中山大学外国语学院241英语历年真题及详解

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2013年中山大学外国语学院241英语考研真题及详解
2012年中山大学外国语学院241英语考研真题及详解
2011年中山大学外国语学院241英语考研真题及详解
2010年中山大学外国语学院241英语考研真题及详解
2009年中山大学外国语学院221英语考研真题及详解
2008年中山大学外国语学院221英语考研真题及详解
2007年中山大学外国语学院221英语考研真题及详解
2006年中山大学外国语学院221英语考研真题
2005年中山大学外国语学院221英语考研真题
2004年中山大学外国语学院221英语考研真题
2003年中山大学外国语学院221英语考研真题
说明：中山大学外国语学院考试科目“英语”也即“二外英语”。“英语”考试科目代码自2003年至2009年都是221，从2010年起为241；虽然考试科目代号发生改变，但考题风格、难度等没变。本书用241作为科目代码。
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2013年中山大学外国语学院241英语考研真题及详解
Section 1: Use of English
Directions: Read the followingtext. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D onthe ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Most worthwhilecareers require some kind of specialized training. Ideally, therefore, thechoice of an 　1 should be made even before the choice ofa curriculum in high school. Actually, 　2 , most people make several jobchoices during their working lives, 　3 because of economic and industrialchanges and partly to improve 　4 positions. The ‘one perfect job’ does notexist. Young People should 　5 enter into a broad flexible trainingprogram that will 　6 them for a field of work rather than fora single 　7 . Unfortunately many young peoplehave to make career plans 　8 benefit of help from a competentvocational counselor or psychologist. Knowing 　9 about the occupational world, or themselvesfor that matter, they choose their lifework on a hit-or-miss 　10 . Some drift from job to job.Other 　11 to work in which they are unhappy and forwhich they are not fitted.
One common mistake ischoosing an occupation for 　12 real or imagined prestige. Too manyhigh-school students—or their parents for them—choose the professional field. 13both the relatively small proportion ofworkers in the professions and the extremely high educational and personal 　14 . The imagined or real prestige ofa profession or a ‘white-collar’ job is 　15 good reason for choosing it as a life’swork. 16 , these occupations are notalways well paid. Since a large proportion of jobs are in mechanical and manualwork, the 　17 of young people should give serious 　18 to these fields.
Before making anoccupational choice, a person should have a general idea of what he wants 　19 life and how hard he is willing to workto get it. Some people desire social prestige, others intellectualsatisfaction. Some want security, other are willing to take 　20 for financial gain. Each occupationalchoice has its demands as well as its rewards.
1. A. identification B.entertainment　 C.occupation　 D.accommodation
2. A. therefore　 B.however　 C.though D.thereby
3. A. entirely B.mainly C.largely D.partly
4. A. its　 B.his　 C.their D.our
5. A. therefore　 B.since　 C.furthermore D.forever
6. A. fit　 B.make　 C.take D.leave
7. A. way B.job　 C.means　 D.company
8. A. to B.for　 C.with D.without
9. A. few B.little C.much　 D.a lot
10. A. basis　 B.chance C.purpose　 D.opportunity
11. A. apply B.appeal C.turn D.stick
12. A. its　 B.our　 C.your D.their
13. A. concerning B.following C.disregarding D.considering
14. A. requirements　 B.preferences　 C.tendencies D.ambitions
15. A. a　 B.any C.the　 D.no
16. A. Therefore　 B.However　 C.Moreover D.Nevertheless
17. A. mass　 B.majority　 C.minority　 D.multitude
18. A. proposal B.suggestion C.appraisal　 D.consideration
19. A. towards　 B.against C.without D.out of
20. A. turns　 B.parts C.risks D.choices
Section 2: Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions: Read the following fourtexts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark youranswers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
It may have occurred toyou to wonder why the supermarkets are all the same. The answer is moresinister(不幸) than depressing. It is notbecause the companies that operate them lack imagination. It is because theyare all instructed in the science of persuading people to buy things—a sciencethat, thanks to technological advances, is beginning to unlock the innermostsecrets of the consumer’s mind.
In the Sainsbury’s inHatch Warren, Basingstoke, south-west of London,it takes a while for the mind to get into a shopping mode. This is why the areaimmediately inside the entrance of a supermarket is known as the “decompressionzone”. People need to slow down and take stock of the surroundings, even ifthey are regulars. In sales terms this area is a bit of a loss, so it tends tobe used more for promotion. Even the multi-packs of beer piled up here aredesigned more to hint at bargains within than to be lugged(抱住) round the aisles. Wal-Mart, the world’s biggest retailer,famously employs “greeters” at the entrance to its stores. Whether or not theyboost sales, a friendly welcome is said to cut shoplifting. It is harder tosteal from nice people.
Immediately to theleft in Sainsbury’s is another familiar sight: a “chill zone” for browsingmagazines, books and DVDs, tempting impromptu purchases and slowing customersdown. But those on a serious mission will keep walking ahead—and the firstthing they come to is the fresh fruit and vegetables section.
For shoppers, thismakes no sense. Shoppers already know that everyday items, like milk, areinvariably placed towards the back of a store to provide more opportunity totempt customers. This is why pharmacies are generally at the rear, even in“convenience” stores. But supermarkets know shoppers know this, so they useother tricks, like placing popular items halfway along a section so that peoplehave to walk all along the aisle looking for them. The idea is to boost “dwelltime”: the length of time people spend in a store.
21. What makes every supermarket look just the same as every otherone?
A. The imagination ofcompanies running the supermarkets.
B. The science ofpersuading people to go to the supermarket.
C. The arrangements ofgoods display on different aisles.
D. The findings in thestudy of how consumers’ minds work while shopping.
22. Why is the entrance of a supermarket called the “decompressionzone”?
A. Because people needtime to observe the surroundings.
B. Because people haveto prepare for shopping.
C. Because people needtime to reduce their pressure.
D. Because people haveto get used to the location.
23. The supermarket puts multi-packs of beers in the entrance areato ______.
A. promote a certainbrand of beer
B. make it convenientfor the shoppers to carry around
C. show the shoppersthat there are more good buys inside
D. indicate that thestore has enough stock of beer
24. The magazines, books and DVDs to the left of the entranceserve to ______.
A. sell the latestpublications and movies
B. make the shopperswalk slowly and look around
C. provide moreopportunities to tempt the shoppers
D. entertain theshoppers before they start shopping
25. What is the purpose of placing some popular items halfwayalong the aisle?
A. To make itdifficult for the shoppers to find.
B. To make theshoppers stay longer in the store.
C. To give room toeveryday items.
D. To play ‘hide andseek’ with shoppers.
Text 2
In science, a theoryis a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A theory ofteninvolves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observedevent could be produced. A good example of this is found in the kineticmolecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many smallparticles that are in constant motion.
A useful theory, inaddition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have notas yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists designexperiments to test the theory. If observations confirm the scientists’predictions, the theory is supported. If observations do not confirm the predictions,the scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, orthe theory may have to be revised or rejected.
Science involvesimagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information andperforming experiments. Facts by themselves are not science. As themathematician Jules Henri Poincare said: “Science is built with facts justas a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be calledscience any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.”
Most scientists startan investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about aparticular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comesto the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination.Possible solutions to the problem are formulated. These possible solutions arecalled hypotheses.
In a way, anyhypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientist’sthinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performscalculations, and makes observations to test hypotheses. For withouthypotheses, further investigation lacks purpose and direction. When hypothesesare confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.
26．“Bricks” are mentioned in Paragraph 3 to indicate how ______.
A. mathematiciansapproach science
B. building a house islike performing experiments
C. science is morethan a collection of facts
D. scientificexperiments have led to improved technology
27. In thefourth paragraph, the author implies that imagination is most important toscientists when they ______.
A. evaluate previouswork on a problem
B. formulate possiblesolutions to a problem
C. gather known facts
D. close aninvestigation
28. In thelast paragraph, the author refers to hypothesis as “a leap into the unknown” inorder to show that hypotheses ______.
A. are sometimesill-conceived
B. can lead todangerous results
C. go beyond availablefacts
D. require effort toformulate
29. In the last paragraph, what does the author imply is a majorfunction of hypotheses?
A. Sifting throughknown facts.
B. Communicating ascientist’s thoughts to others.
C. Providing directionfor scientific research.
D. Linking togetherdifferent theories.
30.Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?
A. Theories are simplyimaginary models of past events.
B. It is better torevise a hypothesis than to reject it.
C. A scientist’s mostdifficult task is testing hypotheses.
D. A good scientistneeds to be creative.
Text 3
I can think of nobetter career for a young novelist than to be for some years a sub-editor on arather conservative newspaper. The hours, from four till around midnight, givehim plenty of time to do his own work in the morning when he is still freshfrom sleep—let the office employ him during his hours of fatigue. He has thecompany of intelligent and agreeable men of greater experience than his own: heis not enclosed by himself in a small room tormented by the problems ofexpression; and, except for rare periods of rush, even his working hours leavehim time for books and conversation (most of us brought a book to read betweenone piece of copy and another). Nor is the work monotonous. Rather as in thegame of Scrabble the same letters are continually producing different words; noone knows at four o’clock what the evening may produce, and death does not keepa conventional hour.
And while the youngwriter is spending these amusing and unexacting hours, he is learning lessonsvaluable to his own craft. He is removing the clichés of reporters; he is compressinga story to the minimum length possible without mining its effect. A writer witha sprawling(不整齐) style is unlikely toemerge from such an apprenticeship. It is the opposite training to thepenny-a-line.
The man who was ofchief importance to me in those days was the chief sub-editor, George Anderson.I hated him in my first week, but I grew almost to love him before three yearshad passed. A small elderly Scotsman with a flushed face and a laconic (精炼) humour, he drove a new sub-editor hard with his sarcasm.Sometimes I almost fancied myself back at school again, and I was always gladwhen five-thirty came, for immediately the clock marked the hour when the pubsopened, he would take his bowler hat from the coat-rack and disappear forthirty minutes to his favourite bar.
31. What is the main advantage for a young novelist working as asub-editor?
A. He can combine hiscreative work with instructive experience.
B. He doesn’t need toworry about how he expresses himself.
C. He only has to workfor the newspaper when he is tired.
D. There is never verymuch to do.
32.What could a sub-editor usually do when he was at work?
A. He could puthimself in a small room.
B. He could tormenthimself with questions.
C. He could read booksor talk with his colleague.
D. He could go to hisfavourite bar.
33.Why isn’t the work of a sub-editor dull?
A. Because everyonehas time to read books.
B. Because he is usingdifferent words all the time.
C. Because news maycome in at any time.
D. Because theemployees can play word games together
34. What is the useful lesson a young writer can learn as asub-editor?
A. To get the maximumamount of money out of what he writes.
B. To write clearlyand concisely.
C. To listen to goodconversation.
D. To watchingprofessionals at work.
35.How did George Anderson train his assistants?
A. He let them solvetheir own problems.
B. He provoked theminto disliking him.
C. He made unpleasantremarks while they worked.
D. He used bitterhumour to make them realize their mistakes.
Text 4
Battles are likemarriages. They have a certain fundamental experience they share in common; they differinfinitely, but sill they are all alike. A battle seems to me a conflict ofwill to the death in the same way that a marriage of love is the identificationof two human beings to the end of the creation of life—as death is the reverseof life, and love of hate. Battles are commitments to cause death as marriagesare commitments to create life. Whether, for any individual, either unionresults in death or in the creation of new life, each risks it—and in the riskcommits himself.
As the servants ofdeath, battles will always remain horrible. Those who are fascinated by themare being fascinated by death. There is no battle aim worthy of the name exceptthat of ending all battles. Any other conception is, literally, suicidal. Thefascist worship of battle is a suicidal drive; it is love of death instead oflife.
In the same idiom, totriumph in battle over the forces which are fighting for death is—again literally—totriumph over death. It is a surgeon’s triumph as he cuts a body and bloodieshis hands in removing a cancer in order to triumph over death that is in thebody.
In these thoughts Ihave found my own peace, and I return to an army that fights death and cynicismin the name of life and hope. It is a good army. Believe in it.
36. Although the author says that battles are horrible, he alsosays that ______.
A. most people findfascination in them
B. there is no battleaim worthy of the name
C. one should lovelife and not death
D. fighting to endbattles is justifiable
37. The author states that one who fights a battle toward any endother than peace is ______.
A. tainted by fascism
B. misguided andunworthy
C. victimized byunconscious drives to kill
D. bent on his owndestruction
38. The article says that the individual, in battle and inmarriage, must ______.
A. make a union
B. compromise hisbeliefs
C. take the risks hehas committed himself to
D. recognize thatdeath is the reverse of life
39.The article says that a surgeon can triumph when he ______.
A. performs asuccessful operation
B. triumphs over thebody
C. removes a cancer
D. cuts out that whichis life-destroying
40. Implied by the author, but not stated: “I have found peace asI ______.”
A. think about lifeand death
B. return to an armythat fights death and cynicism
C. consider becoming asurgeon
D. recognize that lifeand hope can triumph if one fights for them
Part B
Directions: In the followingtext, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the mostsuitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. Thereare two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answerson the ANSWER SHEET (10 points ).
My archive, which Ikeep on the web, and in my computer, mobile phone and iPod, is neither particularlyextensive nor interesting: several thousand digital photographs, play-lists ofsongs, endless dull policy reports, papers and presentations, some internetpostings, Facebook friends and connections.(41) _________________________, Wehave become a society of mass archiving.
Then we will have tomake quite different judgments about our memories and archives. For my parents’generation any reminder of the past sparked a precious memory of an importantfamily event. (42) _________________________.
Writing history ismainly an exciting act of detective work to piece together the story in scrapsof material left behind by earlier generations. (43) _________________________.
We, the mass archives,will face the same issues. Now we can keep so much, so easily, the questionbecomes how to distinguish the significant from the merely everyday. (44)______________________. When everything and anything could have a Wikipediaentry—my local cheese shop for example—why disallow something from being recorded for posterity?
Yet we have alwayspartly stored our memories outside our heads, in everything from holiday souvenirsto the landscape we inhabit. (45) _________________________. The web is notrotting our minds. More people than ever will be able to live for longer with aricher set of memories which they can show to and share with other people,giving them a stronger sense of identity.
Now pass me that USBstick. I’d like to upgrade my memories.
A. Thatis why the most contentious issue in the Wikipedia community has been thedispute over what counts as a notable entry.
B.Anything that could be preserved became precious just because it had survived.
C. Atfirst sight it seems obvious that these rapidly expanding digital archivesshould enrich our 　individualand collective memory.
D. Therange of ways we can support the organization of our failing memories isexpanding.
E.Teenagers, however, are archiving their lives as they happen through blog entriesand photos taken on camera phones,much of which they organize collaboratively, in semi-public, on the web.
F. Whenmy parents pass away the meaning of this physical archive of family historywill be lost.
G.Historians of this period of history onwards will have the opposite problem:too much material to choose from.
Part C
Directions: Read the followingtext carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Yourtranslation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
People have wonderedfor a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is noteasy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one iscooperative and another is competitive.
Social scientists are,of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. (46) They wantto explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certainbehaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools ofthought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approachesare very different from each other. The controversy is often convenientlyreferred to as “nature as nurture.”
Those who support the“nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behaviorpatterns are largely determined by biological factors. (47) That ourenvironment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristicsand behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theorymaintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we arealmost completely governed by our instincts.
Those who support the“nurture” theory, that is, they advocate education, are often calledbehaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than ourbiologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B.F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped bytheir surroundings. (48) The behaviorists maintain that, like machines,humans respond to environmental stimuli (刺激) as the basis oftheir behavior.
Let us examine thedifferent explanations about one human characteristic, intelligence, offered bythe two theories. (49) Supporters of the “nature” theory insist that we areborn with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined.Needless to say. They don’t believe that factors in the environment have muchinfluence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the otherhand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of ourexperiences. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in anenvironment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity forappropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
The social andpolitical implications of these two theories are profound, In the United States,blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leadssome “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior towhites. (50)Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores aredue to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational andother environmental advantages that whites enjoy.
Most people thinkneither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.
Section 3: Writing
Part A (10 points)
51. Directions: Write a letter basedon the following situation.
You’ve just received anote from Jane saying that she has been awarded the Best Student for the year2012. As the Spring Festival is quickly approaching, write a reply to extendNew Year Greetings and to congratulate her on her recent achievements.
Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Writeit neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at theend of the letter. Use “Li Ying” instead. You do not need to write the address.
Part B (20 points)
52.Directions: Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay to
1) describe the cartoon,
2) deduce the message in thiscartoon, and
3) give your comments on it.
Youshould give a title and write about 160-200 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
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参考答案及解析
Section 1: Use of English
1.C 考查名词的词义。identification鉴定，识别。entertainment娱乐，消遣。occupation职业。accommodation膳宿。这里应该表达的是“人们应该先选择工作，然后再选择高中课程”，所以选择C。
2.B 考查副词及逻辑关系。therefore因此。however然而。though尽管。thereby因此。根据上下文出现的两个对应副词Ideally (理想地)，Actually(实际上)可知两句存在对立关系，含有转折意义，故选B。
3.D partly部分地，在一定程度上。这句话是由and连接的并列句，既然and后面跟着partly，那前面也是partly。此句的意思是“……部分是因为经济和产业的变化，部分是因为想提高他们的地位。”故选D。
4.C 本题考查代词的使用。这句话的主语为most people，因此后文使用their指代。
5.A 考查上下文逻辑关系。前文阐述“理想的工作不存在”的观点，后文提出一个解决方案——年轻人应广泛参加职业训练活动，两者之间为因果关系。这里只有therefore表示“因此”，故选A。
6.A 本题考查动词的使用。fit适合，使…适合。make使得。take带走。leave留下。由后文的“一个领域的工作”和“某项工作”，可知年轻人参加培训的目的是为了“适应”工作。fit sb. for意为“使适合”。
7.B a fieldof work表示“工作的领域”,形容词single暗示为前面一个领域的工作中的一个。这个职业训练活动将使他们适合一个工作领域而不是一个工作。故选B。
8.D 从空格后benefitof help from...（受益于……的帮助）和此句句首的副词unfortunately（不幸的是）可知,年轻人在选择工作的时候没有得到资深职业顾问或心理学家的帮助，要选的词要有否定意义。故选D。
9.B 由前文可知，他们没有得益于职业规划的帮助，对自己的职业生涯了解得很少。这几个形容词中little与few表示少，而只有little用于不可数名词，因此选择little。
10.A basis 基础。chance机会。purpose目的。opportunity时机，机会。该句的hit-or-miss意思是“试试运气，撞大运”。他们是毫无目的地寻找他们一生的工作。on...basis或on the basis of...意思是“以……为基础，基于……”。故A正确。
11.D 本题考查动词的使用。apply to适用于。appeal to吸引。turn to转向。stick to坚持。句首的Other暗示要与前一句的Some形成对比，drift意为“漂移”，即一些人总是不停地换工作，而另一些人还在坚持做着自己不喜欢或不适合的工作。因此选D。
12.A “一个常见的错误是因为一份工作或真或是想象中的声誉来做选择。”real or imagined prestige都是指工作本身的，因此选择用its来指代这份工作。
13.C concerning关于，就……而言。following跟随。disregarding忽略。considering考虑到。这句话的意思为，太多的高中生，或者他们父母，为他们选择专业性职业，而不管从事专业性职业的人本身数量有限，也不管专业性职业领域对教育和个人能力要求相对较高。这里只有disregarding 表示忽视，故选C。
14.A 本题考查名词词义辨析。requirement要求。preference倾向，优先权。tendency趋势。ambitions野心，雄心。他们忽略了“专业性职业领域对教育和个人能力要求相对较高”。故选B。
15.D 专业性职业在人们想象中或现实意义中颇受尊敬的名声并不应该成为选择该职业的良好理由。四个选项中只有no表示对错误观点的否定，因此选D。
16.C therefore因此。however然而。moreover另外。nevertheless然而，不过。“这些工作的工资也不总是很高“，与前文为承接的关系，用于进一步说明专业性职业并不一定是最好的选择。故B正确。
17.B mass大量。majority大多数。minority少数的。multitude众多。空格所在的句子与前面的句子由since连接构成因果关系。既然机械和体力劳动间存在大量的就业机会，绝大多数年轻人应认真考虑这些领域的工作。a majority of可与“a large proportion of一大部分”相对应，因此选B。
18.D proposal提议。suggestion建议。appraisal评估。consideration考虑。大多数年轻人应该认真考虑这些领域，give consideration to为固定搭配，故选D。
19.D 考查介词的使用。toward朝着。against反对。without没有。outof从……中。该句是要表达，一个人应该对于他想从生活中得到什么，以及有多强的意愿努力得到它有一个大致的想法。故选D。
20.C taketurn轮流。take part参与。take risk冒险。take choice做出选择。前一句的some和本句的other表明前后两句为相反的关系，前面是一些人希望security（安全），后面就是另一些人愿意冒险。故选C。
Section 2: Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
21.D 文章在开头第一句就提出了同样的问题，而It is because暗示后面所述就是问题的答案。a science that is beginning to unlock theinnermost secrets of the consumer’s mind，首先挑明是一项有科学依据的研究结果，而且是展现消费者购物时的心理变化的，因此D选项符合。
22.C 本题为细节题，根据题干中关键词“decompression zone”可定位至第二段第二句话，这句句首的this is why显然表明前一句话中出现了答案。it takes a while for the mind to get into ashopping mode，消费者需要一段调整到购物状态的过渡时间，而“decompression zone”就是用来帮助他们释放压力调节心情的。因此C选项符合。
23.C 本题为细节题，在原文第二段中间部分找到关于啤酒摆放。分析“are designed more to hint at bargains within than to belugged round the aisles”为more…than句式，显然more后边to hint at bargains within为想要强调的摆放原因，即暗示消费者超市里有更多打折的商品。因此C选项符合。
24.B 对杂志和DVD的描述出现在文章中的第三段，它所在的句子为一个分词引导的非谓语从句，tempting impromptu purchases and slowingcustomers down作为状语直接说明了摆放这些杂志与DVD的原因，就是让消费者的脚步慢下来以购买更多的东西，杂志等只是一种手段而它们本身并不是需要促进消费者购买的。因此B选项符合。
25.B 最后一段的最后一句话清楚地解释了将受欢迎的货物放在靠中间位置的原因，就是要boost “dwell time”,后面又对“dwelltime”做出解释，即消费者在商店里的停留时间。因此B选项符合。
Text 2
26.C 文中第三段引用数学家Jules Henri Poincare的话来阐述一个观点，“科学是由事实构成的，就像房屋是由砖建成的。但是事实堆积起来并不能成为科学，这比用砖块搭房子复杂得多”。论证了本段第一句话，科学除了收集事实资料，还需要想象和创造性思维，即说科学并不是简单的堆砌事实，因此C选项符合。
27.B 本题是推理题。由After known facts have been gathered, thescientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerableimagination.可知，想象之所以重要是因为它能提供各种假定。After与题干中的when矛盾，排除C。而A和D原文没有提到，因此B选项符合。
28.C 本题是推理题。原文在提到any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown后接着解释itextends the scientist's thinking beyond the known facts。beyondavailable facts就等于beyond the known facts，即假定能使科学家的思维越过已有的事实。因此C选项符合。
29.C 从文章的最后一段中For without hypotheses, furtherinvestigation lacks purpose and direction.一句，作者从相反的方面提出假定的作用——若没有假设，更深入的调查就会缺少目标和方向。所假设的一个主要作用就是给科研提供方向。因此C选项符合。
30.D 第二段第一句说明理论不仅可以解释以往的观察，还可以帮助预测还未观察到的，因此排除A。第二段最后两句，如果观察不能证实预测，那么说明实验有错或理论可能应被修改或推翻，因此排除B。而C在文章中没有涉及。根据第三段最后一句话，科学需要想象力和创造性思考，可以得出D为正确答案。
Text 3
31.A 第一段从开头作者说年轻的作家当一个辅助编辑后就阐述了这样做的种种好处——在工作时间有充足的精力做自己的事，周围有一群经验丰富的同事，不需要挤在一个狭小的空间里被问题折磨，而且总会有时间读书和与同事交流。从这些好处中推测得B、C、D均不正确，因此A选项符合。
32.C 本题与上一题类似，将四个选项与原文所给的对照，A、B、D均与原文有出入，因此C选项符合。
33.C 第一段Noris the work monotonous后即为这个工作从不枯燥的原因，就像Scrabble这种拼字游戏利用同一个字母拼出不一样的单词一样，没人知道会在什么时候发生什么样的新闻。因此C选项符合。
34.B 第二段中he islearning lessons valuable to his own craft预示着这句话后为作家学会的内容，即去除报导中的陈旧的成分，在不丢失信息的情况下将文章写得短小精悍，同时又写得很整齐。因此可推知，B选项“写得既简练又准确”符合题意。
35.D 文章中最后一段出现了对George Anderson的描写。witha flushed face and a laconic humour, he drove a new sub-editor hard with hissarcasm，结合作者对他态度的转变，可以体现出虽然他比较严厉，但指出错误时话语中总是夹杂着幽默。因此D选项符合。
Text 4
36.D 作者在第二段指出，Thereis no battle aim worthy of the name except that of ending all battles.虽然战争很恐怖，但是为了结束战争而战斗也是无可非议的。因此D选项符合。
37.B 作者在第二段中论证，任何不以结束战争为目的的战争都是不值得的。那些崇尚战争的人实质上就是崇尚死亡，法西斯式的战争崇拜就像是一部自杀机器。因此B选项符合。
38.C 在第一段末尾，forany individual, either union results in death or in the creation of new life,each risks it—and in the risk commits himself.将两个逗号间作为修饰的插入语去掉，即可得到C选项。
39.A 根据第三段第二句，外科医生切除肿瘤时双手沾满鲜血，以战胜体内的死神，这是外科医生的胜利。即如果外科医生成功地施行了一次手术，他便取得了胜利，因此A选项符合。
40.D 文章末尾提到，作者回到以生命与希望的名义与死亡相抗争的队伍中。作者归根到底所追求的，正是生命与希望。因此作者感慨道，当他意识到如果努力抗争生命与希望就能够取得胜利时，他找到了真正的和平。因此D选项符合。
Part B
41.E 作者在第一段中提出了一个现象——将自己重要的东西存档。作者首先介绍了自己存的东西，然后过渡到现在一般的年轻人存的东西，最后将它推广为一个普遍的社会现象。
42.B 我们根据自己的理解考虑将哪些东西存档。在我父母的年代任何一个留下的东西都因为标志着一个家族的大事件而显得弥足珍贵。任何一件被保存的物品都因为留存下来了而很珍贵。
43.G 前面一句提到历史学家会将一些遗留下来的碎片拼凑在一起，组成一段相对完整的历史。又根据后一句中the same issue可推测是历史学家遇到的一个问题。因此选G。
44.A 由空格的下一句提到，几乎任何事都有一个维基百科的条目，空格处应该为与维基百科相关的信息。即A选项“关于维基百科最有正义的问题就是，什么才算是一个值得关注的词条”。
45.D 前一句中fromholiday souvenirs to the landscape we inhabit体现出我们现在可以寄存记忆方式的多样性。D选项“我们用来寄存记忆的方式越来越多”正是对前一句举例的总结。故D选项符合。
Part C
46．他们想要说明，为什么我们具有某些性格特征并表现出某些行为。
47．这一理论的核心是：如果说我们的环境与我们的能力、性格特征和行为有什么联系的话，这种联系也是微不足道的。
48．行为主义者坚信，人像机器一样，对环境的刺激作出反应，这是他们行为的基础。
49．“天性”论的支持者坚持,我们出生时带有某种学习能力,这种学习能力从生物学上讲已是被确定了的。
50．相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人常常被剥夺了白人所享有的很多教育和其它环境上的优势。
Section 3: Writing
Part A
Dear Jane,
I am so pleased tohear that you have just been awarded the Best Student for the year 2012.Pleaseaccept my heartfelt congratulations. I know you really deserve it, for you havebeen working so hard in your study. I’m always admiring your persistence and Ido hope such character will surely help you make further progress.
The Spring Festival isjust around the corner. On the occasion of the New Year, may I extend to you mywarmest greetings, wishing you a happy New Year, your career greater successand your family happiness?
Sincerely,
Li Ying
Part B
PutDown the Cell Phone and Shorten the Distance
The satirical cartoonabove symbolically illustrates how people act on a long train ride—they all focus on their ownaffairs without talking or looking at each other. A person requested the womenbeside him to talk to him for a while simply because he forgot to bring hiscell phone.
What thethought-provoking picture conveys lies in one of the greatest disadvantages ofcell phone. It is a fact that we do not talk to strangers when travelling anymore.In the past, several people waiting for a bus would engage in a conversationwhile they were waiting. People who travelled the same routes every day mightdevelop friendships along the way. Today when people are waiting for a bus,they just pull out their cell phones and speak with old friends, missing out onthe opportunity to make new ones.
This is how thiscommunicating tool change the way we interact with each other. While theyenable acquaintances to keep in closer touch with each others, the gap betweenstrangers has been broadened. As a society, we are beginning to lose theface-to-face contact that was such a significant part of our lives in the past.
In my view, cellphones are a tool in aiding in our everyday lives. We should remember, however,to hang up every once in a while and pay attention to the world around us.

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