrigerant, toabsorb heat. In most types of refrigerators, the refrigerant is compressed,pumped through a pipe, and allowed to vaporize. Asthe liquid turns to vapor, it loses heat and gets colder because the moleculesof vapor use energy to leave the liquid. The molecules left behind haveless energy and so the liquid becomes colder. Thus, the air inside therefrigerator is chilled.
[3] Scientists and inventors from around the worlddeveloped artificial refrigeration during the eighteenth and nineteenthcenturies. William Cullen demonstrated artificial refrigeration in Scotland in1748, when he let ethyl ether boil into a partial vacuum. In 1805, American inventorOliver Evans designed the first refrigeration machine that used vapor insteadof liquid. In 1842, physician John Gorrie used Evans’s design to create anair-cooling apparatus to treat yellow-fever patients in a Florida hospital.Gorrie later left his medical practice and experimented with ice making, and in1851 he was granted the first U.S. patent for mechanical refrigeration. In thesame year, an Australian printer, James Harrison, built an ether refrigeratorafter noticing that when he cleaned his type with ether it became very cold as the ether evaporated. Five years later,Harrison introduced vapor-compression refrigeration to the brewing andmeatpacking industries.
[4] Brewing was the first industry in the United States touse mechanical refrigeration extensively, and in the 1870s, commercialrefrigeration was primarily directed at breweries. German-born Adolphus Buschwas the first to use artificial refrigeration at his brewery in St. Louis.Before refrigeration, brewers stored their beer in caves, and production was constrained by the amount of available cavespace. Brewing was strictly a local business, since beer was highly perishableand shipping it any distance would result in spoilage. Busch solved the storageproblem with the commercial vapor-compression refrigerator. He solved theshipping problem with the newly invented refrigerated railcar, which wasinsulated with ice bunkers in each end. Air came in on the top, passed throughthe bunkers, and circulated through the car by gravity. In solving Busch’sspoilage and storage problems, refrigeration also revolutionized an entireindustry. By 1891, nearly every brewery was equipped with mechanicalrefrigerating machines.
[5] The refrigerators of today rely on the same basicprinciple of cooling caused by the rapid evaporation and expansion of gases. Until1929, refrigerators used toxic gases— ammonia,methyl chloride, and sulfur dioxide—as refrigerants. After those gases accidentallykilled several people, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) became the standardrefrigerant. However, they were found to be harmful to the earth’s ozone layer,so refrigerators now use a refrigerant called HFC 134a, which is less harmfulto the ozone.
1. What is the main reason that people developed methods ofrefrigeration?
(A) They wanted to improve the flavor and nutritional valueof food.
(B) They needed to slow the natural processes that causefood to spoil.
(C) They needed a use for the ice that formed on lakes andrivers.
(D) They wanted to expand the production of certainindustries.
2. The word perishable inparagraph 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) capable of spoiling
(B) uncooked
(C) of animal origin
(D) highly nutritious
3. What can be inferred from paragraph 1 aboutcold storage before the invention of artificial refrigeration?
(A) It kept food cold for only about a week.
(B) It was dependent on a source of ice or snow.
(C) It required a container made of metal or wood.
(D) It was not a safe method of preserving meat.
4. Artificial refrigeration involves all of the followingprocesses EXCEPT
(A) the pumping of water vapor through a pipe
(B) the rapid expansion of certain gases
(C) the evaporation of a volatile liquid
(D) the transfer of heat from one place to another
5. Which sentence below best expresses the essentialinformation in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 2? Incorrect choiceschange the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) It takes a lot of energy to transform a liquid into avapor, especially when the vapor loses heat.
(B) Some gases expand rapidly and give off energy when theyencounter a very cold liquid.
(C) When kinetic energy is changed to heat energy, liquidmolecules turn into vapor molecules.
(D) During evaporation, the vapor molecules use energy, andthe liquid becomes colder.
6. According to the passage, who was the first personto use artificial refrigeration for a practical purpose?
(A) William Cullen
(B) Oliver Evans
(C) John Gorrie
(D) Adolphus Busch
7. The word it inparagraph 3 refers to
(A) printer
(B) refrigerator
(C) type
(D) ether
8. Why does the author discuss the brewing industryin paragraph 4?
(A) To compare cave storage with mechanical refrigeration
(B) To describe the unique problems that brewers faced
(C) To praise the accomplishments of a prominent brewer
(D) To show how refrigeration changed a whole industry
9. The word constrainedin paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) restricted
(B) spoiled
(C) improved
(D) alternated
10. According to the passage, the firstrefrigerated railcar used what material as a cooling agent?
(A) Ether
(B) Ice
(C) Ammonia
(D) CFCs
11. The word toxicin paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) dense
(B) poisonous
(C) rare
(D) expensive
12. Look at the four squares, [A], [B], [C], and [D], which indicate where the following sentencecould be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?
Gorrie’s basic principle of compressing a gas, and thensending it through radiating coils to cool it, is the one most often used inrefrigerators today.
[3] Scientists and inventors from around theworld developed artificial refrigeration during the eighteenth and nineteenthcenturies. [A]WilliamCullen demonstrated artificial refrigeration in Scotland in 1748, when he letethyl ether boil into a partial vacuum. In 1805, American inventor Oliver Evansdesigned the first refrigeration machine that used vapor instead of liquid. [B]In 1842, physician John Gorrie used Evans’sdesign to create an air- cooling apparatus to treat yellow-fever patients in aFlorida hospital. [C]Gorrie later left his medical practice and experimented with ice making,and in 1851 he was granted the first U.S. patent for mechanical refrigeration. [D]In the same year, an Australian printer, JamesHarrison, built an ether refrigerator after noticing that when he cleaned his typewith ether it became very cold as the ether evaporated. Five years later,Harrison introduced vapor-compression refrigeration to the brewing andmeatpacking industries.
13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary ofthe passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREEanswer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Somesentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presentedin the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Methods of refrigeration have changed throughout history.

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Answer Choices

(A) A refrigerator has an evaporator that  makes the inside of the refrigerator cold.  (B) People used to preserve food by packing it  with ice or snow in cold storage areas.  (C) Artificial refrigeration was made possible  by the compression and evaporation of a volatile substance.

(D) William Cullen developed a method of  artificial refrigeration in 1748.  (E) Practical uses of vapor-compression  refrigeration were introduced in the nineteenth century.  (F) CFCs have not been used as refrigerants  since they were found to damage the earth’s ozone layer.

Drag your answerchoices to the spaces where they belong.
To remove an answerchoice, click on it. To review the passage, click View Text.
“Beowulf”
Historical Background
[1] The epic poem Beowulf, written in Old English, is theearliest existing Ger- manic epic and one of four surviving Anglo-Saxonmanuscripts. Although Beowulf was written by an anonymous Englishman in OldEnglish, the tale takes place in that part of Scandinavia from which Germanic tribes emigrated to England. Beowulfcomes from Geatland, the southeastern part of what is now Sweden. Hrothgar, kingof the Danes, lives near what is now Leire, on Zealand, Denmark’s largestisland. The Beowulf epic contains three major tales about Beowulf and severalminor tales that reflect a rich Germanic oral tradition of myths, legends, andfolklore.
[2] The Beowulf warriors have a foot in both the Bronze andIron Ages. Their mead-halls reflect the wealthy living of the Bronze Age Northmen,and their wooden shields, wood-shafted spears, and bronze-hilted swords arethose of the Bronze Age warrior. However, they carry iron-tipped spears, andtheir best swords have iron or iron-edged blades. Beowulf also orders an ironshield for his fight with a dragon. Iron replaced bronze because it produced ablade with a cutting edge that was stronger and sharper. The Northmen learnedhow to forge iron in about 500 B. C. Although they had been superior to theEuropean Celts in bronze work, it was the Celts who taught them how to make anddesign iron work. Iron was accessible everywhere in Scandinavia, usually in theform of “bog-iron” found in the layers of peat in peat bogs.
[3] The Beowulf epic also reveals interesting aspects ofthe lives of the Anglo- Saxons who lived in England at the time of theanonymous Beowulf poet. The Germanic tribes, including the Angles, the Saxons, andthe Jutes, invaded England from about A.D. 450 to 600. By the time of the Beowulf poet, Anglo-Saxon society, in England wasneither primitive nor uncultured. [A]
[4] Although the Beowulf manuscript was written in about A.D. 1000, it was not discovered until the seventeenth century. [B] Scholars do not know whether Beowulf is thesole surviving epic from a flourishing Anglo-Saxon literary period thatproduced other great epics or whether it was uniqueeven in its own time. [C] Many scholars think that the epic was probably written sometime betweenthe late seventh century and the early ninth century. If they are correct, theoriginal manuscript was probably lost during the ninth-century Viking invasionsof Anglia, in which the Danes destroyed the Anglo-Saxon monasteries and theirgreat libraries. However, other scholars think that the poet’s favorableattitude toward the Danes must place the epic’s composition after the Vikinginvasions and at the start of the eleventh century, when this Beowulfmanuscript was written.
[5] The identity of the Beowulf poet is also uncertain. [D] He apparentlywas a Christian who loved the pagan heroic tradition of his ancestors andblended the values of the pagan hero with the Christian values of his owncountry and time. Because he wrote in the Anglian dialect, he probably waseither a monk in a monastery or a poet in an Anglo-Saxon court located north ofthe Thames River.
Appeal and Value
[6] Beowulf interests contemporary readers for many reasons.First, it is an outstanding adventure story. Grendel, Grendel’smother, and the dragon are marvelous characters, and each fight is unique, action-packed,and exciting. Second, Beowulf is a very appealing hero. He is the perfectwarrior, combining extraordinary strength, skill, courage, and loyalty. LikeHercules, he devotes his life to making the world a safer place. He chooses torisk death in order to help other people, and he faces his inevitable deathwith heroism and dignity. Third, the Beowulf poet is interested in thepsychological aspects of human behavior. For example, the Danish hero’swelcoming speech illustrates his jealousy of Beowulf. The behavior of Beowulf’swarriors in the dragon fight reveals their cowardice. Beowulf’s attitudestoward heroism reflect his maturity and experience, while King Hrothgar’sattitudes toward life show the experiences of an aged nobleman.
[7] Finally, the Beowulf poet exhibitsa mature appreciation of the transitory nature of human life andachievement. In Beowulf, as in the major epics of other cultures, the hero mustcreate a meaningful life in a world that is often dangerous and uncaring. Hemust accept the inevitability of death. He chooses to reject despair; instead, he takes pride in himself and in hisaccomplishments, and he values human relationships.
14. According to paragraph 1, which of thefollowing is true about Beowulf?
(A) It is the only manuscript from the Anglo-Saxon period.
(B) The original story was written in a German dialect.
(C) The author did not sign his name to the poem.
(D) It is one of several epics from the first century.
15. The word whichin the passage refers to
(A)tale
(B) Scandinavia
(C) manuscripts
(D) Old English
16.Why does the author mention “bog-iron” in paragraph 2?
(A) To demonstrate the availability of iron in Scandinavia
(B) To prove that iron was better than bronze for weapons
(C) To argue that the Celts provided the materials to makeiron
(D) To suggest that 500 B. C. was the date that the IronAge began
17. Which of the sentences below best expressesthe information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choiceschange the meaning or leave out important information.
(A) Society in Anglo-Saxon England was both advanced andcultured.
(B) The society of the Anglo-Saxons was not primitive orcultured.
(C) The Anglo-Saxons had a society that was primitive, notcultured.
(D) England during the Anglo-Saxon society was advanced, notcultured.
18. The word uniquein the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) old
(B) rare
(C) perfect
(D) weak
19. According to paragraph 4, why do manyscholars believe that the original manuscript for Beowulf was lost?
(A) Because it is not like other manuscripts
(B) Because many libraries were burned
(C) Because the Danes were allies of the Anglo-Saxons
(D) Because no copies were found in monasteries
20. In paragraph 4, the author suggests thatBeowulf was discovered in the
(A) first century
(B) ninth century
(C) eleventh century
(D) seventeenth century
21. Why does the author of this passage use theword “apparently” in paragraph 5?
(A) He is not certain that the author of Beowulf was aChristian.
(B) He is mentioning facts that are obvious to the readers.
(C) He is giving an example from a historical reference.
(D) He is introducing evidence about the author of Beowulf.
22. The author compared the Beowulf character toHercules because
(A) they are both examples of the ideal hero
(B) their adventures with a dragon are very similar
(C) the speeches that they make are inspiring
(D) they lived at about the same time
23. The word exhibitsin the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) creates
(B) demonstrates
(C) assumes
(D) terminates
24. The word rejectin the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) manage
(B) evaluate
(C) refuse
(D) confront
25. Look at the four squares [■] that show wherethe following sentence could be inserted in the passage.
Moreover, they disagree as to whether this Beowulf is a copyof an earlier manuscript. Wherecould the sentence best be added?
Click on a square [■] to insert thesentence in the passage.
26. Directions: An introduction for a short summary of thepassage appears below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoices that mention the most important points in the passage. Some sentencesdo not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not includedin the passage or are minor points from the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Beowulf isthe oldest Anglo-Saxon epic poem that has survived to the present day.

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Answer Choices

(A) The Northmen were adept in crafting tools  and weapons made of bronze, but the Celts were superior in designing and  working in iron.   (B) In the Viking invasions of England, the  Danish armies destroyed monasteries, some of which contained extensive  libraries.   (C) King Hrothgar and Beowulf become friends  at the end of their lives, after having spent decades opposing each other on  the battlefield.

(D) The poem chronicles life in Anglo-Saxon  society during the Bronze and Iron Ages when Germanic tribes were invading  England.   (E) Although Beowulf was written by an  anonymous poet, probably a Christian, about 1000 A.D., it was not found until  the seventeenth century.   (F) Beowulf is still interesting because it  has engaging characters, an adventurous plot, and an appreciation for human  behavior and relationships.

Drag your answerchoices to the spaces where they belong.
To remove an answerchoice, click on it. To review the passage, click View Text.
New Women of the Ice Age
[1] The status of women in a society depends in largemeasure on their role in the economy. The reinterpretation of the Paleolithicpast centers on new views of the role of women in the food-foraging economy. Amassingcritical and previously overlooked evidence from Dolni Vestonice and theneighboring site of Pavlov, researchers Olga Softer, James Adovasio, and DavidHyland now propose that human survival there had little to do with men hurlingspears at big-game animals. Instead, observes Softer, one of the world’sleading authorities on Ice Age hunters and gatherers and an archeologist at theUniversity of Illinois in Champaign-Urbana, itdepended largely on women, plants, and a technique of hunting previouslyinvisible in the archeological evidence—net hunting. “ This is not the image we’ve always had of UpperPaleolithic macho guys out killing animals up close and personal,” Softer explains. “Nethunting is communal, and it involves the labor of children and women. And thishas lots of implications.”
[2] Many of these implicationsmake her conservative colleagues cringe because they raise serious questionsabout the focus of previous studies. European archeologists have longconcentrated on analyzing broken stone tools and butchered big-game bones, themost plentiful and best preserved relics of the Upper Paleolithic era (whichstretched from 40,000 to 12,000 years ago). From these analyses, researchershave developed theories about how these societies once hunted and gathered food.Most researchers ruled out the possibility of women hunters for biologicalreasons. Adult females, they reasoned, had to devote themselves tobreast-feeding and tending infants. “Human babies have always been immature and dependent,” says Softer. “If womenare the people who are always involved with biological reproduction and therearing of the young, then that is going to constraintheir behavior. They have to provision that child. For fathers, provisioning isoptional.”
[3] To test theories about Upper Paleolithic life, researcherslooked to ethnography, the scientific description of modern and historicalcultural groups. While the lives of modern hunters do not exactly duplicatethose of ancient hunters, they supply valuable clues to universal humanbehavior. In many historical societies, Soffer observes, women played a key partin net hunting, since the technique did not call for brute strength nor did itplace young mothers in physical peril.Among Australian Aborigines, for example, women as well as men knotted the mesh,laboring for as much as two or three years on a fine net. Among Native Americangroups, they helped lay out their handiwork on poles across a valley floor. Thenthe entire camp joined forces as beaters. Fanning out across the valley, men, women,and children alike shouted and screamed, flushing out game and driving it inthe direction of the net. “Everybodyand their mother could participate,” saysSofter. “Some people were beating, others werescreaming or holding the net. And once you got the net on these animals, theywere immobilized. You didn’t need brute force. You could club them, hit themany old way.”
[4] People seldom returned home empty-handed. Researchersliving among the net hunting Mbuti in the forests of the Congo report that theycapture game every time they lay out their woven traps, scooping up 50 percentof the animals encountered. “Netsare a far more valued item in their panoply of food-producing things than bowsand arrows are,” says Adovasio. So lethal arethese traps that the Mbuti generally rack up more meat than they can consume, tradingthe surplus with neighbors. Other net hunters traditionally smoked or driedtheir catch and stored it for leaner times.
[5] [A] Softer doubts that the inhabitants of Dolni Vestonice and Pavlov werethe only net makers in Ice Age Europe. [B] Camps stretching from Germany to Russia are littered with a notableabundance of small-game bones, from hares to birds like ptarmigan. And at leastsome of their inhabitants whittled bone tools that look much like the awls andnet spacers favored by historical net makers. [C]
[6] Although the full range of their activities is unlikelyever to be known for certain, there is good reason to believe that Ice Agewomen played a host of powerful roles. [D]And the research that suggeststhose roles is rapidly changing our mental images of the past. For Softer andothers, these are exciting times.
27. How do Soffer’s theories compare with thoseof more conservative researchers?
(A) They are in agreement for the most partregarding the activities that women performed.
(B) Softer has based her theories onarcheological evidence that her colleagues had not considered.
(C) Conservative researchers are doubtful about the studiesof stone tools and big-game bones.
(D) Her theories are much more difficult toprove because she relies on modern cultural evidence.
28.The word [it] in the passage refers to
(A) evidence
(B) survival
(C) site
(D) technique
29. The word implicationin the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) defects
(B) advantages
(C) suggestions
(D) controversies
30. What can be inferred about Dr. Softer fromparagraph 2?
(A) She does not agree that women should be theprimary caretakers for children.
(B) She is probably not as conservative in herviews as many of her colleagues.
(C) She is most likely a biologist who is doingresearch on European women.
(D) She has recently begun studying hunting andgathering in the Upper Paleolithic era.
31. The word constrainin the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) limit
(B) plan
(C) notice
(D) improve
32. Which of the sentences below best expressesthe information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choiceschange the meaning or leave out important information.
(A) Historically, net hunting was considered toodangerous for women because it required physical strength that they did notpossess.
(B) Women throughout history have participatedin societies by teaching their children how to use net hunting.
(C) In many societies, the women did notparticipate in net hunting because hunting was an exception to historicaltraditions.
(D) Because, historically, net hunting was notperilous and did not require great strength, women have been importantparticipants in it.
33. Based on the information in paragraph 3, whichof the following best explains the term “net hunting”?
(A) An approach to hunting developed byAustralian fishermen
(B) A very dangerous method of hunting largeanimals
(C) A way for the camp to protect women andchildren from wild animals
(D) A hunting technique that includes the entirecommunity
34.Why does the author mention “Native American and Aborigine” groups in paragraph 3?
(A) To give examples of modern groups in whichwomen participate in net hunting
(B) To demonstrate how net hunting should becarried out in modern societies
(C) To describe net hunting techniques thatprotect the women in the group
(D) To contrast their net hunting techniqueswith those of the people in the Congo
35. According to paragraph 4, which of thefollowing is true about hunting in the Congo?
(A) The Mbuti value their nets almost as much astheir bows and arrows.
(B) Trade with other tribes is limited becauseall food must be stored.
(C) Net hunters are successful in capturing halfof their prey.
(D) Vegetables are the staple part of the dietfor the Mbuti people.　
36. According to paragraph 5, why does Softerconclude that net hunting was widespread in Europe during the Ice Age?
(A) Because there are a lot of small game stillliving in Europe
(B) Because tools to make nets have been foundin camps throughout Europe
(C) Because the bones of small animals werefound in Dolni Vestonice and Pavlov
(D) Because German and Russian researchers haveverified her data
37. The word rolesin the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) problems
(B) developments
(C) locations
(D) functions
38. Look at the four squares [■] that show wherethe following sentence could be inserted in the passage.
Such findings, agree Softer and Adovasio, reveal just howshaky the most widely accepted reconstructions of Upper Paleolithic life are.
Where could the sentence best be added?
Click on a square [■] to insert thesentence in the passage.
39. Directions:An introduction for a short summaryof the passage appears below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREEanswer choices that mention the most important points in the passage. Somesentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are notincluded in the passage or are minor points from the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Although previous studies denied theparticipation of women in hunting parties during the Paleolithic era, morerecent research provides evidence that they were involved in important hunts.

●

●

●

Answer Choices

(A) The Upper Paleolithic era extended from  40,000 to 12,000 years ago, a time also referred to as the Ice Age.  (B) Net hunting involves the entire community,  including women and children as well as men in the hunt for animals.  (C) Australian Aborigines work for as many as  three years weaving and knotting a net for hunting small game.

(D) Modern net hunting in the Congo and  Australia supports new theories that identify women as participants in  Paleolithic hunting.  (E) The introduction of farming methods during  the agricultural revolution changed the status of women.  (F) Paleolithic sites such as Dolni Vestonice  and Pavlov provide evidence of net hunting that was previously overlooked.

Drag your answerchoices to the spaces where they belong.
To remove an answerchoice, click on it. To review the passage, click View Text.
Listening Section
Directions 　

The Listening section measures your ability to understandconversations and lectures in English. You will hear each conversation andlecture only one time. After each conversation of lecture, you will hear somequestions about it. Answer all questions based on what the speakers state orimply.
You may take notes while you listen. You may use your notesto help you answer the questions.
Most questions have four possible answers. In somequestions, you will see this icon:

This means that you will hear, but not see, partof the question.
Some questions have special directions, which appear in agray box. Most questions are worth one point. If a question is worth more thanone point, special directions will indicate how many points you can receive.
You have approximately 40 minutes to complete the Listeningsection. This includes the time for listening to the conversations and lecturesand for answering the questions.
To make this practice more like the real test, cover thequestions and answers during each conversation and lecture. When you hear thefirst question, uncover the questions and answers.
Section 1
QUESTIONS l—5



　

1. Why does thewoman go to the campus newspaper office?
(A) She wants tothank the editor for helping her get a job.
(B) She wouldlike the editor’s opinion of a story she wrote.
(C) She isinquiring about writing arts reviews for the paper.
(D) She is askingthe editor to endorse a sample of her writing.
2. Why does theman say this:

(A) To describethe type of story that the campus paper prints
(B) To suggestthat she change her academic major to journalism
(C) To explainwhy the campus paper has an excellent reputation
(D) To informher that the paper does not need another reviewer
3. Listen again topart of the conversation. Then answer the question.
What does theman mean when he says this:

(A) He probablycannot offer her a job now.
(B) The journalismdepartment has strict rules.
(C) He usuallyhires only journalism students.
(D) The collegemay stop having a newspaper.
4. What does theman say about the city newspaper?
(A) The citypaper has a larger budget than the campus paper.
(B) His formerjob was features editor for the city paper.
(C) Sometimesthe city paper prints stories written by students.
(D) The citypaper prefers writers who have a journalism degree.
5. What will thewoman probably do?
(A) Writeconcert and film reviews for the campus Paper
(B) Change herfield of study from English to journalism
(C) Go to thejournalism department to ask for a job
(D) Contact thecity newspaper about writing book reviews
QUESTIONS 6—11


　

6.What is the lecture mainly about?
(A) Thecomponents of the immune system
(B) Why somepeople are immune from disease
(C) A severetype of immune response
(D) Dangers ofdifferent types of shock
7. According to the professor, what caninitiate anaphylaxis?
Click on two answers.
(A) Alcohol
(B) Bee venom
(C) Peanuts
(D) A virus
8. Why does the professor tell a story abouta little girl at a birthday party?
(A) To find outwhich students have children
(B) To frightenthe class with facts about bees
(C) To changethe topic of the discussion
(D) To stressthe serious effects of an allergy
9.Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question.
Why does theprofessor say this:

(A) To stressthe mysterious nature of severe immune responses
(B) To arguethat anaphylaxis is mainly the result of bad luck
(C) To point outthat scientists disagree over what causes allergies
(D) To suggestthat people are crazy to eat offending substances
10. The professor describes what happensduring anaphylactic shock. Indicatewhether each sentence below is a step in the process.
For each sentence, clickin the correct box.

11. What can be inferred about survivinganaphylaxis?
(A) It isimpossible for children to survive anaphylaxis.
(B) Only a fewpeople have ever survived anaphylaxis.
(C) Survivaldepends on immediate medical treatment.
(D) Theprofessor knows someone who survived the disease.
QUESTIONS l2—l7



　

12.What is the main purpose of the talk?
(A) To explainwhy anthropologists study the home
(B) To describehow early people built shelters
(C) To tracethe evolution of home design
(D) To evaluatevarious home-building materials
13. The professor briefly describes developments in home building.Put the developments in the order in which they occurred.
Drag each answer to the space where it belongs.
(A) Roundstructure built of stone
(B) Buildingwith multiple living units
(C) Round hutmade of branches and leaves
(D) Box-shapedstructure with four walls

14.According to the professor why was the box shape a major development in homebuilding?
(A) It waseasier to build than the round shape.
(B) It led tothe invention of the window.
(C) It could bebuilt in a shorter length of time.
(D) It allowedrooms to be joined to one
15.According to the professor, what ancient features still exist in the homes oftoday?
Click on two answers.
(A) Hallway
(B) Outerboundary
(C) Garden
(D) Roundwindow
16.Why does the professor say this:

(A) Toillustrate the social importance of the hallway
(B) To explainhow walls determine who may enter a room
(C) To pointout that homes are larger than in the past
(D) To describethe flow of traffic in the typical home
17.What does the professor imply about the rooms inside the homes of today?
(A) They havethe same functions as those in ancient homes.
(B) They aremore often round than box-shaped.
(C) They arearranged to progress from public to private.
(D) They areforbidden to any person outside the family.
Section 2
QUESTIONS l8-22



　

18. What is the main subject of theconversation?
(A) Theimportance of pure water
(B) Factorsthat affect the color of water
(C) How thehuman eye perceives color
(D) The colorsof the light spectrum
19. What-does the student mean when she saysthis：

(A) She doesnot believe that water is colorless.
(B) She hasdifficulty seeing certain colors.
(C) It ispossible to see through water only if it is clear.
(D) It isinteresting to look at things underwater.
20.Listen again to part of the conversation. Then answer the question.
Why does thestudent say this：

(A) To expressher fear of very deep water
(B) To explainwhy she likes the color of the ocean
(C) To changethe topic of the conversation
(D) To checkher understanding of what the tutor said
21.According to the conversation, what factors influence the color of water?
Click on two answers.
(A) Waves onthe surface
(B) The depthof the water
(C) Sedimentsin the water
(D) The watertemperature
22. What can be inferred about a lake withbrown water?
(A) The lake isnot safe for swimming.
(B) The lakehas a sandy bottom.
(C) The watercontains suspended particles.
(D) The wateris very deep in the center of the lake.
QUESTIONS 23—28


　

23. According to the professor, how didchildren acquire their culture throughout most of history?
(A) Byexperiencing life in another country
(B) By watchingcultural programs on television
(C) By going tothe museum and the library
(D) Bylistening to parents and grandparents
24. What does the professor mean by the term “culturalnarrator”?
(A) The voicethat tells a story on a television program
(B) The mediumthat conveys a culture’s values and beliefs
(C) A book thatis considered a classic in its field
(D) A scholarwho states theories about popular culture
25. According to the professor, why didMarshall McLuhan study popular culture?
(A) McLuhanwanted to understand the values of his students.
(B) McLuhanneeded an interesting topic for his dissertation.
(C) McLuhanwanted to write stories for a popular magazine.
(D) McLuhanenjoyed watching television with his family.
26. What is the professor’s opinion of TheMedium is the Message?
(A) It is agood source of information about cultural history.
(B) Its ideasare becoming less relevant today than in the past.
(C) It was thefirst book to argue that television was bad for society.
(D) It willinfluence how the students think about communication.
27.Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question.
Why does theprofessor say this:

(A) To comparedifferent ways of conveying a message
(B) To explainan important theory of communications
(C) To showthat miscommunication is a serious problem
(D) Tointroduce a controversial topic of conversation
28.Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question.
What does theprofessor imply about the effects of the media on society?

(A) The mediadid not affect society before the twentieth century.
(B) Televisionhas a mostly negative effect on human behavior.
(C) The media’seffects are of widespread interest and concern.
(D) TheInternet will be the most influential medium in the future.
QUESTIONS 29—34



　

29.What is the main idea of the talk?
(A) Forestmanagement agencies have eliminated forest fire.
(B) Fire contributesto the beauty and mystery of the forest.
(C) Firerevitalizes the forest and promotes a diversity of life.
(D) Forest firelimits the amount of habitat taken by humans.
30.Listen again to part of the talk. Then answer the question.
What does theinstructor mean by this statement:

(A) Fireprevention has actually damaged the forest ecosystem.
(B) Every treein the forest passes through its own life cycle.
(C) Protectingone species will benefit every other species.
(D) Foresterswill never fully understand the laws of nature.
31. According to the instructor, why isperiodic fire necessary to forest ecosystems?
Click on two answers.
(A) Firereleases nutrients into the soil.
(B) Firecreates employment for firefighters.
(C) Firecontrols insect pests that harm trees.
(D) Firereduces water and air pollution.
32. According to the instructor, how does theelimination of fire endanger the forest?
(A) Insectpopulations die without the heat provided by fire.
(B) Dead woodand litter accumulate as fuel for large fires.
(C) Too manypeople move into the forest, destroying wildlife habitat.
(D) Animalpopulations grow too fast for the forest to support them.
33.What is prescribed fire?
(A) Fire thatis caused by lightning
(B) Fire thathumans carefully manage
(C) Fire thatinspires artists and writers
(D) Fire inareas where people live
34. Why does the instructor say this:

(A) To explainwhy good firefighters are needed
(B) To tellabout his own observation of a large fire
(C) To find outif students have ever seen a fire
(D) To giveexamples of the negative effects
Speaking Section
Directions

The Speakingsection measures your ability to speak in English about a variety of topics. There are six questions in this section.
Questions l and2 are independent tasks in which you will speak about familiar topics. Your responses will be scored on yourability to speak clearly and coherently about the topics.
Questions 3 and4 are integrated speaking tasks. You will read a passage, listen to a conversation or lecture, and then speak in response to a question about what you have readand heard. You will need tocombine relevant information from the two sources to answer the questioncompletely. Your responses willbe scored on your ability to speak clearly and coherently and on your abilityto accurately convey information about what you read and heard.
Questions 5 and6 are integrated speaking tasks. You will listen to part of a conversation or lecture, and then speak in response to a questionabout what you have heard. Yourresponses will be scored on your ability to speak clearly and coherently and onyour ability to accurately convey information about what you heard.
You will heareach conversation and lecture only one time. You may take notes while you listen. You may use your notes to help you answer the questions.


1. You will now be asked a question about afamiliar topic. After you hear the question, youwill have 15 seconds to prepare your response and 45 seconds to speak.

Describe your favorite place to shop for  clothes. Explain why you like to go there for clothes. Use specific reasons  and examples to support your response.     Preparation Time:15 Seconds  Response Time:45 Seconds

2. You will now be asked a question about afamiliar topic. After you hear the question, you will have 15 seconds toprepare your response and 45 seconds to speak.

Do you prefer to travel to somewhere you have  never been or the place you have ever been? Please Include reasons and  details in your explanation．    Preparation Time:15 Seconds  Response Time:45 Seconds

3. You will now read a short passage and thenlisten to a talk on the same topic. You will then be asked a question aboutthem. After you hear the question, you will have 30 seconds to prepare yourresponse and 60 seconds to speak.

Reading Time:45 Seconds  Policy on the Usage of Printing Paper  The college computer lab has decided to charge  students for printing fee when students print ten or more than ten copies at  one time. Considering the limited paper resources and printing ink, proper  charges can raise the students’ awareness of saving paper.   Also, the printer often breaks down after  frequent usage and a new printer is badly needed. The printing fee can also  cover part of the expenditure on the new printer, the paper and the ink. The  fee will be 5 cents for every page and it is a reasonable price if not  wasting any pages.

Now hear a conversation about the same topic.

The woman expresses her opinion towards the  university’s decision  of charging printing fee. State her opinion and  explain the reasons she  gives for holding that opinion.    Preparation Time:30 Seconds  Response Time:60 Seconds

4. You will now read a short passage and thenlisten to a talk on the same topic. You will then be asked a question aboutthem. After you hear the question, you will have 30 seconds to prepare yourresponse and 60 seconds to speak.

Reading Time: 45 Seconds  Overconfidence Effect  The overconfidence effect is a well-established bias  which means someone’s subjective confidence in their judgments is reliably  greater than their objective accuracy. To be overconfident is to be  excessively confident or presumptuous, or to believe that only one is  suitable for a certain task or job. Overconfidence is not necessarily a good  thing, but there is some good that can come of it for one may overestimate  his or her ability and work hard in order to be rewarded, thus leading to top  performance of both studies and work.

Now hear a talk on the same subject.

The professor gives an example of his son in  the lecture. Explain how the example demonstrates the concept of  overconfidence effect.     Preparation Time:30 Seconds  Response  Time:60 Seconds

5. You will now listen to a conversation. Youwill then be asked a question about it. After you hear the question, you willhave 20 seconds to prepare your response and 60 seconds to speak.

Briefly summarize the problem and two possible solutions—Then  state which solution you recommend and explain why.     Preparation Time:20 Seconds  Response  Time:60 Seconds

6. You will now listen to part of a lecture.You will then be asked a question about it. After you hear the question, youwill have 20 seconds to prepare your response and 60 seconds to speak.

Using examples and points in the lecture, describe the two  methods to eliminate soil erosion.    Preparation Time:20 Seconds  Response  Time:60 Seconds

Writing Section
Writing Based on Reading and Listening
Directions
For this task, you will read a passage about an academictopic and you will listen to a lecture about the same topic. You may take noteswhile you read and listen.
Then you will write a response to a question that asks youabout the relationship between the lecture you heard and the reading passage. Tryto answer the questions completely as possible using information from thereading passage and the lecture. The question does not ask you to express yourpersonal opinion. You may refer to the reading passage again when you write. Youmay use your notes to help you answer the question.
Typically, an effective response will be l50 to225 words. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writingand on the completeness and accuracy of the content.
You should allow3 minutes to read the passage. Thenlisten to the lecture. Then allow 20minutes to plan and write yourresponse.
Write your response in the space provided.
[Reading]
You will have 3minutes to read the passage.

The Maya used to be one of the greatest civilizations in  South America. At its apex, the civilization spanned across Mesoamerica and  consisted of more than tan million people. But the society fell into serious  decline after 800 A.D. and collapsed shortly after the year 900 A.D. This  sudden collapse was most likely due to a serious drought that occurred around  the same time.   The most compelling evidence in support of the drought  theory comes from soil samples taken from various lakes on the Yucatan  peninsula. The sediment taken from these lakes act like a kind of record, and  by analyzing the amount of iron and titanium in the samples, scientists can  look into the past and see how much rain fell at a specific time. Analysis of  the samples showed that the driest period on the peninsula was between 800  and 1000 A.D., exactly when the Mayan civilization collapsed.   Further analysis shows that this was no ordinary drought,  but three prolonged droughts. One prominent scientist proposes that three  long droughts occurred between 810 and 900 A.D. The Mayans could have perhaps  survived one prolonged drought but three coming in such quick succession must  have overwhelmed them.  The pattern of collapse also gives scientists a clue as  to what happened. Most scientists agree that the Mayan collapse began in the  highlands of the south, and then spread to the lowlands in the north. This  suggests that a drought forced Mayans go in search for other sources of water  in low areas where wells and rivers are more prominent and easier to access.

Then you will hear：



Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just readabout.
[Lecture]

[Essay Topic]
Summarize the pointsmade in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on pointsmade in the reading.
You must finish youranswer in 20 minutes.
Writing Based on Knowledge and Experience
Directions
For this task, you will write an essay in response to aquestion that asks you to state explain and support your opinion on an issue.
Typically, an effective essay will contain a minimum of 300words. Your essay will be judged on the quality of your writing. This includesthe development of your ideas, the organization of your essay, and the qualityand accuracy of the language you use to express your ideas.
You have 30 minutes to plan and complete your essay. Writeyour essay in the space provided.
[Essay Topic]
“When people succeed, it is because of hard work. Luck hasnothing to do with success.” Do you agree ordisagree with the quotation above?
Use specific reasons and examples to explain your position.
参考答案及详解
Reading Section
1.B 本题考查的是人们发明了冷藏技术的原因。根据“Cold storage, or refrigeration...in order to delay thegrowth of microorganisms that cause food to spoil. ”可知，发明冷藏技术是为了延长食品的保质期。故B项是正确的。
2.A Perishable在句中的意思是“易腐烂的”。因此，A项的意思是最接近的。
3.B 本题考查的是在人工冷藏技术发明之前，人们是如何进行冷藏的。根据“Before artificial refrigeration was invented, people storedperishable food with ice or snow to lengthen its storage time.”可知，以前人们主要依靠冰或雪来冷藏食品。故B项是正确的。
4.A 本题考查的是人工冷藏包括哪些过程。文中提到的过程包括：rapid evaporation and expansion of gases; the evaporation ofa volatile liquid…; The heat is moved from the inside of the container to theoutside。这三点分别对应选项BCD。故根据排除法知，答案选A。
5.D 阴影部分的意思是“液体变成气体时热量会损失，温度变低，因为，水蒸气分子从液体中蒸发需要能量。”包括两个要点：1）液体蒸发需要能量；2）液体蒸发后温度降低。因此，D项的说法是符合句子意思的。
6.C 文章中很明确的提出了“In1842, physician John Gorrie used Evans’s design to create an air-coolingapparatus to treat yellow-fever patients in a Florida hospital.”据此，很容易看出，答案就是John Gorrie。故选C。
7.C 原句的意思是“当他用乙醚清理打字机后发现，乙醚蒸发使它变得很凉。”很明显，这个“它”指的就是前半句中的打字机。故选C。
8.D 本题考查的是作者为什么要提到酿酒业。根据“In solving Busch’s spoilage and storage problems,refrigeration also revolutionized an entire industry. ”可知，作者的意图就是为了证明冷藏技术改变了一个产业。故D项是正确的。
9.A Constrained在原句中的意思是“约束的，限制的”。因此，四个选项中A项的意思最接近。
10.B 本题考查的是最早的带制冷设备的轨道车是以哪种材料作为冷却剂的。根据“the newly invented refrigerated railcar, which wasinsulated with ice bunkers in each end. ”可知，答案就是ice bunker。因此，B项是正确的。
11.B Toxic 在原句中的意思是“有毒的”。因此，四个选项中B项的意思最接近。
12.C 这句话在讲Gorrie 的工作。B出之后提到了Gorrie ，所以，这句话可能填在C或D处。但是若填在D处就打断了一个完整的句子，因为D处前后有时间连贯词联系很紧密。所以，只能放在C处最合适。
13.B, C, E 首句的意思是“冷藏技术随历史发展不断的改进。”据此可以推测，下面的内容应该是关于冷藏技术的发展的信息。因此，BCE三项是符合的。
14.C 本题考查对《贝奥武夫》这部作品的了解。文中提到“…Beowulf was written by an anonymous [author unknown]Englishman in Old English.”据此可知，这部作品的作者没有公开自己的姓名。故C的说法是正确的。
15.B 原句是“the taletakes place in that part of Scandinavia from which [that part of Scandinavia]Germanic tribes emigrated to England.”这句话中which是提示限制性定语从句，故which指的就是前面提到的斯堪的纳维亚地区。故选B。
16.A 文中提到了“Iron wasaccessible everywhere in Scandinavia, usually in the form of ‘bog iron’ foundin the layers of peat in peat bogs.”意思是，斯堪的纳维亚地区到处都是铁，通常是沼铁。这句话的目的是说明这个地区随处可以开采到铁矿。因此，A项是正确的。
17.A 阴影部分的意思是“在《贝奥武夫》创作的时代，安格鲁萨克逊时代的英国社会绝不是原始的，未开化的社会。”因此，A项准确地表达了句意。
18.B unique在句中的意思是“稀少的，独一无二的”。因此，只有B项的意思最接近。
19.B 本题考查为什么许多学者相信《贝》的原始手稿已经遗失。根据“…the original manuscript was probably lost during the ninthcentury in which the Danes destroyed the Anglo-Saxon monasteries and theirgreat libraries.”可知，9世纪，丹麦入侵，破坏了大多数的图书馆。因此，B项的叙述是一致的。
20. D 文中明确指出“Althoughthe Beowulf manuscript was written in about A.D. 1000, it was not discovereduntil the seventeenth century.”据此可知，《贝》被发现的时间应该是17世纪。因此，D项是正确的。
21.A 前句中提到：The identity ofthe Beowulf poet is also uncertain, 可以看出，作者不确定《贝》的作者是否是基督教徒。因此，作者用apparently一词来表明自己的不确定性。因此，A项说法正确。
22.A 本题考查为什么作者将贝奥武夫与赫拉克勒斯进行对比。根据“…Beowulf is a very appealing hero...Like Hercules.”可知，作者认为他们二人都是英雄人物。因此，A项是正确的。
23.B exhibit的意思是“展示，显示”。因此，四个选项中B项意思最接近。
24.C reject在文中的意思是“拒绝”。因此，C项的意思最接近。
25.C 这句话的意思是“而且，关于《贝》是否是早期原稿的复印本，他们意见不一。”从moreover一词可知，这句话是过渡性的句子，其中they指的就是C前面句子中出现的scholars。因此，这句话放在C处最符合逻辑。
26.E, D, F 首句的意思是“《贝》是保存至今最古老的安格鲁萨克逊史诗。”这句话是对这部著作的概括性的介绍。因此，下面的内容也应该是关于《贝》这本著作。A，B项是次要信息，C项是文中没有提及的。
27.B 文中提到“Amassingcritical and previously overlooked evidence…Softer [proposes] a technique ofhunting previously invisible in the archaeological evidence.”根据这句话可知，Softer的假设是基于以前其他的研究人员没有发现的archaeological evidence。因此，B项的表述是正确的。
28.B 原句是“…humansurvival there had little to do with men hurling spears at big game animals. Instead…itdepended largely on women…”很显然，it指代的就是这句话的主语human survival。因此，B项是正确的。
29.C implication的意思是“含意，建议”。因此，四个选项中C项的意思是最接近的。
30.B 文中提到Softer的观点“make her conservative colleagues cringe,”因此可以推测，softer的观点不像她的同事们那样保守。故B项的表述是正确的。
31.Aconstrain的意思是“限制，束缚”。因此，四个选项中A项的意思是最接近的。
32.D 选项D中的“historically”对应原句中的“In manyhistorical societies”；“not perilous”与“nor…in physical peril.”对应。因此，D项的释义是符合阴影部分的意思的。
33.D 文中提到了“Everybodyand their mother could participate [in net hunting].”据此可知，net hunting可以是社会各成员都能参与的。因此，D项是正确的。
34.A 本题考查作者提到北美土著居民的目的。根据“women played a key part in net hunting, since the techniquedid not call for brute strength nor did it place young mothers in physicalperil. Among Australian Aborigines, for example…”可知，作者一土著居民为例是为了说明女性同样参与了net hunting。故A项正确。
35.C 根据“…Mbuti in theforests of the Congo report that they capture game every time they lay outtheir woven traps, scooping up 50 percent of the animals encountered.”可知，刚果森林中的人们善于捕猎，几乎50%的猎物都能被他们捕捉到。因此，C项的表述是正确的。
36.B 本题考查，为什么Softer认为nethunting在冰河时代的欧洲盛行。文中提到“…some of their inhabitants whittled bonetools that look much like the awls and net spacers…” 据此可知，Softer做出这种判断是因为在欧洲发现了做网用的工具。因此，B项的表述是正确的。
37.D role的意思是“角色，任务”。因此，四个选项中D项的意思是最接近的。
38.C 这句话中的关键词是such findings。据此可以推测，前句中应该提到了某种发现揭露了一直以来广泛认同的后石器时代生活的重塑是多么不可靠。阅读这几处就可以发现，这句话放在C处是最符合逻辑的。
39.B, D, F 首句的意思是“尽管以前的研究都认为女性不参与捕猎，但是现在更多的证据表明女性也是捕猎的重要参与者。”因此可以推测，后面的内容也应该是关于某种研究或证据表明女性参与捕猎。故BDF项是符合的。
Listening Section
Section 1
1.C 材料中女士提到“I’m interested in writingfor the campus paper; I’m interested—I’d tike to write arts reviews, stories about…concerts and films and events in the arts”，所以选C项。
2.D 这句话的意思是“已经有很多新闻专业的学生在帮我们写评论了”，之后男士又解释道“You see, we’re not a big paper to start out with,and the administration just cut our funding, and there are lots of students whowant to write for us, so I’m afraid it’s pretty competitive”，所以可以推测男士这么说是为了告诉女士报纸已经不需要其他的评论员了，所以本题选择D项。
3.A 联系上下文来看，因为女士想做报纸写评论，但是由于男士提到的各种原因，男士无法让女士成为评论员，所以这句话翻译为：“我不能保证（可以聘请你作为评论员）”，所以本题应该选A项。
4.C 材料中男士提到“If youreally want to write reviews, you should send something to The Clarion; Theysometimes print reviews by students”，所以本题选C。
5.D 在材料中男士建议女士为城市报纸写评论，女士对这个消息跟感兴趣，并对男士提供的这个消息表示感谢，然后提到相比来说自己更喜欢写书评，所以可以推测女士对于城市日报正在招募书评员的消息是最感兴趣的，可以推断她可能会马上和城市日报联系，争取得到撰写书评这个工作，所以本题应该选D。
【录音原文】
Questions l through 5.
Listen to a conversation in the office of acampus newspaper.
W: Excuse me. Do you work for The Hilltop Journal?
M: Yes. I’m Dan Macgregor, the managingeditor.
W: Nice to meet you. My name is RhondaDavis—
M: Hello, Rhonda.
W: —and I’m interested in writing for the campus paper.
M: Are you in the journalism program?
W: No. But I’m an English major with an interest in the performingarts. I’m interested—I’d like to write arts reviews, stories about…uh…concertsand films and events in the arts. I’ve already done a lot of this kind ofwriting.
M: Hmm. We’ve already got a couple ofjournalism students who write reviews.
W: Do you have to be journalism major towrite for The Journal?
M: Strictly speaking, no. But it helps to be endorsed by a professorin the journalism department. It’s like this. You see, we’re not a big paper tostart out with, and the administration just cut our funding, and there are lotsof students who want to write for us. So I’m afraid it’s pretty competitive.
W: Really? I guess I didn’t know the fullsituation.
M: Yeah. We all wish it were different, actually, but you couldstill try. I mean, you could talk to one of the journalism professors, and showthem some of your writing. If they endorse it, you could come back here. I justcouldn’t guarantee anything at present. Like I said, our budget was cut, and wehad to reduce the size of our paper.
W: Well…O.K. I thought I’d try. Thanks.
M: Wait. Before you go, here’s something else you could try. If youreally want to write reviews, you should send something to The Clarion.
W: The city newspaper?
M: Yeah, that’s right. They sometimes print reviews by students. Andif they print a few of your stories, they might end up offering you a regularcolumn. It happened before to students from this college.
W: Really? The Clarion. Well, that’s good to know. What would I do, justsend something, like, to the editor?
M: Send it to the features editor. That’s the person who edits theLiving section, where they print the reviews.
W: Thanks! I really appreciate theinformation.
M: Do book reviews interest you? Because I think they were lookingfor a person to review books by local authors. They might have found somebodyalready for that, but anyway, you could ask about it.
W: Actually. I would be very interested in writing book reviews. Asan English major, I’ve got a lot of experience with that!
M: I can imagine.
W: Thank you so much. You’ve been veryhelpful.
M: No problem. I wish you luck.
1. Why does the woman go to the campusnewspaper office?
2.Why does the man say this:

“Hmm. We’vealready got a couple of journalism students who write reviews?”
3. Listen again to part of the conversation.Then answer the question.
“…you could talk to one of the journalism professors, and show themsome of your writing. If they endorse it, you could come back here. I justcouldn’t guarantee anything at present. Like I said, our budget was cut, and wehad to reduce the size of our paper?’
What does theman mean when he says this:

“I just couldn’tguarantee anything at present.”
4. What does the man say about the citynewspaper?
5.What will the woman probably do?
QUESTIONS 6—11
6.C 第一段中教授提到“Amassive allergic reaction to a sting is known as anaphylaxis; Anaphylaxis isactually a disease, a severe form of allergic over-response by the immunesystem when it’s suddenly faced with a foreign substance”，可知讲座主要讨论一种严重的免疫反应——过敏反应。所以本题应选C。
7.B,C 材料中提到“One type of immune response has to dowith bees…; But stings and bites usually aren’t dangerous…unless you have anallergic reaction to the venom”所以B正确。材料中还提到“No one who was with her at the time knew she was allergicto peanuts, so they didn’t know why she suddenly went into respiratorydistress. The reason, of course, was anaphylaxis”，所以C项也正确。
8.D 教授提到一个例子：一个小女孩在生日聚会上吃了一块花生饼干，导致呼吸不均，最后死亡，提及这个悲剧的目的是为了突出过敏反应的严重性，引起我们的注意，所以本题选D。
9.A 这句话的意思是“我们不知道为什么，有些人的免疫系统第二次接触到某个物质的时候会突然失控”，由这句话可以推测免疫系统出现严重的反应的原因现在并不明确，所以本题应该选择A项。
10.

	Yes	No
The chest feels tight  and breathing is difficult.	√
The face and throat begin  to swell.	√
Fatty particles  attach to the walls of blood vessels.		√
The body releases  histamine into the bloodstream.	√
The blood pressure  rises dangerously high.		√

材料第三段中提到“Thechest feels tight, and the person has trouble breathing”，所以第一项正确。由第三段“The tissues the face and throat may swell up”一句话可知，第二项正确。第四段中提到“This sets off a whole series of reactions involving therelease of histamine into the bloodstream”，所以第四项正确。
11.C 材料最后一段中提到“Withanaphylaxis, a few minutes can make the difference between life and death, sothe keys to survival are being prepared and acting quickly”，所以本题应该选C。
【录音原文】
Questions 6 through 11.Listen to part of alecture in a biology class.
M: One type of immune response has to do with bees—actually anyinsect of that class, including hornets and fire ants. If you’ve ever been stung or bitten, you know howpainful it is. But stings and bites usually aren’t dangerous, unless you have lots of them at the same time, or unlessyou have an allergic reaction to the venom. A massive allergic reaction to asting is known as anaphylaxis. The term anaphylaxis is Greek for “a lack ofprotection.” But the name is sort of inaccurate. Anaphylaxis is actually adisease, a severe form of allergic, um, over-response by the immune system whenit’s suddenly faced with a foreign substance. That foreign substance is the bee’svenom, or in some cases it’s certain foods, like nuts, eggs, and shellfish…ordrugs, especially antibiotics like penicillin. Anaphylaxis—or anaphylacticshock—is one of those true emergencies where minutes can make the differencebetween life and death. It can start within seconds, although sometimes it hasa delay of thirty minutes or more.
W: Excuse me, Professor Watson, but how do you recognize it? I mean,there’s a difference between a few seconds and thirty minutes. So how do you…like, how do you know when a person’s in anaphylactic shock?
M: Sometimes it’s hard to identify the real reason why someone is introuble. Unfortunately, that’s what happened last year to a little girl who atea peanut cookie at a birthday party. No one who was with her at the time knewshe was allergic to peanuts, so they didn’t know why she suddenly went into respiratory distress. The reason, ofcourse, was anaphylaxis. But by the time the medias got there, it was too late,and the girl died. So, how do we identify anaphylactic shock? The first sign isthe victim becomes very weak and feels sick. There may be an itchy rash nearthe site of the sting, if it’s a bee sting, or a tingling in the mouth, if it’sa food allergy. The tissues of the face and throat may swell up. The chestfeels tight, and the person has trouble breathing—this is when every minute, every second matters. Theblood pressure drops dangerously low. Finally, the person may loseconsciousness and stop breathing. When this happens, the person’s life is indanger. Anaphylactic shock, as you can see, can be life threatening in somecases.
What happens tothe immune system? First, it has to be exposed previously to the offendingsubstance the bee venom, the peanuts, or whatever. People don’t get anaphylaxisfrom their first bee sting. The immune cells that produce antibodies…they…uh…theyhave to be sensitized to the offending substance at least once before theyoverreact to it the second or third time. We don’t understand why some unluckyimmune systems go crazy the next time they encounter the same substance. Butsome immune systems do sort of go crazy. The cells pour out far more antibodythan they need. This sets off a whole series of reactions involving the releaseof histamine into the bloodstream. Histamine makes the blood vessels dilate andget “leaky” and the liquid part of the blood leaks out into the tissues. Thisis what causes the skin rash, the potentially fatal swelling, the narrowing ofthe airways, and the drop in blood pressure. The worst part is all of thishappens within minutes.
W: Because this can happen so fast—I mean, going into shock-how dowe prevent—I mean, is there a way we can stop somebody from dying of this?
M: With anaphylaxis, a few minutes can make the difference betweenlife and death, so the keys to survival are being prepared and acting quickly. Themost important tool to have is called all epi-pen—basically an automaticsyringe that lets you self-administer the drug epinephrine into your body, adrug that helps combat the effects of anaphylaxis.
6.What is the lecture mainly about?
7. According to the professor, what caninitiate anaphylaxis?
8. Why does the professor tell a storyabout a little girl at a birthday party?
9. Listen again to part of the lecture. Thenanswer the question.
“People don’tget anaphylaxis from their first bee sting. The immune cells that produceantibodies…they…uh…they have to be sensitized to the offendingsubstance at least once before they overreact to it me second or third time. Wedon’t understand why some unlucky immune systems go crazy the next time they encounterme same substance?”
Why does meprofessor say this:

“We don’tunderstand why some unlucky immune systems go crazy, he next time theyencounter the same substance.”
10 The professor describes what happens during anaphylactic shock. Indicatewhether each sentence below is a step in the process.
11. What call be inferred about survivinganaphylaxis?
QUESTIONS 12—l7
12.C 材料第三段中教授提到“The human habit of building homes has a long history”，然后教授按照时间顺序对人类的房屋设计的发展进行了介绍，所以本题应该选C项。
13.C—A—D—B 注意文章提到的有关顺序的词：(1)…home building began with very simple round huts…; …tree branches wereleaned up against one another…then the frame was covered with leaves…; (2)Round huts progressed frombeing temporary shelters…into stronger, more permanent structures built of stone; (3) The boxshape was a major development in home construction. By making the sides of thehouse rectangular, and then covering the four walls with a roof…; (4)After the roomcame the multi-unit dwelling: the apartment house，所以排序为C—A—D—B。
14.D 材料第六段中教授提到“By making the sides of the house rectangular, and then covering thefour walls with a roof, it was possible to place structures next to oneanother, and to join them with doorways. Thus, the room was invented”，所以可知房屋的箱状结构之所以重要是因为它让房屋可以彼此相连，所以本题选择D项。
15.B, C 在材料倒数第三段中教授提到了现代的房屋和古代房屋相同的几个特点：1. Around the house itself there’s an outer perimeter—the symbolicboundary of the ancient home territory；2. Inside the boundary we find... the garden, where We—like our ancestors—grow a few fruits and vegetables，所以本题应该选B和C。
16.B 这句话的意思是“有些时候我们让外来的人进入到我们的第一个私人领域—门厅，门厅在房屋内部。但是除了门厅以外，房屋里还有更多的分隔。屋内的越往里的房间越是一个私人的领域，越不对外人开放”，由此可知墙是将房间分为私人领域和公共空间的分界线，所以可以推断教授这么说是为了解释墙是如何来区分公共和私人领域的，所以选B。
17.C 在材料最后两段中，教授提到“Each room you come to becomes more private and less available tooutsiders. Guests are allowed to enter the living room. Closer friends can gofarther;…somewhere less accessible in ourhome—this is where we find the bedrooms and bathrooms, the most private roomsof our home”，可见越隐私的房间越在深处，最外面的房间是比较公共的地方，所以本题应该选C。
【录音原文】
Questions l2 through l7. Listen to part ofa talk in an anthropology class.
Human beings, like all animals, are territorial. The center of ourterritory is the home. Think about it. The home is where we spend most of ourtime. We begin and end our day there.
We eat and sleep and bathe…and relax…and play with our childrenthere…and are most comfortable there. We keep our possessions there. We furnishour homes as an expression of our taste. We say—and generally believe—that “There’sno place like home” and “Home is where the heart is.”
The human habit of building homes has a long history.Anthropologists think home building began with very simple round huts, similarto the shelters still built in parts of Africa today. Round huts probablystarted out like this：tree branches were leaned up against one another like the ribs of anumbrella；then theflame was covered with leaves or animal skins.
It’s from these round, tent-like structures that the first soliddwellings probably evolved. As the tents became larger and more elaborate, theybecame the center of family life, and the place where the family’s possessionscould be kept. In other words, these structures became home, the heart of thehuman territory. Round huts progressed from being temporary shelters, made of woodand skins and leaves, into stronger, more permanent structures built of stone.
But even though stone structures were stronger, there was still aproblem：the roundshape made it difficult to combine it with other structures. This difficultywas overcome with the development of the cube, or box shape. The box shape wasa major development in home construction. By making the sides of the houserectangular, and then covering the four walls with a roof, it was possible toplace structures next to one another, and to join them with doorways. Thus, theroom was invented. After the room came the multi-unit dwelling：the apartment house. Nearly tenthousand years ago, this method of building led to the construction of clustersof rectangular buildings that made up the first complex human settlements.Today the box shape not only survives but also remains the basis of ourdomestic dwellings.
The homes of today still contain some ancient features. Around thehouse itself there’s an outer perimeter—the symbolic boundary of the ancienthome territory. Today the boundary is often marked by a barrier, like a fence,a wall, or a hedge. Inside the boundary, we find the yard-where we keep ourdogs-and the garden, where we—like our ancestors--grow a few fruits andvegetables. We surround our home with a grass lawn, like our ancestorssurrounded theirs with pastures for their livestock.
Today, humans are more sociable than in ancient times, and so weallow others to enter the home territory, especially the outer boundary. Forexample, we let people bring letters and packages to our door. Sometimes we letoutsiders enter the first of the private areas, the hallway, which is inside thesolid wall of the home itself. But beyond the hallway, there are moreboundaries. Each room you come to becomes more private and less available tooutsiders.
Guests are allowed to enter the living room. Closer friends can gofarther. We tell our closest friends to “make yourself at home” and allow theminto the rooms where we cook and eat and pursue our hobbies. But…up the stairs…ordown the hall…somewhere less accessible in our home—this is where we find thebedrooms and bathrooms, me most private rooms of our home. These rooms arewhere we, the owners of the territory, feel most secure. This is where weretreat, like any animal to its den, whenever we are at our most vulnerable—forexample, when we’re sleeping, bathing, or when we’re sick.
12.What is the main purpose of the talk?
13. The professor briefly describes developments in home building.Put the developments in the order in which they occurred.
14. According to the professor, why was thebox shape a major development in home building?
15. According to the professor, whatancient features still exist in the homes of today?
16.Why does me professor say this:

“Sometimes welet outsiders enter the first of me private areas, the hallway, which is insidethe solid wall of me home itself. But beyond the hallway, there are moreboundaries. Each room you come to becomes more private and less available tooutsiders.”
17. What does the professor imply about therooms inside the homes of today?
Section 2
QUESTIONS l8-22
18.B 对话中学生提问“why iswater blue, like blue glass”，辅导老师回答“It’sbecause water transmits light of every color, but it’s clearest for colors withshorter wavelengths; Well there are actually lots of factors that affect thecolor of water”，所以可知两个人主要讨论的是影响水的颜色的因素，所以本题选B。
19.A 在前文中男士提到水是有颜色的，然后女士提到自己在小学时老师告诉他们水是没有颜色的，她当时并不相信。可以推测女士不相信水是没有颜色的，所以此题选A。
20.D 这句话是对之前老师的话的重复，可见女士问这句话是为了确定一下自己对老师所说的话理解的是不是正确，所以本题应该选D。
21.B,C 对话中提到“…there areactually lots of factors that affect the color of water; Such as...how deep thewater is?; Right”，所以B正确。
22.C 材料倒数第二段中提到“Lakesfed by glacier get their colors from the fine, suspended silt in the water...;Some water is green and some is brown, depending on the mineral content. Youcan infer that a lake with brown water contains suspended particles”，所以可知本题选C。
【录音原文】
Questions l8 through 22. Listen to part ofa conversation between a student and her tutor.
W: There’s something I’ve always wondered about. OK. A glass ofwater is crystal clear. A bathtub full of water looks faintly blue. And thewater in a swimming pool is light blue at the shallow end and a darker colorblue at the deep end. Does water have a color? I mean, its own true color?
M: Believe it or not, it does.
W: OK. Then what is it?
M: It’s blue, like a piece of blue glass. And like glass or anyother relatively transparent substance, the thicker it is, the deeper thecolor. That’s why a swimming pool is a darker blue at the deep end.
W: OK. Then what I learned as a kid was wrong. In grade school I wastaught that water doesn’t have a color, that it’s clear, and clear isn’t acolor. But my own eyes tell me otherwise. So, why is this? I mean, why is waterblue, like blue glass?
M: It’s because water transmits light of every color, but it’sclearest for colors with shorter wavelengths. That’s why its peak transparencyis in the blue-green part of the light spectrum.
W: That explains why most of the time itlooks blue or green.
M: Well, there are actually lots of factorsthat affect the color of water.
W: Such as…what, like how deep the wateris?
M: Right. And it’s easy to see why. It’s because light from watercomes from three places: the top, the middle, and the bottom of the water.
W: I’m not sure I understand.
M: Think of it like this. Together, all three parts of thewater—top, middle, and bottom—make up the blend of light that we see. Undercertain circumstances, one may dominate the others. For example, in shallowwater light from the bottom is most important. In deep water, very little lightcomes from below, so reflections from the surface are the brightest.
W: So, that means, in a shallow puddle, the bottom is well lit, soit sort of contributes more to the scene. I mean, it affects the overall colormore than…say uh…the invisible bottom of the ocean?
M: Uh…that’s right. Because a shallow puddle is relativelytransparent, the water adds virtually no blue light of its own.
W: And muddy water looks brown because…?
M: Because the light is scattered, primarily from the suspendedsediments near the surface. That’s another factor that affects the color ofwater-sediments. Even the cleanest, purest mountain lake contains a lot of tinyparticles that scatter light.
W: That’s because mountain lakes have a lotof silt from the glaciers, right?
M: That’s right. Lakes fed by glaciers get their colors from thefine, suspended silt in the water, and also from the reflected light of thesky. Glacier-fed streams are usually sort of a milky blue, and hot springs aresometimes yellow because of the sulfur suspended in the water. Some water is greenand some is brown, depending on the mineral content.
W: This is really interesting. I’m glad Iasked you about this.
18.What is the main subject of the conversation?
19. What does the student mean when shesays this:

“In grade schoolI was taught that water doesn’t have a color, that it’s clear, and clear isn’ta color. But my own eyes tell me otherwise.”
20. Listen again to part of theconversation. Then answer the question.
“Together, allthree parts of the water-top, middle, and bottom—make up the blend of lightthat we see. Under certain circumstances, one may dominate the others. Forexample, in shallow water, light from the bottom is most important. In deepwater, very little light comes from below, so reflections from the surface arethe brightest.” “So, that means, in a shallow puddle, the bottom is well lit,so it sort of contributes more to the scene. I mean, it affects the overallcolor more than…say uh…the invisible bottom of the ocean?”
Why does thestudent say this:

“So, thatmeans, in a shallow puddle, the bottom is well lit, so it sort of contributesmore to the scene. I mean, it affects the overall color more than…say uh…theinvisible bottom of the ocean?”
21. According to the conversation, whatfactors influence the color of water?
22. What can be inferred about a lake withbrown water?
QUESTIONS 23—28
23.D 材料第一段中提到“Throughout most of human history, a society’s culture was defined and communicatedprimarily through the family; Parents and grandparents had the job of passingon the culture’s history and traditions（纵观整个人类的历史，一个社会的传统主要是靠家庭来定义和交流的。父母以及祖父母做着传递历史以及文化传统的工作），所以本题应该选D。”
24.B 材料第二段中提到“Thecultural narrator helped to sustain the society through the preservation ofvital cultural information”，所以本题应该选B。
25.A 在材料第五段中教授提到“Hecouldn’t figure out their interests and values, why they spoke and acted andfelt the way they did.So, he set out to learn more about the values of hisstudents”，所以可知Marshall McLuhan学习流行文化的原因是为了了解自己的学生，所以本题选A。
26.D 材料第八段中教授提到“It’sa book—and an idea—that you’ll come back to over and over again, and reading itwill probably change your view of how we communicate”，所以可以推测教授认为《媒介即信息》一书对于学生们对交流的认识会产生影响，所以本题选D。
27.B 这句话的意思是“换言之，信息交流的方式比信息本身对公众的影响更大”，这句话是教授对于Marshall Mcluhan的观点进行的解释，所以教授说这句话是为了解释Marshall的观点，所以本题选B。
28.C 在这段材料中教授提到研究人员对于电视对人类行为的影响很感兴趣，还提到“there are a growing number of issues and new questions thatrequire study of the relationship of the media to human development”，所以可以推测关于媒体对人类的影响的问题被大家普遍认识，而且引起了大家的关心，所以本题选C。
【录音原文】
Questions 23 through 28. Listen to part ofa lecture in a communications class.
Throughout most of humanhistory, a society’s culture was defined and communicated primarily through thefamily. Early cultures communicated their values and beliefs to their childrenby oral tradition-word of mouth. Parents and grandparents had the job ofpassing on the culture’s history and traditions. The older members of thefamily were storytellers and historians—our “cultural narrators.”
The cultural narrator wasvalued for his or her wisdom and experience. The cultural narrator helped tosustain the society through the preservation of vital cultural information.Until the mid—twentieth century, the family was the medium by which culture waspassed along.
Since the 1950s, however,the role of the cultural narrator has been taken over by television. What Imean is the family storytellers have been replaced by television shows thattell us who we are, what we need, how we should speak, and what we shouldbelieve in.
In the sixties andseventies, as television became more a part of North American life, severalwriters and philosophers began to study what was going on. One of the mostcreative minds to explore this issue was Marshall MeLuhan.
McLuhan studied Englishliterature in his native Canada and in England, and then taught at severaluniversities in the United States. As a Canadian scholar teaching in the U S..McLuhan realized that he didn’t understand his American students. He couldn’tfigure out their interests and values, why they spoke and acted and felt theway they did. So, he set out to learn more about the values of his students bystudying their popular culture: the movies, television shows, music,pastimes—all the things that young Americans pursued in their leisure time.
McLuhan became convincedthat electronic media played a significant role and that the media were responsiblefor the attitudes and values of his students. In fact, he went beyond hisimmediate interest in his own students to theorize that the media had promptedmost of the social changes in Western culture. McLuhan’s ideas soon made himthe leading cultural critic and media theorist of his time.
McLuhan’s ideas gainedattention worldwide. He wrote several books about the effect of media on humandevelopment, including this one. The Medium is the Message, which is the bookyou’ll be reading next in this course.
The Medium is the Messageis McLuhan’s most influential book. Although it was first published more thanthirty years ago, it remains all important classic in the field ofcommunications. It’s a book—and an idea—that you’ll come back to over and overagain, and reading it will probably change your view of how we communicate.
Why is it such animportant book? Well, you’ve probably heard the expression. “The medium is themessage” because it’s entered our vocabulary. What McLuhan meant by thisstatement was that how people learn—the medium-is more important than what theylearn—the message. In other words, the method of communicating information hasmore influence on the public than the information itself Communication isculture, and culture is communication.
McLuhan didn’t considerhimself a critic of the media in the sense of condemning it. He wasn’tinterested in deciding whether television was good or bad. He just wantedpeople to understand how it affected them so they could make their own informeddecisions about it. We’re just beginning to understand the ways that the mediahave affected our culture. Sociologists, psychologists, media ecologists—peoplein a multitude of fields are trying to explain the relationships among media,values, and behavior.
Is television good or badfor us? Does television cause human behavior, or merely record it? Thisquestion is of particular interest to researchers who study the effects oftelevision—especially television violence—on children’s behavior. And now thattelevision is starting to merge with other electronic media, like the Internet,there are a growing number of issues and new questions calling for informedthinking about the relationship of the media to human development.
23. According to the professor, how didchildren acquire their culture throughout most of history?
24. What does the professor mean by theterm “cultural narrator”?
25. According to the professor, why didMarshall McLuhan study popular culture?
26. What is the professor’s opinion of TheMedium is the Message?
27. Listen again to part of the lecture.Then answer the question.
“Well, you’veprobably heard the expression, ‘The medium is the message’ because it’s enteredour vocabulary. What McLuhan meant by this statement was that how people learn—themedium-is more important than what they learn—the message. In other words, themethod of communicating information has more influence on the public than theinformation itself”
Why does theprofessor say this:

“In otherwords, the method of communicating information has more influence on the publicthan the information itself”
28. Listen again to part of the lecture.Then answer the question.
“Is televisiongood or bad for us? Does television cause human behavior, or merely record it?This question is of particular interest to researchers who study the effects oftelevision—especially television violence—on children’s behavior. And now thattelevision is starting to merge with other electronic media, like the Internet,there are a growing number of issues and new questions calling for informedthinking about the relationship of the media to human development.”
What does theprofessor imply about the effects of the media on society?
QUESTIONS 29—34
29.C 在第一段中教授提到“Without fire, ecosystems can stagnate and lose their diversity oflife”，之后在第二段中教授提到“森林火是森林新陈代谢的重要方法”，然后教授叙述了为什么说火对森林的存在必不可少。总的来看，本材料的主要观点是：火可以促进森林新陈代新，保护物种多样性，所以本题应该选C。
30.A 这句话的意思是“很多情况下，我们保护了树木但是却牺牲了整个森林”，他之后还提到“火是一种正常的自然现象，对整个森林生态系统来说它是有益的”，所以可知教授说这句话是认为防火工作会对森林生态系统造成损害，所以本题选A。
31.A C 材料第三段中提到“Fire removesnutrients from standing dead trees and returns them to the earth, where theybecome available to the root systems of new trees（火将已经死亡的树木的营养释放到土壤中，让这些营养可以为新的树木所利用）”所以A正确。第四段提到“Fire is nature’s way ofcontrolling insect infestations; …the heatkills off great numbers of beetles and larvae, providing a natural method ofpest control”所以C正确。
32.B 第五段中老师提到“The exclusion of fire from the ecosystem is creating unhealthy,overcrowd forests that contain more fuel for larger, more severe fires”，在之后的例子中老师又提到“由于多年的防火，地上堆积的死木以及可燃碎片燃起了更大的火苗”，所以本题选B。
33.B 在材料最后一段中提到了规划内的预防火，之后老师用弗罗里达洲的例子对于预防火进行了解释“prescribed burns are carried out every three to five years in oneof the national forests”，可见prescribed fire是由认为自己规划而点燃的森林火，所以本题选B。
34.D 在这段话中，老师提到了森林火的好处“enhances the diversity of the forest”，然后通过However一词进行转折，开始叙述森林火灾的消极影响，所以老师说这句话是为了举例说明森林火灾的消极影响，选择D项。
【录音原文】
Questions 29 through 34. Listen to part ofa talk in a forestry class. The instructor is discussing forest fire.
We all know that change isa fact of life. For North American forests, change often comes in the form offire. After thousands of years of living with fire, many plant and animalspecies have come to depend on its periodic presence. Without fire, ecosystemscan stagnate and lose their diversity of life.
In the past, before weunderstood the role that fire plays in the natural life cycle of our forests,our goal was to prevent or contain all forest fires. For almost ninety years,our land management agencies tried to eliminate fires. In many cases, weprotected the trees, but at the expense of the forest community. Now we knowthat, that is a natural agent that rejuvenates a forest. And we know that firesuppression can actually threaten the lives of healthy trees. So, today ourpolicy is to allow natural fires to burn under close observation and to set “prescribed”fires under carefully controlled conditions.
Research shows mat forestsgo through natural fire cycles. Periodic fires are necessary for severalreasons. Fire removes nutrients from standing (dead trees and returns them tothe earth, where they become available to the root systems of new trees. Firealso opens the forest to sunlight. Openings in the tree cover benefit a varietyof wildlife by stimulating the growth of lush green plants, which are eaten byseveral species of animals.
Fire is nature’s way ofcontrolling insect infestations. By contrast, fire suppression preserves deadwood that harbors insect pests, like the larvae of the mountain pine beetle. Thesebeetle larvae feed on the inner bark of some trees, which blocks the flow ofnutrients and eventually kills the trees. When dead trees burn during periodicoutbreaks of fire, the heat kills off great numbers of beetles and larvae, providinga natural method of pest control.
The exclusion of fire fromthe ecosystem is creating unhealthy, overcrowded forests that contain more fuelfor larger, more severe fires. For example, when a huge fire threatened a groveof giant sequoias in California, observers noted that the flames were fed bydead wood and combustible debris that had accumulated on the forest floor overyears of fire suppression.
A large-scale, intenseforest fire causes more significant impacts to water, soil, and air resourcesthan a managed prescribed fire. Prescribed fire, or controlled fire, hasseveral purposes. Chiefly, it reduces the hazard of more serious wildfires byperiodically burning accumulated weeds, brush, and other plants. If donecarefully, prescribed burning also releases nutrients back into the soil andcontrols insect pests. In Florida, prescribed burns are carried out every threeto five years in one of the national forests. These controlled burns keep theforest open and reduce the growth of problem species. We recognize that fire isa natural and revitalizing process that enhances the diversity of the forest. However,we also know that fire has consequences. There may be smoky, hazy skies andpatches of blackened forest for a long time after a fire. There’s also the riskof a fire becoming too large and threatening inhabited areas. But we have toaccept these realities if our forests are to retain their ecological balance.
29.What is the main idea of the talk?
30. Listen again to part of the talk. Then answer the question. “Inthe past, before we understood the role that fire plays in the natural lifecycle of our forests, our goal was to prevent or contain all forest fires. Foralmost ninety years, our land management agencies tried to eliminate fires. In manycases, we protected the trees, but at the expense of the forest community.”
What does theinstructor mean by this statement:

“In many cases,we protected the trees, but at the expense of the forest community.’’
31. According to the instructor, why is periodic fire necessary toforest ecosystems?
32. According to the instructor, how doesthe elimination of fire endanger the forest?
33.What is prescribed fire?
34.Why does the instructor say this:

“We recognizethat fire is a natural and revitalizing process that enhances the diversity ofthe forest. However, we also know that fire has consequences. There may be smoky,hazy skies and patches of blackened forest for a long time after a fire. There’salso the risk of a fire becoming too large and threatening inhabited areas.”
Speaking Section
1．【参考范例】
My favorite place to shop for clothes is VereMode.
First, I think they have really cool, goodquality clothes in a funky style. Their selection always varies, and I alwaysfind so something good to buy there. The clothes there fit me the best as I havebig hips and a smaller waist.
Second, I think it is the best place for shoes.I used to have difficulties to find shoes for my feet shape and size. And I’vebeen happy with the shoes that I’ve bought from there. They are always of goodquality, and it is fun to drool over the shoes that l would love to buy.
Therefore, I love going shopping at Vere Mode.
2．【参考范例】
Personally, I love traveling, and the mostexciting thing for me is to visit somewhere completely new.
Firstly, I believe that traveling is a way toexplore: it’s a voyage of discovery. Although visiting somewhere familiar is agreat way to relax, it isn’t stimulating for me. I can only feel that amazingsense of wonder when I gaze out on somewhere I’ve never seen or imagined before.
Secondly, going somewhere new can give us a bettersense of perspective on our own lives. If we stay in one place for too long, wecan become narrow minded.
For these reasons, I always want to visit new places.
3．【参考范例】
The college computer lab decides to chargestudents for printing if students print more than ten copies once. The womansupports the idea.
Firstly, she thinks that students often wasteand litter printing paper around because they don’t have a clear idea about howmuch paper they really need. Charging them some money may help them be aware ofthis problem.
At the same time, since the old printer alwaysbreaks down, the copy fee can be spent on a new one, even on something more,like a fax machine and a copier etc.
【录音原文】
Conversation
M: Have you heard about the new policy? We haveto pay for every page we print if we print over ten pages.
W: I don’t think it’s a bad idea. Have you seensome paper were just wasted and littered around?
M: I think you areright. Why did this happen?
W: Because when it is free, students tend toprint as many as they want without considering whether they really need theinformation. Some students choose to print out the whole article before theyreally read it. A lot of resources can be saved if they are aware of the valueof the paper and the ink.
M: Yeah, they do waste a lot of paper, andcharging some money may help them realize the problem.
W: Also, the printer needs to be checkedregularly, and if necessary, it should be replaced by a new printer after someserious breakdowns. The students should not be the ones to wait for severaldays of repair work. The copy fee can cover this part and the money can be spenton more new equipment, such as a fax machine and a copier etc.
M: I totally agree with what you have said. Let’sstart to save resources from one piece of paper.
4．【参考范例】
The professor talks about overconfidence effect.It might lead to some positive outcomes when people overestimate their ability.The professor explains this concept by giving an example of his son.
The professor said that his son was sohardworking and overconfidence that he believed he was able to receive a joboffer from a famous newspaper office which only recruited one student amonghundreds of competitors each year. He worked very hard during his college yearsand was very confident about his future competition over the position of thenewspaper once, but still he failed to get the job in the end. However, hisoverconfidence and excellent grades provided him with a promising start of hiscareer making him succeed in the future.
【录音原文】
Lecture
M: So, let’s look at overconfidence effect.People have a tendency to overestimate their chances of success, especiallywhen success or failure depends on their own talents and abilities. I amattempting to explain why overconfidence might be beneficial to us by givingyou my son as an example here, because even though he was overconfident in thisparticular instance, it still turned out better in the long run.
My son is a hard working kid and had good grades in highschool. He had a dream to work for a well-known newspaper agency aftergraduating from college. So he worked very hard throughout his college years,doing even better than I expected.
The reason is that this agency only admits one student outof hundreds of candidates who graduated from college each year, so thecompetition is very rough. An excellent academic record and a professor’srecommendation letter are required even before candidates get to the interviewprocess. But my son was very confident and he believed his talent and hardworking would make him be accepted. However, he was wrong and failed to receivethe job offer.
Was he disappointed? Of course he was. But to his surprise,his excellent performance and grade in college brought him another promisingjob. He may not have gotten into the newspaper office, but he is stillsuccessful because of his overconfidence.
5．【参考范例】
The woman decided to have a part-time job in summervacation and rented a house near her workplace. However, in this way, she wouldwaste a whole summer’s fee on her dormitory
The man gives her two suggestions. She could either renther dorm to someone else or to pay both rents.
Personally, I prefer the first solution.
That’s because she planned to buy a computer after summervacation and she couldn’t afford the computer if paying double rents. Als0, shecan choose carefully who will live in her dorm, and I believe she could findsome girls who are able to keep her dorm neat and tidy.
【录音原文】
Conversation
M: Hi, Jane. Haven’t seen you recently. Where’veyou been?
W: I am planning on how to spend the summervacation.
M: Do you have a plan?
W: Yeah, I’ve found a summer job in the town andrented a house near my workplace.
M: Congratulations! But you look a bitconcerned. Any inconvenience caused by your new job?
W: Indeed. I am wondering how to deal with mydormitory. It will be a waste of money if I don’t live in the dorm for nearlytwo months.
M: Let me see. You can rent your dorm to someoneelse who might have to work near our campus, you know, to rob Peter to payPaul.
W: It sounds reasonable except one thing: I havethe habit of cleaning up the room every day and I cannot stand it if I see mythings are not in their right places, let alone to see the room being dirty anduntidy.
M: Then, how about paying the rent for both twohouses, keeping your old room and new one simultaneously?
W: I wish I could afford both. However, I amplanning to buy a new computer with the salary I will earn in the summer, If Ipaid the rent, I would not have enough money to buy the computer, which isreally useful for my study in the next semester.
6．【参考范例】
In the lecture, the professor introduces twomethods to cope with soil erosion on mountain sides.
The first method is to grow a diversity ofcrops. Plant the crops with the ones that have deep and strong roots. For onething, these crops can hold the soil tightly by themselves; for another thing,because of the different mature time, when the farmers harvest one type, theother types of crops are still in the ground, holding the soil firmly.
The other method is to reduce rain flood bybuilding channels. When the rain falls, the channel can direct rain flood wateraway from the crops land. Although the plants in the area will get wet, thesoil won’t be swept away because of the channels.
【录音原文】
Lecture
W: Farming in some locations like mountain sidesis usually faced with various challenges due to certain types of terrain. Soilerosion is one of them. Precious nitrogen and fertile soil which crops need togrow with can be easily swept away by naturally occurring rainfalls in thearea. But what can we do to fight soil erosion? Well, two possible methods canprevent soil from being eroded, which I am going to explain to you.
The first method is simply to grow a diversity of crops.Plant crops along with other types of crops which have deep strong roots thatcan hold the soil firmly. Also, the different crops will not mature at the sametime, which means while the farmer has harvested one type, the others willstill be in the ground holding the soil in place, therefore keeping the cropfields and soil from being mobile.
The second method is to reduce the rain flooding to thesurface of the soil. By building channels for rain water to flow off the field,the erosion effect is lessened. When it rains, the water flows into a channeland is directed away from the lower parts of the field. The crops will stillget wet from the rain, but the rain flood water will do no harm to the cropsland due to the channels.
Writing Section
Writing Based on Reading and Listening
【参考范文】
In the lecture, the professor is skeptical about the ideaof the reading passage that the collapse of Maya civilization was attributed bya severe drought but the professor points out several problemswith this theory.
The reading cites the results of soil analysis from theYucatan peninsula that show there was a serious period of drought from 800 to1000A.D., which coincides with the time Mayan civilization eliminated. But theprofessor in the lecture says that the soil samples also show signs of manmadechanges like deforestation so we cannot be sure what exactly triggered thecollapse.
The professor then talks about how drought was a commonoccurrence and the Maya knew how to live through droughts.
The reading proposes that three very serious droughts thatoccurred within 100 years ended the Maya civilization but the professor isskeptical because there were droughts every year and a serious drought every200 years. However, the Maya survived in the area for over a thousand years, whichsuggests that they knew how to deal with droughts.
Finally the reading suggests that because the Maya collapsebegan in the south and proceeded to northern regions where water was moreplentiful, the Mayans were driven by drought to areas with accessible water.The professor gives opposing evidence that the Maya had advanced water retentionsystems including canals and reservoirs and wouldn’t need to locate in placeswith rivers or lakes and to move to find water.
【录音原文】
There are many theories as to why the spectacular Mayacivilization collapsed. Some think it was due to invasion, lack of trade, orpolitical infighting. The most popular theory is that the civilizationcollapsed due to drought but there are several problems with this theory.
The soil samples taken from the Yucatan peninsula didindeed show that a drought occurred between 800 and 1000 A.D. but the sedimentalso contains evidence of deforestation and soil erosion. The Maya were knownfor slash-and-burn farming, which destroyed large swaths of forest and madeagriculture impossible. This manmade destruction could have caused the collapseof the Maya.
The reading suggests that three prolonged droughtsprecipitated the collapse of the Maya civilization, but I find it hard tobelieve that the Mayans, who were used to dry weather, could have fallen todrought. We now know that in addition to yearly droughts, there was a seriousdrought in the region every 200 years. But the Maya survived in the area forover a thousand years, which suggests that they knew how to cope with droughts,even serious ones.
Lastly, the spread of the collapse doesn’t prove anything.The Maya were incredibly adaptive to their environment and did not need riversand wells to survive. In fact, many cities were set up in places withoutpermanent rivers or lakes. They were experts and building canals and reservoirsto channel water into their cities. They also had ways of storing enough waterfor a year and a half. All of this leads me to question the suggestion that theMaya had to go north in order to find more accessible water.
Writing Based on Knowledge and Experience
【参考范文】
Does luck have anything to do with success?
Here is a true story about an African man called Cinque whokilled a most terrifying beast, a lion. His siblings in the village who heardabout this anecdote respects him very much and call him a great man.
However, later, he told the truth.
“The lion had killed several people, even hunters, we wereall afraid.”
“I and my family we were lying down there, when suddenly,out of nowhere it appeared.”
“As it came for me, I picked up a big rock and I threw it athim. And I think that wasn’t bravery, because any normal man would do the sameto protect his family. ”
“But fortunately, I hit it. I don’t know how that rockkilled it, but it did. A rock, you see, just a rock. ”
“I received the gratitude of everyone in the village. I wasgiven deep respect. They treated me as if I were a prince. They gave me thefinest country cloth. And I took them all. But deep down in my heart, I knew Ididn’t deserve it, for if the rock missed the lion, I wouldn’t be sitting heretoday trying to explain these things to you or somebody else, I’d just be dead.I’m not a great man, just a lucky one.”
Luck does exist. When it appears, mathematicians describe itas an extremely small probability but it does happen. People often say, one hasto have an opportunity to succeed. In this case, luck is the opportunity, andto some extent is essential to achieve success.
When people say luck isn’t relevant to success, I wonder theydon’t intend to deny luck, but to encourage. As is a only factor that one cannot and should not count on, even though we know people who have succeeded havetheir own luck. It is somewhere, but nobody knows where. It happens but we donot know when. On the contrary, hard work is something that everyone can counton, and as is often the case, hard work might bring luck. Therefore, luckitself is of no hope, and lack of luck should not be an excuse for failure.

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